Globalisation (Global Interactions)

Crowdsourcing is

1. Crowdsourcing is the process of sourcing ideas, services, finances and information from the public via the internet in order to benefit from the collective abilities of a large group of people. 2. A way for civil society to link to together and be more resilient and able to tackle chronic stress and acute shocks. 3. As the digital gap closes and we become more globally connected by ICT, the power of crowdsourcing has increased.

benefits of outsourcing

1. Lower cost structure 2. Enhanced expertise = difficult to attract to small companies though. 3. Focus on the core business 4. Time-saving = not spending time to look for reasonable employers.

"Environmental impacts linked with...... food production systems for global agribusiness"

1. The following slides look at some of the negatives impact of industrial agriculture agribusiness) 2. Agribusiness usually aims to maximize yield and profit through intensive farming practices.

"Rejection of globalised production, including campaigns against TNC's and in favour of local sourcing of food and goods by citizens"

Banksy- an artist working within civil society

The UNDP also measures gender inequality.

Gender Inequality Index (GII) - You want a lower score here.

Illegal flows

Illegal flows: trafficked people, counterfeit goods and narcotics (aka "illicit financial flows")

Protectionism/Tariffs

Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between states through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations.

Case Study - Bangladesh

The Rana Plaza disaster, Bangladesh 1. On 24 April 2013 an eight-storey garment factory in Rana Plaza on the outskirts of Dhaka collapsed, killing more than 1,100 people. 2. Over half the victims were women and children. 3. It was one of the worst industrial accidents in South Asia since the Bhopal disaster of 1984. 4. Local police had warned that the building was unsafe but the owners allegedly threatened to fire those who did not carry on as usual. 5. The government was criticized for not enforcing building regulations — some two dozen factory owners are members of Bangladesh's parliament. 6. Planning permission had been given for a five-storey building, not an eight-storey building. 7. Bangladesh is the world's second largest textile manufacturer, producing clothes for many global brands such as Primark, Gap and Walmart, and the industry is worth $20 billion. 8. As production shifts from China, Bangladesh is likely to become an even larger textile manufacturer. Bangladesh's main advantage is its low-cost labour — the monthly minimum wage is 3,000 taka (about $38), about 20 per cent of China's minimum wage. 9. As a result of the Rana Plaza disaster, many clothing companies have made efforts to improve their CSR. 10. Some critics argue that the CSR may sound good on paper, but making sure that all the details are covered in every single supplier is difficult to achieve. 11. Following the disaster, Nike and Gap had to deal with allegations of using child labour. 12. Walmart launched a fire-safety training academy there. 13. Gap announced plans to help factory owners upgrade their plants and improve safety. 14. According to the Worker Rights Consortium, a pressure group, audits had looked at working hours and child labour, but not the structural soundness of buildings or fire exits. 15. It believes that it would cost $3 billion to make all the garment factories in Bangladesh safe. 16. Spread over a few years, it would raise the cost of each garment produced by only a few cents, but would safeguard the workers.

Advantages vs. Disadvantages of Fair Trade

There are abuses of the system (ppl that are marketing as fair trade but aren't).

KOF Index

1. This composite index is produced by an economic think tank based in the EU. 2. There are not providing investment like Kearney. They are aiming for a very broad audience of governments, academics, NGo's, individuals and any interested companies 3. KOF uses a wider range range of variables including more more cultural/social indicators:

International Response to Chernobyl

1. An accident on the scale of Chernobyl (International response to the Chernobyl accident) would be a challenge to most countries. However, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) felt able to deal with the consequences, at least up until 1989, when it sought assistance from the WHO and the IAEA to evaluate the consequences of the accident in environmental and health terms.The accident had significant and wide-ranging health impacts that continue to be monitored and assessed. The accident also produced a significant international response whose effectiveness is the subject of debate. 2. After the Chernobyl Disaster, many countries were reluctant to expand their own nuclear programs. Some countries, such as Italy and Switzerland tried to ban nuclear power all together. Others, such as the Netherlands and Finland postponed the addition of nuclear power plants. 2. The disaster reaffirmed policy made by Austria and Sweden to terminate use of all nuclear energy. Germany set up regulatory organizations and new policy including the Federal Ministry of Environment and Reactor Safety and a new act for precaution protection against nuclear radiation. 4. Policy levers were not only implemented on a national level, but on an international level as well. In June 1986, the European Community implemented new standards for cesium. They attempted to do the same for iodine, but could not reach an agreement. 5. Additionally several international programs were formed, including the World Association of Nuclear Operators. This association essentially linked 130 operators in 30 different countries. Nuclear engineers would visit nuclear plants worldwide to learn and work towards better safety precautions. 6. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), established in 1957, created the Nuclear Safety Assistance Coordination Centre, which serves as an example of the international, multilateral cooperation resulting from the disaster (World Nuclear, 2016). They created the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. 7. Nations called for a more comprehensive set of obligatory regulations for nuclear power plants from safe management of installation to safe management of radioactive waste. 8. They also created the Joint Convention of Safety of Spent Fuel Management in which obliged nations to create proper policy to control nuclear power plant management. 9. In May of 1991, the WHO headquarters (WHO/HQ) set up the International Project on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident (IPHECA) with > $20 million in funding, primarily from Japan. By that time, the European Regional Office of the WHO (WHO/EURO) had a strong program in place, following its initial response to the accident, to assist its member states other than the USSR in their responses to the accident. In October 1991, WHO/EURO opened an office in Rome with an assignment including the effects of ionizing radiation on health; this office quickly became involved with the affected countries. Over the following year or two, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) undertook fundraising and provided humanitarian assistance for the three now very economically disadvantaged countries, as did the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (in recognition of the psychosocial consequences), the European Commission (EC), the Red Cross, the Sasakawa Foundation from Japan, the United States, Netherlands, Germany, and several other countries, non-governmental organizations, and charities. Many of these organizations, the EC, United States, and Japan, among others, also supported research.

Geopolitical Constraints on Global Interactions

1. Government and militia controls on personal freedoms to participate in global interactions 2. National trade restrictions, including protectionism and resource nationalism

A. T. Kearney - Political

1. International Organizations 2. U.N Peacekeeping 3. Treaties 4. Government Transfers

A. T. Kearney - Technological

1. Internet Users 2. Internet Hosts 3. Secures Servers

What is the difference between the World bank and the IMF?

1. Lower interest rates for both. 2. Conditions for payback is relaxed in both as well. 3. Faster global peace & higher QoL are aims of both.

What about information abhout N Korea?

1. Many statistics for N Korea are either unknown or unreliable... a sign of their isolation....a clear sign that are removed from the global society. 2. SOWC = state of the world's children report MICS - multiple indicator cluster surveys

G 7 / 8 , G20

1. Members of the G7: UK, Germany, France, Canada, US, Italy & Japan 2. Members of the G8: UK, Germany, France, Canada, US, Italy & Japan + Russia (because they "liberated" Crimea = was "naughty" = shunned). 3. G20 members expanded to many other countries: Turkey, EU, Argentina, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, China, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Australia, India, South Africa (try to be more inclusive).

A. T Kearney - Disadvantages

1. Not all countries are covered in the index...basically only those consider wealthy and globally connected enough to be attractive for investors 2. Cultural trends not very featured? How do you measure cultural trends due to globalisation? 3. Informal economy not always incorporated in data

You are required to have examples of affirmative action to close the development gap. 1 example you already have from the Rwanda case study

1. Rwanda ranks 4th on the Global Gender Gap Index. It is the first among LICs (developing countries). 2. Rwanda has a large gender imbalance resulting from the Rwanda Genocide, where many men were killed.

