Global Studies Sub-Saharan Africa

How many countries are there in Africa?

54 independent countries (including island nations and the world's newest country, South Sudan)

Ethiopia

It is in the horn of Africa and a landlocked country split by the great rift valley. It's Africa's most mountainous nation.

Lake Victoria

Largest lake in Africa (on border of Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya)

Nigeria

Located in West Africa; continent's most populated nation; very ethnically diverse

Namibia

Long Coastline on the Atlantic Ocean; very dry and sparsely populated

Zimbabwe

home to the victoria falls and the source of hydroelectric power from the Zambezi river

Somalia

horn of africa nation; large coastline on red sea, but very dry land

Great Rift Valley

is a region of Africa is literally split apart because of tectonic plates

Economic Scarcity

when a population doesn't have the necessary monetary means to utilize an adequate source of water

Somalia Child Soldiers

wide spread use of children on all sides

Tanzania

borders lake Victoria; ecotourism in Serengeti National Park is growing; home to Masai

Mandela Imprisonment

-In 1964, captured and tried for treason -Found guilty-given life imprisonment -Sent to Robben Island Prison- continued to lead the movement from prison

National Party Comes to Power

-1948 Elections- National Party (Dutch Party) came to power -Apartheid had been a tradition for many years -After National Party won control, they made apartheid LEGAL and MANDATORY

How does Africa compare to the rest of the world in size?

-2nd largest continent -20% of the worlds land mass -15% of the worlds population -2.5 times the size of the U.S. (area)

Deforestation in Africa

-2x the world rate -90% of West Africa's forests have been destroyed -Accelerating in Central Africa -Lost the highest % of tropical forests of any continent from 1980 - 2000

What is the Climate like in Africa?

-90% of Africa is between the Tropics -Hot year around with little change in seasons -Change in temperature is mainly from day to night - Impacts way of life (jobs, housing, dress, etc.)

Malaria

-A disease caused by a parasite, transmitted by the bite of a infected mosquitoes -Effects include sweating, fever, chills, vomiting, and can be fatal if left untreated -Blood test help tailor the treatment and common treatment is drugs

South Africa Today

-All people have basic human rights and can participate in government -However, major problems still exist -Education and housing for continues to be inferior for many native South Africans -High crime rates -High rates of HIV and AIDS -Lots of Poverty -High unemployment rates

Stephen Biko

-Anti-apartheid activist in the 1960s and 1970s -Founded the Black consciousness movement -Was arrested at a police stop and mysteriously died in custody- no police were charged -Considered a martyr for the movement -"Black is beautiful"-his quote -Mandela said of Biko "They had to kill him to prolong the life of apartheid"

Apartheid

-Apartheid means "separateness" in Afrikaans -Afrikaans (come from the Dutch word for African) -It describes the legal segregation between governing white minority and the nonwhite (aka Bantu) majority

Bishop Desmond Tutu

-Archbishop of the Anglican church of South Africa -Very well respected leader -Educated and outspoken -Became a leader of the anti-apartheid movement -Was the voice and face of the movement while Mandela was in jail -Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 -Continues to work for human rights and fights for the oppressed

Cholera

-Bacterial diseases spread through contaminated water -Effects include diarrhea, dehydration, coma, seizures, and if left untreated it can be fatal -Treatment includes rehydration, intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and zinc supplements

Mandela Healing South Africa

-Came out of prison without bitterness or anger -Country was on the brink of civil war -Was able to unite the country and move together

Ebola

-Caused by an infection with a group of viruses within the genus ebolavirus -Effects include fever, headaches, muscle pain, vomiting, and symptoms appear 2 to 21 days after contact -No cure but medicine can be taken to make symptoms not as bad

Tuberculosis

-Caused by bacteria that spread from person to person through microscopic droplets released into the air (Latent TB, Active TB) -Effects include coughing, chest pains, fatigue, fever -Test may be done to test for type and drugs are taken for treatment, which is essential

Rwanda Civil War

-Civil war took place in mid 1990s -Ethnic conflict between Hutus and Tutsis -Hutus is the majority and Tutsis is minority and favored by the Belgians -Hutus president plane was shot down and he was killed, Hutus blamed Tutsis -Hutus tried to kill all of Tutsis which caused a lot of deaths and injuries

What impact do resources have on Africa?

-Creates Job but they can be dangerous because child labor is a problem -Creates money but causes conflict

DR Congo Civil War

-Deadliest war in Africa, deadliest conflict since WW2 -Began in 1998 and ended in 2003 -Fight over minerals, gold, tin, etc. -6 million people lost their lives -9 other nations involved

Mandela Death

-Died in Johannesburg in December, 2013 -Gained worldwide media coverage and South Africa observed a national mourning period of 10 days

Mandela 1994 Elections

-First multiracial election are held -Mandela becomes President (won 62% of the votes) -Mandela served one term and retired at age 82 (1999)

African Rain Forest

-Gabon, Burundi, Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia -Along the equator near the Congo River Basin -Limited sunlight -Hot, rainy and humid year round; highs in the 80s and lows in 70s -63 to 79 inches of rain each year -Lots of insects, birds, reptiles -Elephants, gorilla, monkey, hippos, ants, lizards -8,000 plant species

Nelson Mandela (Childhood)

-His father was a tribal chief -Went to live with the leader of another tribe when his father died -He groomed him for leadership

European Imperialism in Africa

-Imperialism is when a stronger country take over a weaker nation -In 40 years, European colonies took over Africa. By 1902, Europeans had conquered about 90% of Africa. -European colonies were motivated by Industrial Revolution, nationalism, and social Darwinism. They wanted to expand their territories and power. -The Berlin Conference was organized by European imperialist to discuss how they would share Africa and African leaders weren't able to participate -There was cruel treatment of natives, shortage of natural resources, disrupted Africa's way of life and culture, built structures that are still in Africa, and European beliefs are still practiced in Africa.

Bushman

-Kalahari Desert, Botswana -Sing and dance for entertainment, hunt animals for food, and live in huts/villages made from resources -Issues they face are government ruled they must go, modernization, and climate change

Savanna

-Kenya, Tanzania -Area of great biodiversity, especially large game animals -Wildebeest, zebras, lions, giraffes, elephants -A tropical grassland with few trees (about 40% of the continent) -Warm year round with seasonal summer rainfall -Includes Serengeti National Park

Hadzabe

-Lake Eyasi, Tanzania (East Africa) -No technology, find entertainment through singing and dancing -Depend on nature for survival; eat wild fruits and hunt animals and house is built out of nature -Issues they face are climate change, deforestation, and government tried to change them

What religions are common in Africa?

-North Africa- Islam (Muslim) diffused from Saudi Arabia (43%) -South Africa- Christian diffused from European Colonization (51%) -Other (6%)

Masai

-Number of Masai is between 500,000 and 1 million. There is often government meddling and a miscount of the number of people -The Inkajijik (Masai word for home) are loaf-shaped and made of mud, sticks, grass, cow dung, and cow urine -Livestock is the primary source of income -Masai rely on meat, milk, and blood from cattle for protein but they also eat vegetation and fruits. -Women cook and men hunt

ANC (African National Congress)

-Political organization-founded in 1912 -Goal was to fight against and end apartheid -Still exist today as a Political Party -Led for many years by Nelson Mandela -This organization was very important in fighting apartheid

Angola Civil war

-Portugese just left and civil war began between Communist MPLA and rebels -Began in 1975 and ended in 2002 -Fighting over oil and diamond -750,000 killed and over a million refugees

What are the current issues facing Africa?

-Poverty -Disease -Poor medical care -Water Scarcity -Dictatorship (unfair government)

F.W. de Klerk

-President of South Africa (1989-1994) -Leader of National Party (Afrikaner) -He made 3 major reforms 1. Ended the Ban on the ANC 2. Ordered the release of Mandela from prison (in 1990 after 27 years) 3. Allowed all people to vote and run for office

Nelson Mandela (Move to Johannesburg)

-Ran away to avoid an arranged marriage -This was his first experience in an urban area where apartheid was more obvious

What natural resources are found in Africa?