Free Trade vs. Fair Trade

1. Some students confuse fair trade with free trade. 2. Free trade occurs when countries are able to trade with each other without any tariffs or restrictions. 3. In most cases, the main aim is to maximize profits. 4. In fair trade, producers do not seek to maximize profits, but seek to make a profit and improve the wages and working conditions of their workers.

What the IMF is about...according to the IMF......

1. Sovereignty --> The IMF works with governments around the world to modernize their economic policies and institutions. This helps countries strengthen their economy and create more jobs. revenues and budgets modernize banking. 2. For instance when a new country Kosovo emerged from conflict it had virtually no banks. But with support from the government of Japan the IMF worked with Kosovo to set up its central bank operations this paved the way for commercial banks to provide basic financial services to people and businesses.

State sovereignty

1. State sovereignty is the concept that states are in complete and exclusive control of all the people and property within their territory. State sovereignty also includes the idea that all states are equal as states. 2. Sovereignty may be taken away in some cases and surrender in other cases, due to globalization.

"The effects of global interactions on cultural diversity in different places:"

1. The diffusion of cultural traits and cultural imperialism 2. Glocalization of branded commodities and cultural hybribidity 3. Cultural landscape changes in the built environment "How do global interactions bring cultural influences and changes to places?"

What is Outsourcing?

1. The term "outsourcing" is pretty broad, but in general it is used to define any task, duty, job, process or function that might typically be performed "in-house" but instead is assigned to an individual or firm outside your own office. 2. Outsourcing can take many forms, including: 3. Hiring specialty independent contractors to perform tasks that are not covered effectively in your current staff 4. Contracting with outsourcing firms that offer a broad range of services 5. Using virtual assistants and other "work-from-home" contractors 6. Using online services to handle "one-off" tasks

The importance of social entrepreneurship to close the development gap

1. The works of microfinance organisations and their networks 2. Alternative trade networks such as "Fairtrade" 3. TNC corporate social responsibility frameworks and global agreements

social entrepreneurship

Social Entrepreneurship is leveraging resources to address social problems = the pursuit of social goals while creating a profitable business.

Soil Degradation

Soil degradation includes: 1. The loss of soil quantity through erosion 2. The loss of soil quality through overuse and depletion of nutrients 3. Impacts: reduced food production (yield), malnourishment, loss of income, less productive workforce if malnourished, IDP's or refugees, conflict over food supply

Local sourcing of Food and Goods as response to globalisation

Some people see local sourcing of foods as response to possible negative impacts of globalisation.

And of course ...

St.Patrick's Day = St Patrick's Day is when all the "Plastic Paddys" (Fake Irish) come out

You should be familiar with Gender Equality policies in Rwanda from our our work earlier in the course.

Wait for later slides.

Some civil society groups....

What does the list tell you about the number and range of civil society groups globally?

The Global Digital Divide is

shrinking globally = allowing the population to modernize.

BLACK FRIDAY -

the ultimate consumer culture day!

4. Comment on the carbon footprints for trade in food.

4. The carbon footprint for trade in food is complex and includes food production, storage, distribution, retailing and consumption. Total carbon emissions for transport and storage are 420g/unit of production, and production emissions are over 140 g/unit product.

Debt Repayment

Debt Repayment: The paying back of money that a country has borrowed. The debt could be to a bank, a country or individuals. Debt is often reported as per capita or as a % of countries GDP, in order to allow comparisons.

Companies that are reshoring (Specific Example A):

Examples of GE (General Electric) jobs that have been reshored, with reasons for reshoring:

Inflow

Going to different countries and sending money back to the country.

1B) Discuss the relationships between globalization and human development (16 MARKS).

Globalizaiton refers to the extent of which different cultural traits can be idenitified in a place. Human Development is most commonly measured by the HDI (human development index) which combines GNI per capita ppp, life expectancy, and literacy rate. Although this is the most "official" way of measuring human development one can see that the term itself is subjective and refers to more complex factors. Globalization occurs in places when TNC's decide to offshore production, or cater a different market. A very globalized country will exhibit more global cultural traits. China is an example where globalization depends heavily on the scale at which the country is being examined. Eastern China is highly globalized with many western influences. Income, life expectancy and literacy rate are high and the country is fairly developed at this smaller scale. When looking at China as a whole globalization and human development decreases. As western China is barely globalized at all and has a low standard of loving at a national scale China is not as developed as it may seem. There are a number of places that exhibit high levels of globalization, but still lack in human development issues. Gender equality or treatment of the LGBT community are more complex ways to measure human development and acceptance. For example, Quatar is a highly globalized country with high levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), but women are not treated as gender equal and homosexuality is not accepted. This shows that globalization can occur faster that human development depending on the place. Quatar's oil made the country extremely wealthy in a short amount of time, but this did not mean the people developed new values of human development as a result of this. This leads to show that the processes of globalization and human development are connected but not nexessarilty directly linked or in some cases resources can be slow. TNC's often attempt to close the development gaps as they have a large amount of power. Apple CEO Tim Cook is openky gay. This spreas a message to less developed nations about power and acceptance. Finally, there are instances in which less globalized countries make democratic steps towards human development. Microloans by Duncan Parker, an entrepreneur in Malawi lake helped farmers develop and make it out of the poverty cycle. Duncan invests a small amount into farmers giving them enough to buy fertilizer leading to a growth surplus in peppers. To farmers, therefore, they had enough money and food for themselves and surplus which contributed to Duncan's "mega-farm". Around 8000 small farms contrubited to his mega-farm and peppers are sold to UK chains sch as Nordo's. Malawi is still an LIC and by no means very globalized, so this example shows how human development and closing the development gap is possible without massive globalization, and there are other possibilities contributing to human development. In conclusion, there is a relationship that can be observed between globalisation and the HDI. Generally, more globalized countries are wealthier and more developed. In 2019, Norway a globalized country had the highest HDI (around 0.957) and Niger a not globalised country had the lowest HDI (about 0.394). Nevertheless, this relationship between globalization and human development cannot be seen as absolute and HDI isn't an exact measure of the complex concept of human development either. As shown in the examples scales at which a country is observed can determine levels of globalization and human development. Additionally, the HDI does not factor in moral and ethical norms associadted with a "developed" human such as treatment of women or judgement of the LGBT community In conclusion, there is a relationship between globalization and human development but a variety of factors such as scale, place and alternative possibility and of contributors to human development must be taken into account.

Rank these FDI flows. 1 being the most common flow and 5 being the least common:

HIC to HIC (because they have the most money to invest = more confidence that they will get their money back). HIC to MIC HIC to LIC MIC to HIC MIC to MIC

Hacking =

Hacking = the gaining of unauthorized access to data in a system or computer

What are the freedoms that the North Koreans are lacking:

In order to maintain control, the North Korean regime has stripped the people of their power and potential through a system of isolation, indoctrination, and brutal repression. 1. Physical Isolation: It's illegal for North Koreans to leave their country without the government's permission. North Koreans who do attempt to leave the country illegally and are caught can face severe consequences including torture, forced labor, and life-imprisonment in a political prison camp. Those who are allowed to travel abroad - like diplomats, elite students, recruited workers, and athletes - are monitored closely and must attend special ideological debriefs once they return to North Korea. 2. Digital Isolation: North Koreans do not have internet connection to the outside world. TVs and radios are preset to approved government channels. North Korean phones cannot make international calls. Foreign radio and cell phone signals are jammed 3. Food Insecurity: Years of mismanagement led to the collapse of the state-socialist economy in the 1990s. The Public Distribution System - the system North Koreans relied on for food for decades - was decimated. Prioritizing the elites and those deemed loyal, the regime cut food supplies to less politically favored regions and sections of society first. The resulting famine killed up to one million people in the mid to late 1990s out of a population of about 20 million, making it one of the worst famines of the 20th century. 4. Propaganda: A) The Cult of Personality of Kim Il-Sung → ​​To this day, the ruling Kim family is portrayed as god-like with mythical stories surrounding their accomplishments. State media inside North Korea has even claimed Kim Jong-un learned how to drive at 3 years old. B) Military: The propaganda machine constantly reminds the North Korean people how important the military is to the survival of the country. The United States and South Korea are portrayed as aggressors that might invade any day which justifies the need for tremendous sacrifices for the sake of the military and the development of nuclear weapons. C) Schooling: North Korean children begin learning about the Kim family as early as kindergarten. Students are required to memorize the history of the Kims throughout their schooling and tremendous resources and time are dedicated to the study of the country's leadership. D) Workspace: Millions of dollars and labor hours are spent glorifying the Kim family at the expense of the North Korean economy and welfare of the North Korean people. This propaganda is reinforced by ideological seminars and self criticism sessions where workers criticize themselves in front of their coworkers. E) Entertainment: From literature to film, all media must be approved by the state's propaganda machine. The goal of this media is to indoctrinate the North Korean people to obey and submit to the leadership by praising the dedication of the Kim family and their sacrifices to the country. F) North Korea ranks 179/180 for freedom of the press. According to Reporters Without Borders 2021 Freedom Index. The regime controls all media outlets which routinely heap daily praise on the country's leadership and hones in on negative stories from the rest of the world to increase support for the regime. Independent journalism is strictly forbidden and the consequences for reporting and disseminating information are severe. *** Some of the camps are the size of large cities and have existed 5 times longer than Nazi Concentration Camps and 2 times longer than the Soviet Gulags.

Intensive agriculture

Intensive agriculture, also known as intensive farming and industrial agriculture, is a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input (machinery, chemicals) and output (max. yield) per cubic unit of agricultural land area.

"Environmental impacts of global flows at varying scales:

Localized pollution, including impacts along shipping lanes

In simple terms, what does the UN definition state:

Not only achieving a higher QoL, but also make sure it's maintained.

Some examples of civil society anti-globalisation groups

People's Global Action 50 Years Is Enough Anti-Capitalist Convergence Homes Not Jails Jobs With Justice Left Turn Mobilization for Global Justice Reclaim the Streets World Bank Bonds Boycott WTO Action This list is from a webpage that dates back about 10 years. Many of these groups do not exist any longer. The anti-globalisation movement is a term referring to a range of groups that are not necessarily linked.

Are we heading toward a global society and is that a good or bad thing?

Pros: 1. Easier to adapt from 1 country to another. 2. less conflicts 3. less persecution 4. less xenophobia Cons: 1. Diversity may get lost = language & way of life. 2. Out of control consumerism = we're actually heading towards a global "consumer society"

Crimea and Globalisation?

"Annexation" of Crimea: 1. In February - March 2014 Russia "annexed" part of Ukraine (aka "the Ukraine"). 2. Annexation is the administrative action and concept in international law relating to the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state. It is generally held to be an illegal act.

"Neoliberalism"

"Neoliberalism" is contemporarily used to refer to market-oriented reform policies such as "eliminating price controls, deregulating capital markets, lowering trade barriers" and reducing state influence in the economy, especially through privatization and austerity.

Are anti-immigration attitudes linked to globalisation?

"RISE OF ANTI-MIGRATION MOVEMENT" as a response to global interactions Examples: The Brexit Campaign made a range of arguments, including a rejection of EU open borders:

"The correlation between increased globalization and renewed nationalism/tribalism"

"Two detailed examples to illustrate geopolitical tension/conflict"

Global Networks and Flows Diagram (3)

1,

Improved yields and environmental impacts

1. Food processors usually want large quantities of uniform-quality produce or animals at specific times. 2. This is ideally suited to intensive farming methods. In HICs, since the 1960s, with increased inputs of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides; for example, wheat yields have increased from 2.6 to 8 tonnes per hectare, barley from 2.6 to 5.8 tonnes. 3. In just two decades, new production methods have increased a dairy cow's average yield from 4,000 litres to 5,800 litres a year. 4. Unfortunately, intensive farming requires the heavy use of synthetic chemicals and methods that lead to land degradation and animal welfare problems. 5. Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from farming cost more than £1.1 billion annually in the UK. 6. About 10% of the UK's greenhouse gas emissions come from the methane from livestock digestion and manure and nitrous oxide from fertilized land. 7. Animals are reared on production lines. The spread of disease is a problem. 8. Cox's apples receive an average of 16 pesticide sprays. Lettuces imported to the UK from Spain, Turkey, Zimbabwe and Mexico are sprayed on average 11.7 times. 9. Cleaning up the chemical pollution and repairing the damage to habitats caused by industrial farming cost up to £2.3 billion a year in the UK alone. 10. It now costs water companies £135-£200 million to remove pesticides and nitrates from drinking water. In the USA it is estimated that the costs of agriculture (pesticides, nutrient run-off, soil loss and so on) could be as high as $16 billion ($96 per hectare) for arable farming and $714 million for livestock. 11. Soil erosion alone - not all caused by farming - costs up to $6 billion in sedimentation of dams, harbours and fish farms. 12. The global food industry has a massive impact on transport. 13. Food distribution now accounts for between a third and 40% of all UK road freight. 14. The food system has become almost completely dependent on crude oil. 15. This means that food supplies are vulnerable, inefficient and unsustainable. 16. It is estimated that a kilogram of blueberries imported by plane from New Zealand produces the same emissions as boiling a kettle 268 times. 17. Between 1978 and 1998, the distance food was transported increased by 50%. 18. In order to be transported long distances, food must be heavily processed, packaged or chemically preserved. 19. Transporting animals long distances to slaughter has made it almost impossible to contain outbreaks of serious diseases such as foot and mouth. Journeys of 300- 600 kilometres to slaughter are not unusual for animals today, and the average journey to abattoir has been estimated at 160 kilometres. 20. Land-use change and loss of biodiversity Farmland makes up the greatest use of land on earth. It is also increasing in cover. 21. In Brazil, for example, the Amazon Basin, the cerrado (savanna woodland) and the Atlantic forest (with a high number of endemic species) are at risk of conversion to farmland. 22. In 2004 soya production in areas of the Amazon and the Atlantic forest amounted to over 21 million tonnes. 23. The expansion of cocoa in the 1970s and soya in the 1990s and biofuels in the 2000s has reduced the Atlantic forest to less than 10% of its original size. 24. The cerrado is threatened by the expansion of cattle ranching, which is also closely related to soya production.

More reasons for the growth of outsourcing:

1. ICT use by customers is also increasing, customers can communicate easily with contracted outsourcing companies. 2. The relative cost of communication through ICT is decreasing steadily. Broadband prices have dropped significantly while width has increased substantially for both private users and companies. 3. The growth of a global culture eases communication between regions. Eg. if it's nighttime and you don't want to reach out to someone in your country = easier to reach out to global help-desks = ppl of the company somewhere else.

These political factors can act to increase global interactions or limit interactions:

1. Multi-governmental organisations (MGO's) such as the WB, IMF, UN, WTO, etc. 2. Free trade zones 3. Economic migration controls and rules

World Bank

1. The World Bank's mandate is to loan money to countries to help them develop. 2. The World Bank grew out of the effort to rebuild Europe after WW2.

9. Briefly explain why globalization has led to increased nationalism.

9. Globalization had led to increased nationalism in many places. The cause of the increase in nationalism was due, in part, to poor economic growth following the financial crash of 2008, rising inequality, and, in Europe, rising immigration. The changes brought about by globalization led many people to look for stability in national or local features, such as a shared culture, history or language. This new nationalism takes many forms: protectionist policies such as trade barriers, policies favouring domestic workers, anti-immigration measures and resource nationalism.