-Resources are unevenly distributed -South Africa has the most -Uranium, Cobalt, Nickel, Gold, Copper, Diamonds, Oil -Lack of technology to get resources out so it causes conflict

Arid Region

-Sahara- World's largest desert -Arabic word for desert -Extreme temperatures -20% of the Sahara is sand -The rest is mountains, rock formations, and gravel plains

What important bodies of water are found in Africa?

-Several major river systems -A major source of transportation and communication -Rapids and waterfalls can make navigation difficult -Transportation routes and population centers are often developed along river valleys -Provide food -Fresh water is also important for irrigation and for animals -Many people depend on the rivers for their water source -Hydro-generated electricity is becoming more developed

Sharpeville Massacre (town in NE SA)- 1960

-Site of a peaceful protest against the pass laws -Police were called in; opened fire on the protesters -69 people were killed (including 8 women and 10 children) over 180 injured -Increased protests, strikes, riots, and demonstrations -ANC was banned as a result

Mediterranean Region

-Small area found at extreme north and south of the continent -Mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers

History of South Africa

-South Africa was settled and colonized in the mid 1600s (before the era of imperialism) -First by the Dutch or Afrikaners (for trading post and land) -The British came in the early 1800s (for land) -The two groups did not get along well but both wanted to take control of the resources (gold and diamonds) and the people of South Africa

Baka

-Southeast of Cameroon bordering Congo Basin River and Central African Republic -Women go shrimping, they eat a lot of fish, mangoes, and vegetation, they sing and dance for entertainment, and depend on nature for survival -Issues they face are climate change, forest products aren't as plentiful, and modernization

Mandela Release From Prison

-Spent 27 years in prison -Released in 1990 when he was 71 years old -Was a international event

How do the people of Africa make money?

-Subsistence farming, mining, Tourism, Industry -Traditional Economy -GDP per capita is low -HDI (19 out of 20 bottom are in Africa)

Soweto Uprising (town near Johannesburg)

-Thousands of black students met to protest changes in education (learning Afrikaans-language of the white South Africans) -Police came and barricaded the route and later shot in the crowd -Hundreds of students were hurt and killed -Gained International attention -Today it is designated as National Youth Day

What is Africa's population distribution?

-Traditional Rural Population (60%) -Urban Populations are increasing (3.5% per year)

Sahel

-Translates to "border" or "shore" in Arabic -Lies between the savanna and the desert -Narrow band of dry grassland along southern border of the Sahara -Farming and herding region

What is Africa's population density?

-Varies from country to country -Average is 27 -More crowded around waterways

Precipitation in Africa

-Varies greatly depending on location -Central - very wet -Arid regions - very dry

What type of wildlife can be found in Africa?

-Vast and diverse wildlife -Brings in tourism (money) -Varies depending on region -Fewer animals from poaching -Big 5

Apartheid in the 1970s and 1980s

-Violence in South Africa continued to increase -Gained more attention from the outside world and United Nations -Pressure from outside the country -Cultural isolation -Athletic isolation -Economic embargoes (no arms sales) -As pressure (from inside and out of the country) increased, apartheid fell apart

Mandela Imprisoned (Being "Banned")

-Was gaining popularity and importance -Severely restricts his speech and movements

Kalahari Desert

-World's 4th largest -Located in southern Africa (Namibia, Botswana, Angola and South Africa) -Limited animals and plant life and some ethnic groups reside here

Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)

-a parasite disease transmitted by the bite of the Glassina insect -Effects include headaches, coma, fever, sleep disorder, and pain in joints -Use drugs to treat and wear neutral colors to prevent

How do people communicate in Africa?