Highlights from Apple's 2018 Financial Report:

Direct operations (Apple's end of the supply):- Misleading if countries say that they are 0 carbon, by compensating for the carbon in other areas. --> May buy credits from a renewable energy company (not directly powering the company, but they're offsetting their carbon = 100% renewable energy...)

Identity theft

Identity theft =the fraudulent practice of using another person's name and personal information in order to obtain credit, loans, etc.

Global Flow of Counterfeit Goods (DIAGRAM 1)

Most of it goes from Periphery (where there's a large informal sector = less copy-right legislations and policing) to Core. --> Pull to the US, Middle East & Europe.

How is the Grameen Bank different?

Non-profit = any profit they make goes back to disadvantaged ppl and gives them incentive.

The world seems to be shrinking...

The friction (barrier) of distance is decreasing.

A.T. Kearney - Economic

Trade & Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Disruptive technological innovations, such as drones and 3D printing...

as a threat to the political and economic sovereignty of states.

How are these lists similar and different? What does this tell us the movement of goods around the world?

1. Same countries are at the top of 10 importers and exporters. 2. All are HIC's 3. Order is different. 4. China is now on the list - dominated by HIC. 5. USA has a trade deficit - having a dominant position in the world.

CASE STUDY: Challenging restrictive freedom - the Arab Spring

1. The Arab Spring refers to the range of demonstrations, protests, riots and civil wars that spread through countries in the Middle East and North Africa after 2010. 2. Most of the revolutions and protests were over by 2012, although the ongoing conflict in Syria is an important exception. 3. By September 2016, the only country involved in the Arab Spring to become a democracy was Tunisia. 4. Numerous factors lay behind the Arab Spring: dissatisfaction with governments, dictatorships, corruption, economic decline, unemployment, inequalities in wealth, food shortages and escalating food prices. 5. Widespread access to social media networks made the Arab Spring possible in countries such as Tunisia and Egypt, whereas in Yemen and Libya people communicated through the traditional forms of media. 6. In Tunisia, the Arab Spring began when the street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi set himself alight in Sidi Bouzid in December 2010, in response to the confiscation of his wares and harassment by officials. 7. This event sparked street protests that eventually led to the removal of President Ben Ali, after 23 years in office. 8. Prior to the demonstrations there had been high unemployment, corruption, a lack of freedom of speech, poor living conditions and rising food prices. 9. By October 2011 there were the first post-revolution elections, and in January 2014 a new constitution increased human rights and gender equality. 10. During Tunisia's Arab Spring around 330 people were killed. 11. In contrast, around 40,000 people were killed in Libya's Arab Spring and over 300,000 in Syria's. 12. Protests began in Libya in 2011, and quickly reached the capital, Tripoli. 13. As fighting intensified between government and rebel forces, the USA, France and the UK began a bombing campaign against Libyan forces. 14. In August, anti-government forces captured Tripoli, and in October, the deposed Libyan leader Colonel Gaddafi was killed. 15. The Arab Spring in Syria is ongoing and has seen multi-sided armed conflict, the formation of ISIS and the use of Russian forces to support the Syrian leader President Bashar al-Assad. 16. Thousands have fled Syria, leading to humanitarian crises in Lebanon and Jordan, and a swell of migrants seeking refuge in Europe. 17. Following the protest and changes associated with the Arab Spring came the so-called Arab Winter, a wave of violence, instability and economic decline. 18. The Arab Spring has thus had mixed success. 19. For some, there has been greater freedom compared with the restrictions before, as in Tunisia and Egypt. 20. For others, the Arab Spring has led to a collapse of law and social order, as in Syria and Libya. 21. A number of reasons have been put forward to explain what has determined success in some areas but not others. 22. They include: A) strong civil societies — countries with strong civil societies such as Tunisia were more successful than those without because they were able to transform the country after political change B) the degree of state censorship — in countries where Al Jazeera and the BBC provided widespread coverage, such as Egypt, mass violence by the government and the military was supressed, in contrast to countries such as Libya and Syria, where there was less television reporting C) social media — countries with greater access to social media were more able to mobilize support for the protests D) support of the national military — in Egypt and Tunisia, the military supported the protesters in removing the government, whereas in Libya and Syria the military have contributed to civil war E) the mobilization of the middle class —countries with a strong, vocal middle class were more likely to see political change than countries with a weak or limited middle class.

Irish Diaspora Policy

1. The Irish government has a policy to: A) Advice and assistance to Irish people migratng out of Ireland when times are bad economically B) Stay in touch with the migrants overseas C) Welcome people back to Ireland in the future https://www.dfa.ie/media/globalirish/global-irish-irelands-diaspora-policy.pdf 2. The policy recognises the value of staying linked to the diaspora - economically, politically and socially

"Hermit kingdom

"Hermit kingdom is a term applied to any country, organization or society which willfully walls itself off, either metaphorically or physically, from the rest of the world. The Joseon dynasty of Korea was frequently described as a hermit kingdom during the latter part of the dynasty.[1] The term is still commonplace throughout Korea and is often used by Koreans themselves to describe pre-modern Korea."

What are programmes that Rwanda has to promote gender equality?

- Sustainable Harvest Rwanda, which is an NGO and governmental project aimed to train women to harvest coffee beans and run the businesses on their own.- kLab is an entrepreneurial programme in Rwanda, where majority are women.

African Freed Trade Progress (Pacts)

1. Enter the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). 2. The AfCFTA is an exciting game changer. Currently, Africa accounts for just 2% of global trade. And only 17% of African exports are intra-continental, compared with 59% for Asia and 68% for Europe. 3. The potential for transformation across Africa is therefore significant. The pact will create the largest free trade area in the world measured by the number of countries participating. 4. Connecting 1.3 billion people across 55 countries with a combined gross domestic product (GDP) valued at $3.4 trillion, the pact comes at a time when much of the world is turning away from cooperation and free trade. 5. The agreement aims to reduce all trade costs and enable Africa to integrate further into global supply chains - it will eliminate 90% of tariffs, focus on outstanding non-tariff barriers, and create a single market with free movement of goods and services. Cutting red tape and simplifying customs procedures will bring significant income gains. 6. Beyond trade, the pact also addresses the movement of persons and labour, competition, investment and intellectual property. 7. The AfCFTA offers an opportunity to promote good governance both globally and across Africa, through the concept of "Trade Integrity" - defined as international trade transactions that are legitimate, transparent and properly priced - as a way to ensure the legitimacy the global trading system. The prevalence of illegally-procured or produced goods (for example, illegal mining or fishing, or goods resulting from child or forced labor), misinvoiced trade transactions (i.e. trade fraud) and opacity in most free trade zones strips governments of revenues - needed now more than ever before to assist with the pandemic response, undermines fair labor standards and human rights, and obfuscates who is involved in trade transactions and what goods are being traded, which can facilitate transnational crime.