-hundreds of languages found in Africa -Africa is extremely diverse -Difficult to communicate, can cause conflict -Some European languages

Victoria Fall

-named for Queen Victoria -located on the Zambezi River -one of the Seven Natural Wonders

Effects of Civil Wars

1. Destruction of infrastructure, home, land -money is going into war instead of infrastructure 2. Loss of lives and lots injured 3. Millions of refugees who are displaced, tons of IDP 4. Emotional Effects of living through war 5. Child Soldiers are used- taken from home -small in size, can get around -don't suspect a child -less likely to hurt a child -listen to command, easy to take care of

Causes of Civil Wars

1. Natural Resources- oil, diamond, gold 2. Government that are unfair- dictatorships 3. Transition from imperialism- anarchy 4. Extreme Poverty- desperate for change 5. Conflict between ethnic groups and religious groups over artificial boundaries

How many people live in Africa?

1.1 billion people (under populated) but growing (5.2 fertility rate) -Annual growth rate over 4% -2nd most populated continent

Angola Child Soldiers

10% of all fighters are under 18 and 30,000 young women

Plateau

An area of a highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain that is raised significantly above the surrounding area, often with one or more sides with steep slopes. Plateaus dominate Sub-Saharan Africa

Cape of Good Hope

At southernmost tip of the continent, where Atlantic and Indian Oceans meet

Cameroon

Central African nations; oddly shaped with a small coastline and a oil rich peninsula

Apartheid Laws Passed by the National Party

Examples of restrictions for non-whites 1. Where they could live 2. What jobs they could hold 3. What education they could get 4. Denied voting rights and representation 5. No contact between races 6. Pass laws- had to carry a passbook at all times

HIV/AIDS

HIV is a virus that attacks cells in the immune system. AIDS is a set of symptoms and illness that develop from advanced HIV infection which destroyed the immune system. In Botswana, there is an AIDS epidemic.

What is poaching?

Illegal poaching and trade of endangered animals has been a huge issue in Africa for many years. The two most poignant cases concern the elephant and the rhino, both species that were severely threatened during the poaching era of the 1980s.

Botswana

In the savanna region of Africa. A lot of people in the region have AIDS. Has many large game animals as well as a Okavango Delta; landlocked nation Southern Africa

Physical Scarcity

Physical access to water is limited

Important Events to Fight To End Apartheid

The ANC organized South African's to fight against the policy of apartheid- this led to major clashes with the police

Water Scarcity in Africa

The lack of availability of clean and sanitary water is a major problem in Africa. In Africa, young girls are seen as not important. They have to travel long distances to get unclean water in jerry cans. During this young girls are missing out on getting an education. 783 million (1 in 9) people don't have access to clean water. Approximately 3.5 million people die each year due to inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene. 443 million school days are lost each year due to water related diseases. In developing countries, 80% of illnesses are linked to poor water and sanitation conditions. Education is crucial to break poverty, yet over half of the world's schools lack clean water.

Kenya

a country in East Africa with a coastline on the Indian Ocean. Kenya shares Africa's biggest river with Uganda and Tanzania

Mount Kilimanjaro

a dominant volcano in Tanzania with 3 volcanic cones, "kibo", "Mawenzi", and "Shira". The tallest mountain on the African continent and the highest free-standing mountain in the world.

South Sudan

a landlocked country in East Central Africa

Chad

landlocked nation located in the Sahara; sparsely populated and facing desertification

What is indigenous groups?

originating in or native in a particular place. Characteristics of an indigenous group is their own language, culture, traditions, history, customs, and way of life. About 5% of the world's people live in indigenous groups. They face major issues such as modernization, deforestation, and government involvement.

Sudan Child Soldiers

over 30,000 children used by government and rebel forces

South Africa

relatively urban nation that is rich in natural resources; has 3 capitals

Democratic Republic of Congo

the southernmost country located in central Africa. Lies on the Equator with 1/3 of the country to the north and 2/3 to the south

The Gambia

uniquely shaped western African nation determined by the path of a river