"Physical geography is the main reason why some places are less connected than others". Discuss this statement. (16 marks) (Note this is an actual exam from the past few years)

1. Heightened connectivity changes our conception of time, distance and potential barriers to the migration of goods, people and information to make people feel closer than they did in the past. This concept of a "shrinking world effect" has been evident in many countries in recent years, however, some countries are less connected than others due to physical, economical and social factors, as well as governmental power. 2. Physical geography is one amongst several factors that plays a role in the isolation of North Korea, causing it to be less connected than other countries. As a country that is located in the Korean Peninsula, in the easternmost part of the Asian continent which borders China to the north and Russia in the extreme northeast. Most of the mountainous terrain is located north of the DMZ, where there are few arable (farmable) plains. The few remaining dense forests are located in the far north. These rugged regions are sparsely inhabited and mountain dwellers often live isolated lives in dispersed hamlets. Although the highest mountain chains are found in the far north, they also extend southward, running parallel and close to the peninsula's eastern seaboard. This therefore reduces the possibility of trade and communication out of the country and makes it an inaccessible and unfavorable location for people to escape. However, it can be said that also, in order to maintain control, the North Korean regime has stripped the people of their power and potential through a system of isolation, indoctrination, and brutal repression. It's illegal for North Koreans to leave their country without the government's permission. North Koreans who do attempt to leave the country illegally and are caught can face severe consequences including torture, forced labor, and life-imprisonment in a political prison camp. Those who are allowed to travel abroad - like diplomats, elite students, recruited workers, and athletes - are monitored closely and must attend special ideological debriefs once they return to North Korea. 3. Political factors have also furthered the isolation of North Korea, amplifying physical factors, which is why some places are less connected than others. Kim Il Sung developed a theory of self-reliance, or Juche in Korean, that remains the country's official ideology today. He laid out three principles: political independence, economic self-reliance and military autonomy. "This political stance has caused North Korea to truly become a hermit kingdom because of the huge stigma juche places upon cooperation with outside powers. The rapid economic growth of South Korea in the global economy has left N Korea more isolated. The movement of China and Russia away from traditional communism and towards the global economy has left N Korea feeling further isolated. Labelled as an "axis of evil" country by George Bush Jr. The continuation of nuclear weapons testing is a result of N Korea's isolation but it also isolates them further. 4. Cultural factors can also be an explanation as to why some places are less connected than others. For example, the democratic people's republic of north korea (DPRK) restricts all forms of global actions as it possesses a philosophy of "Juche" which can be translated to self-reliance. For that reason, the autocratic governments utilizes propaganda to advocate the country's beliefs and promote the idea that western culture is 'back'. Foreign visitors are banned and citizens are unable to make foreign calls. 5. Social factors, are seen by North Korea's fight against the freedom of the press, as it ranks 179/180 countries according to Reporters Without Borders 2021 Freedom Index. The regime controls all media outlets which routinely heap daily praise on the country's leadership and hones in on negative stories from the rest of the world to increase support for the regime. Independent journalism is strictly forbidden and the consequences for reporting and disseminating information are severe, which further emphasizes their physical isolation from the rest of the world. In comparison to South Korea, the country has a much lower internet user score, as well, which further enhances their loss of connectivity to the outside world, with less than 0.1% per 100 people in contrast to 81.5% in South Korea. 6. The rise of media influence in the form of TV shows and social media bloggers also have the ability to increase the level of connectivity and therefore reduce physical barriers, minimising the cause for some countries being less connected than others. UK has been reported that 90-100% if countries on the Northern Hemisphere have access to the internet and the increasing use of soft power by the USA has lead to countries adopting the concept of 'americanization' and dietary homogenization, moving people to more connected areas and reducing the cultural gaps that previously existed in the future. 7. By way of illustration, the Arab Spring, a series of pro-democracy uprisings that occurred in Muslim countries, including Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Bahrain and resulted in regime changes in these countries, beginning in December 2010 after a Tunisian street vendor Mohammed Bouazizi set himself on fire to protest the dictatorial seizing of his vegetable stand by police over failure to obtain a permit. Social media played a significant role in closing the time-space convergence and reducing the friction barrier that activists of the Arab Spring Uprising were able to organize and mobilize in 2011 partly because authoritarian governments didn't yet understand very much about how to use social media. Social media literally became the people's news agency, because of the various degrees of censorship and filtering across the Arab world. Protesters used social media to organize demonstrations (both pro- and anti-governmental), disseminate information about their activities, and raise local and global awareness of ongoing events. They introduced a new form of political and social organizing, of "hyper-networked protests, revolts, and riots." But we're just beginning to understand the impact of this new communications technology. Social media, it turns out, was not a new path to democracy, but merely a tool. And for a few brief months, only the young and the idealistic knew how it worked. 8. Another opposition towards globalization can also be seen in a suburb in melbourne, in which citizens were protected against the building of a mcdonald's outlet in 2014, as they believed that it would disrupt the commitment to sustainable and local food production. Despite these many attempts to go against globalisation through protests, and a petition that obtained 6,775 signatures, Mcdonalds was able to approach the higher victorian state and was granted approval to open an outlet. From this, one can see that both power and the beliefs of people have the ability to influence levels of connectivity. 9. To conclude, physical geography used to be the reason as to why some places are less connected than others, however, the shrinking world effect through advancements in transport, infrastructure and media coverage has made physical geography an insignificant factor towards reduced levels of connectivity. The main reasons as to why some counties are less connected are due to beliefs of the people and power of the government. In the future, one can predict that these too, will become insignificant in reducing connectify due to the increased advancement of technology, a more progressive way of thinking and the rise of global culture.

The Irish Diaspora

1. How diasporas influence cultural diversity and identity at both global and local scales In other WORDS: 2. How have the Irish diaspora preserved their culture in The USA? 3. How has the Irish diaspora influenced the culture in host countries?

Why do countries have protectionist policies?

1. Protectionism refers to government policies that restrict international trade to help domestic industries. 2. Protectionist policies are usually implemented with the goal to improve economic activity within a domestic economy but can also be implemented for safety or quality concerns.

MH17 disaster draws the wider world into the Crimea conflict:

1. The Boeing 777 was flying from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur on 17 July 2014 when it was downed by a Buk surface-to-air missile fired from eastern Ukraine. All 298 passengers and crew on board died. 2. The aircraft was at 33,000 feet, above an exclusion zone established at 32,000 feet because of the conflict between the Ukrainian government and Russian-backed rebels. Buk missiles can reach a height of 80,000 feet.

Advantages of KOF

1. The index allows comparing degree and changes in globalization over a large number of countries and more than 40 years. 2. The KOF Index of Globalization is available for 180 + countries. 3. Data extends back to 1970 4. It is calculated on the basis of 24 variables.....how is this good and bad? 5. Uses data that is likely to be readily available eg number of McDonalds. 6. Employs a weighting system that reduces the affect that missing data would otherwise have on the total score for any given country

What has happened to the cost of these factors (communication & infrastructure)?

1. These have not only become faster means of communication & transportation, but also cheaper. 2. Relative cost

1. Weapons of "mass disruption" 2. Cyber war or cyber hype? 3. A real threat or a political tool or a marketing tool?

1. U.S. officials say that a cyberwar is looming -- a catastrophic attack that would bring down power plants, derail trains, force airplanes to fall out of the sky and wreak massive havoc on the United States. 2. But a growing number of security experts say that the threat of a "cyberwar" on the scale of a Pearl Harbor is just cyber-hype. 3. Cybersecurity is a booming business with billions of defense contracts at stake. And skeptics warns that the cyberwar doomsday scenarios intentionally hyped up by a coalition of major arms manufacturers, the Pentagon, and Internet security firms greedy for profit.

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland --> Romania is the 2nd largest diaspora of the EU. = Remittance flows of money back home.

Deforestation due to agriculture

Agricultural is the leading cause of deforestation. Agricultural lands are often monocultures with very limited biodiversity and habitat compared to natural ecosystems.

Global Warming

Agriculture contributes to global climate change: 1. CH4 from animal wastes, crop residues and wet rice farming 2. N2O from soils due to fertiliser use 3. CO2 resulting from energy use in agriculture 4. Deforestation causing reduced CO2 sequestration.

Aid

Aid: To provide support or help. Aid can take many different forms ranging from giving money and providing technology and expertise to providing food and rescue teams.

External Debt

External Debt - a debt paid to a creditor outside of a country (eg World Bank, IMF, private bank, a company)

Video criticising the WTO... An optimistic explanation of free trade:

Pros & Cons

Transboundary pollution is

Transboundary pollution is the pollution that originates in one country but is able to cause damage in another country's environment, by crossing borders through pathways like water or air. Pollution can be transported across hundreds and even thousands of kilometers.

Examples of CSR Statements are shown on the next few slides.... (3)

UNILEVER Headquarters: London, United Kingdom Revenue: 62.62 billion USD (2017) Number of employees: 169,000 (2017) Stock price: UN (NYSE) US$ 54,09 +0,23 (+0,43%) Ben & Jerry's was sold to Unilever.

Did cyber attacks influence the Brexit referendum? (1)

What role did Cambridge Analytica play in the Brexit vote? 1. Whistleblower Christopher Wylie told UK lawmakers during a committee hearing in 2018 that a firm linked to Cambridge Analytica helped the official Vote Leave campaign circumvent campaign financing laws during the Brexit referendum. 2. Leaked documents published this week show that the Vote Leave campaign, the official pro-Brexit group headed by Boris Johnson and Michael Gove, paid an additional 625,000 pounds (€711,000, $882,000) to a little-known Canadian data firm called AggregateIQ (AIQ) through a far smaller pro-Brexit group. RESOURCE: "Facebook to investigate data abuse" = https://www.dw.com/en/what-role-did-cambridge-analytica-play-in-the-brexit-vote/a-43151460

"Glocalization"

When companies move to a different part of the world and adapt their product to suit the local culture. Eg. McDonalds with the McCurry Pan (without red meat because that is not eaten in India), etc.

offshoring

offshoring - the work is done overseas but by the original company. ie a Ford Motor plant outside the USA (more core functions, eg. more goods).

Personal Brand

reflects traits you want others to think of when they think of you Brene Brown is an example of a person with "personal brand". A very popular person(product) in the educational field and a name I hear at least monthly at AISB. What does the photo on the right tell you about Brene Brown's brand?

Adbusters campaigns:

1. "Buy Nothing Day" 2. Adbusters was communications portal for the Billion People March

1. Define cybercrime.

1. Cybercrime refers to criminal activity using the internet/computers/computing.

Reasons for anti-global interaction attitudes in the Core

1. Feeling of responsibility 2. Paranoia about migration, because a lot of CORE countries receive migration. 3. Negative sentiments related to off-shoring and out-sourcing. 4. Remittances going out of the core and into the periphery.

Capital

Capital: Capital can take many forms but for the purpose of this section we will refer to capital as money.

Microcredit:

Microcredit: the provision of small loans to help poor people to start their own business. The loans are often provided with relatively favourable/low interest rates. They are sometimes referred to as microloans or micro lending.

Example of reshoring

Reshorenow.org

outsourcing

outsourcing - Ford hires contracts a design task to an engineering firm, in the US or overseas. (more non-core functions, eg. advertising a company = more services) --> WIX is another example of outsourcing, as it acts as a tool to launch your own website.

"Environmental Issues linked with the global shift of industry.....

polluting manufacturing industries"

The Diversity of Anti-Globalization groups reflects the diverse impacts of global interactions

social, economic and environmental

The repatriation of profits refers to

the return of money earned in another country to the country where the business is owned. Factors that affect the amount of money repatriated include: 1. If the host country has offered tax incentives to the TNC, resulting in a greater amount of profit from reduction in tax 2. The amount of future investment the TNC wishes to make in the host country; if it wants to make a future investment, it is likely to use the profits for this to avoid transaction and currency exchange costs 3. Taxes in the country where the head office is located: if the country of origin has high taxes, it is more likely that profits will be sent for investment in other countries *** Profits leaving the host country's economy are referred to as leakage.

You are required to have examples of affirmative action to close the development gap. 2 Example:

1. Affirmative Action Example - Closing the development gap for female indigenous domestic workers in Bolivia and Guatemala 2. Describe and explain the efforts being made to reduce the development gap for female indigenous domestic workers in the 2 countries: 3. Why do female indigenous domestic worker experience a development gap? 4. Evaluate the programs:

How were the G's summit created?

1. After the 70s Energy Crisis 2. Russia was able to join in the 90s when the Soviet Union fell apart. 3. Friction is increasing over time though. 4. China & India were emerging as more economically developed countries and the G

A BBC video discussing Reshoring (notes):

1. Airfix is a British brand and manufacturing company which produces plastic scale model kits of different vehicles, though for many years the plastic parts have come from sources well beyond the UK. 2. However, there are more now actually being produced in the UK, in a factory in Sussex. 3. The company pitched for the business against foreign suppliers and won the order. Rising wages in Asia mean the British company can now compete 4. It's a trend which is gathering pace, Airfix is part of Hornby which owns several toy brands. It's now looking at bringing others back to the UK, the advantage being that the turnaround time for new orders is that much quicker.

Amazon's Carbon Emissions

1. Amazon's yearly carbon emissions are slightly higher than the Hong Kong2. HK has a population of 8 million.3. Note: Amazon's emissions do not include non-Amazon products.4. If Amazon were a country it would rank 58th, if annual revenue were considered GDP.5. Jeff Bezos is estimated to be worth 148.8 billion

COVID - Supply Chain

1. Catalyses Slobalization 2. In Britain it's alcohol, in Canada it's maple syrup, while in Australia it's a crucial additive for diesel trucks, and in New Zealand it's brown sugar. These are just some of the many shortages affecting consumers and businesses around the world as industry experts warn that the supply chain crisis prompted by the coronavirus pandemic could last for many more months and even up to two years. 3. Although there are signs that some bottlenecks are easing, the onset of the Omicron Covid variant could lead to new shutdowns, sending another disruptive spasm through the global system. 4. The gravest appears to be an outbreak of Covid this week in the Chinese manufacturing hub of Zhejiang, which is home to the world's largest cargo port, Ningbo-Zhoushan. Tens of thousands are in quarantine under China's strict zero-Covid policy and some local authorities have urged workers not to travel home "unnecessarily" for lunar new year festival in February. "Further supply chain disruption is a significant possibility," economic analysts at Capital Economics said in a note. Industry experts and economists believe the problems could persist as the finely calibrated network of world trade, already weakened by months of shipping backlogs, labour shortages and geopolitical tensions, remains "discombobulated". 5. Maersk, one of the big three shipping companies, said the worst delays were still on the US west coast where ships were waiting four weeks to unload due to the lack of workers on land. Maersk says the worst shipping delays are on the US west coast. This creates a chaotic "ripple effect" around the world with ships locked into tight deadlines and a glut of containers in some ports in the US and Europe, but not enough in ports throughout Asia. 6. Shipping accounts for the movement of at least 90% of goods around the world and the cost of transporting things by sea has rocketed in the past year. 7. For example, the Drewry world container index measuring the cost of moving a 40ft container is 170% higher than it was a year ago. The price on some particularly in-demand routes such as Shanghai to Rotterdam has increased by almost 200%; in the case of the Dutch port to New York, the cost has risen by 212%. Basic consumer staples are spiralling in price because of higher shipping costs and heightened demand from consumers stuck at home for months and unable to spend any money on treats such as holidays and nights out. Coffee prices have doubled over the past year, according to current data, as has the price of oats. Lumber, cotton, wheat and palm oil have all risen by more than 30%. 8. Not surprisingly, inflation has touched decades-long highs in western economies such as the US, Britain and Germany, bringing calls for an end to the ultra-loose monetary policies pursued by central banks since 2008. 9. With so many ships unable to dock and unload, more than 80% of the 434,000 20ft containers exported out of the Port of Los Angeles in September went out empty. Shipping companies can make up to eight times more money taking goods from China to the US, so it made sense to get the containers back to Asia rather than wait for them to be filled. 10. The deterioration in relations between the US and China which led to trade tariffs and loss of trust was also having a bigger impact than hitherto recognised, he says, dislocating the mechanics of world trade that have been taken for granted for many years. 11. Cyber-attacks and robotics have also made companies review their supply chains and source materials closer to home.

Commercial loans from country to country:

1. Core to Core (highest rate of loans). 2. Core to semi-periphery 3. Core to periphery (lowest rate of loans).

Will covid kill globalisation? (3)

1. Covid-19 struck a major blow to unfettered globalization but before the pandemic arrived globalization had already taken two other big hits. 2. The first was the 2008 financial crisis, when cross-border investment trade, bank loans and supply chains shrank. Globalization started to slow down a process known as slobalization. 3. The global financial crisis, a decade ago, was perhaps an early sign of the beginnings of slobalization, but it wasn't recognized as such at the time because it seemed to be a banking crisis.

Protecting global flows of data and people:

1. Cybersecurity 2. E-Passports

What is our definition of development (human development)?

1. Development = changes that result in an improved Qof L for people. 2. Economic growth (development) is required to fund changes to improve quality, such as improved services and infrastructure. 3. However, economic growth might not result in improved quality of life if the wealth is not spent effectively and distributed evenly (eg. if there are things like corruption, flaws in spending choices, like the government spending on the military over schools or natural disaster mitigation / adaptation, etc.)

Globalisation and the environment

1. Environmentalists argue that the economics of globalisation is concerned primarily with internal costs, largely ignoring external costs such as environmental impact. 2. While companies make profits, society has to pay the bill. There is a greater deal of evidence that the planet's ecological health is in trouble. 3. Between 1950 and 2000 humankind consumed more of the world's natural capital than during its entire previous history. 4. Cuts enforced by the IMF have reduced spending on the environment in a number of countries.

A large number of organisations are critical of the way the global economy and society operates'. The following organisations are often quoted as being substantial anti- globalisation organisations:

1. Focus on the GIobaI South 2. People's Global Action 3. Landless People's Movement in South Africa 4. Revolutionary International Organisation 5. The Homeless Workers Movement in Brazil 6. Grassroots Global Justice in the USA'

A. T Kearney Advantages

1. It covers 96% of world's GDP 2. It covers 84% of world's Population 3. Allows for comparison between countries 4. Allows for comparison over time 5. Provides investment advice for companies to succeed in the global economy

"New and emerging threats to the political and economic sovereignty of states"

1. Profit repatriation and tax avoidance by TNC's and wealthy individuals 2. Disruptive technological innovations, such as drones and 3D printing

HDI

1. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure of development. 2. It includes three basic components of human development: • longevity (life expectancy) • education index — mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling • standard of living — income adjusted to local cost of living, that is, purchasing power. 3. The United Nations (UN) has encouraged the use of the HDI, as it is more reliable than single indicators such as gross national income (GMI) per head.

Irish Diaspora

1. The Irish diaspora is one of the largest diaspora in the World. It is estimated that there are about 80 million Irish migrants and their descendents living around the world - there are over 40 million in the US alone. 2. In the UK about 10% of the population claim Irish descent which would account for about 6 million people. These totals are compared to a current Irish population of only about 4.7 million. 3. There are now significant Irish diasporas in the US, the UK, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Chile, Mexico and Argentina.

What led to the "Annexation" of Crimea?

1. The exact reasons are up for debate but here are some contributing factors over the next few slides: 2. The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on 26 December 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States. 3. Over the next few decades, former USSR statestook steps to determine their future direction.

Describe the pattern shown in the map:

1. The greatest concentration of lowest inequalities (from 0 to 0.3) found in North and Western Europe and the USA and Canada. 2. The majority of highest inequalities (more than 0.60) is located in sub-saharan Africa, except for some countries in South Africa, the Middle East and Oceania. 3. The majority 0.60 and 0.30 is found in Latin America and dispersed in the Middle East, as well as Russia.

Time-space convergence

1. The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction among those places 2. The reduction in the time taken to travel between two places due to improvements in transportation or communication technology (as frictional distance decreases).

Apple's Commitments:

1. Their global facilities do not include the production & manufacturing facilities, only include the "apple" facilities (offices, stores, warehouses).2. Responsibly used wood and fibre in all packaging (FSC - Forest Stewardship Council --> If you buy paper from this company they plant more trees --> replant). They use recycled products, make their carbon footprint smaller, by not extracting new resources. If it's done efficiently.3. Look at Climate Change section for more notes (not smarter chemistry).

How similar are these 3 part (b) questions?:

1. To what extent has the growth of global trade unified countries around the world? 2. Examine how the growth of global trade has created tensions between countries around the world? 3. "Increased globalisation has led to the increase of nationalism and tribalism". Discuss this statement.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

1. WTO is a permanent global institution to promote international trade and to settle international trade disputes. 2. The WTO focuses on the "liberisation" of trade to promote "free trade" and reduce barriers to trade, such as tariffs (tax on goods coming into a country), quotes, reduce customs clearances, and remove protectionist policies in general (clearing paper work). 3. More than 95% of trade moves around because of the WTO.

Another example of the benefits of producing locally:

1. Zara is an example of a company that does not have to reshore, as they have intentionally maintained a short (distance) and responsive (time) supply chain. 2. Perhaps more companies will move to more regionally focused supply chains like Zara, as a response to some of the challenges of being a globalised company. 3. Zara, the Spanish company at the forefront of fast fashion was launched in 1975. 4. Zara now has almost 2,000 stores in 77 countries 5. Its parent company INDITEX turned over 17 billion dollars last year, helping reclusive founder Amancio Ortega become the seventh richest man in the world. 6. Zara's Headquarters are in La Coruña, in northwestern Spain. 7. Their staff churn out 30,000 designs a year, locally targeted designs are Zara's specialty. 8. Zara's vertically integrated business model limits outsourcing making most of its catwalk copies in-house and ensuring better quality control. 9. When it does use cheap labor it goes for poorer European countries rather than LIC's in Asia or Africa. 10. Garments hit shop floors within three weeks of design flipping the industry average of six months. 11. The brand's global distribution center, also in Spain, moves 2 and a 1/2 million items per week (nothing remains warehoused longer than 72 hours). 12. Clothes are ironed in advance and packed on hangers with security and price tags are fixed, saving store staff. 13. Customers visit Zara on average 6 times more often than its competitors causing rival stores to dread its arrival on their turf when Zara opened a store in China last year one industry commentator noted "it just murdered everything around it" 14. When the doors of Zara's first australian store opened in Sydney in April 80% of the stock was snapped up within 3 minutes shoppers might love Zara but fashions elite are not so happy. One unnamed designer complained "we spend a fortune researching and working up ideas then Zara comes along and walks off with them for nothing", as in relation to exploiting others' intellectual property. Zara has achieved global success with almost zero advertising which its founder calls a "pointless distraction". 15. Zara has not embraced globalization in the sense of production, but commerce (which is everywhere).

3. Describe the location of the main areas affected by pollution from shipping.

3. The main areas affected by pollution by shipping include narrow shipping lanes, such as in the Indian Ocean between Singapore and Sri Lanka, and others in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Mediterranean Sea and along the route from Singapore to China. Such tracks are less evident in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, where ships are not concentrated in narrow zones. However, there are also high rates of pollution off major trading areas such as the east coast of the USA and the western coast of Europe.

3. Identify the main population groups that are victims of identity theft in the USA.

3. Vulnerable groups include university students and military personnel, medical patients and even the deceased. In urban areas in Florida, whites were most likely to be the victims of identity theft (72 per cent) and Hispanics the least (1 per cent).

Some groovy 3D printed objects:

3D printing is booming in all kinds of different industries as there are endless amount of items that you can quickly design and build.

4. Outline the main factors that affect global supply chains.

4. Global supply-chain risks are influenced by many factors: physical environmental factors include natural disasters, extreme weather events and epidemics; political factors include protectionism, trade restrictions, and conflict; economic factors include currency fluctuations and trade restrictions; and, technological factors include disruption to transport networks and ICT networks.

5. Explain the term "profit repatriation".

5. Profit repatriation is the return of a company's foreign-earned profits or financial assets to that company's home country.

6. Suggest why certain TNCs have avoided paying tax.

6. Some TNCs have avoided paying tax because they have made a deal with a national government to invest in that country, in return for a low tax rate.

Advantages and disadvantages of epassports:

Advantages: Faster border clearance for travellers = As in Austria in Germany. EasyPASS lets you clear border checks faster. Thanks to this automated system, travelers can pass through in seconds. Control movement of criminals and terrorists across borders Data still accessible if passport lost Difficult to reproduce Difficult for person to possess more than one passport (fingerprint) Disadvantages: Potential for hacking and theft of data Passport holders may not have access to personal data

Suggest how the Arab Spring has led to greater freedom for some but less freedom for others. Point form but detailed notes are fine.

1. It is clear the Arab Spring was not a unified revolution but a series of national uprisings in response to regional intra-national socio-economic grievances, spanning over different countries. 2. The uprisings were not necessarily or predominantly a product of globalization itself but a manifestation of the resulting rise in inequalities mishandled by sovereign powers. 3. However, its remote causes can still be attributed to globalization especially in the areas of spread of ideas such as modern democracy and human rights.

A number of factors were blamed for the leak and the consequences of the leak, including:

1. Its location next to residential areas 2. Poor plant maintenance 3. A lack of skilled operators 4. Poorly trained management 5. Reduction in safety management 6. Lack of safety guidelines 7. Safety alarms did not work 8. There was only one manual back up system (compared to four in US) 9. Flare towers and scrubbers were not working 10. Refrigeration system was turned off and the water cooling system did not have enough pressure Would all of these problems at the Dow Chemical plant have been less tolerated in the US or in other HIC's?

Those that have major concerns about globalisation' the so-called anti-globalisation 'movement', come from a wide variety of backgrounds:

1. popular fears about the power of big business 2. trade unionists worried about jobs filtering down to lower wage economies 3. environmentalists who say that TNCs are disregarding the environment in the rush for profits and market share 4. those fearful of the erosion of national sovereignty and culture 5. small businesses afraid that they will become the victims of global economies of scale 6. poverty campaigners who say that the West's gain has been at the expense of developing countries'

Compare and contrast the terms MNC and TNC.

MNC stands for multinational corporation (usually a large corporation operated in the home country which produces or sells goods or services in other countries) vs. TNC stands for transnational corporation (which operates in foreign countries individually, not through the home country).

Is glocalisation good or bad for...

TNC's? 1. adjust branding to fit locally 2. increase sales 3. increase skills Local companies? Consumers? Local culture? = Dilutes local culture, but also adds to local culture = taking it itno new directions.

tax havens (offshore financial services)

a country where taxes have a lower rate

Around the world...

are people voting for politicians who tell them they can control their country's own destiny? Are people seeking this type of government in response to globalisation? Is this leading to a rise of populism and nationalism that threatens the peace making aims at the heart of many pro-globalists? Is globalisation a problem or is hyper-globalization a problem?

Adbusters =

civil society group responding to a rising consumer culture, which they see as a product of globalisation and TNC From Adbusters website: Based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Adbusters is a not-for-profit magazine fighting back against the hostile takeover of our psychological, physical and cultural environments by commercial forces.

Microfinance:

Microfinance: includes microcredit and the provision of financial services, such as savings accounts (eg. insurance). For people at the bottom of the economy is difficult for them to borrow money, can't even have a bank account. Not a lot of ppl in Europe need this, but.

Links to look at later for this:

A very good article linking globalisation and Brexit https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/globalisation-poll-low-wages-inequality-technology-comres-a7467491.html And some good videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgVhRVrANhA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZAtq_Nsrn8 https://www.cnbc.com/2016/06/28/how-brexit-impacts-globalization.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O25cZWukikE

digital divide

A worldwide gap giving advantage to those with access to technology, specifically referring to communication technology.

Negative Impacts of Agrochemicals

Agrochemicals including fertilisers and pesticide (insecticide, herbicide and fungicide) are all used to increase agricultural yields. By possibly increasing yield and profits, agrochemicals may positively contribute to the economic and social sustainability of agriculture but what negative impacts can they have have.....

Types of crowdsourcing shown in diagram.

Also: 1. Citizen journalism - share and collect content of journalistic value 2. Citizen science - initiatives to involve non-scientist in research projects 3. Crowdsourcing for crisis response - initiatives to involve individuals in disaster and crisis response and recovery

Externalities:

An impact or affect that is caused by an unconnected event or process. Externalities can be both positive or negative.

Reshorenow.org

An organisation that promotes the idea of reshoring. Lots of reasons: 1. Control product quality better. 2. Wages overseas are rising. The lower taxes, improved road system in existing industrial areas, such as Detroit, the rustbelt are being thought of again.-- becoming more favourable. 3. By importing less, countries are reducing the trade deficit. If a country exports a greater value than it imports, it has a trade surplus or positive trade balance, and conversely, if a country imports a greater value than it exports, it has a trade deficit or negative trade balance. As of 2016, about 60 out of 200 countries have a trade surplus. 4. Either the process is more labor-inensive, which is low-skilled labor (less likely for people at home to do and will be mechanized), or capital-intensive labor (more high-skill labor / more money-intensive high jobs = more outcome) 5. x5 higher wages in China than Ethiopia right now = why countries like China are now colonising Africa for cheap labor there. 6. Hence, there are exceptions, but more HIC's are trying to decrease dependency through reshoring to become more self-sufficient.

Diaspora:

Any group that has been dispersed outside its original homeland. Diasporas can develop through voluntary migration or forced migration

Chernobyl Accident

April 26, 1986

Many anti-globalization groups have a very local or specific industry focus.......

Asian Immigrant Women Advocates, Oakland CA Asian Pacific American Legal Center of Southern California Campaign for Labor Rights US farm worker struggles Chinese Staff & Workers Association New York Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles Coalition for Justice in the Maquiladoras, Texas Garment Industry Development Corporation New York Fuerza Unida Texas Garment Worker Center Los Angeles Korean Immigrant Workers Advocates, Los Angeles La Mujer Obrera, Texas National Interfaith Committee for Worker Justice US poultry workers National Mobilization Against Sweatshops New York Sweatshop Watch California Union of Needletrades, Industrial & Textile Employees (UNITE)

Crowdsourcing Example:

Climate CoLab - MIT Crowdsourcing research = research facilities around the world that joined to share information on climate change (eg. runs data through climate models). IPCC is similar but more government-related.

What is happening to boarders?

Boarders are becoming less of a barrier. More international agreements. Natural barriers divided the world (eg. broad oceans, high mountains, deserts, jungles, rivers), but man's use of transportation allowed the movement over greater distances and barriers.

Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing - as way to build collective resilience, at a local or global scale. Getting ideas from ppl & collective action everywhere. Like AVAAZ, 350.org, and change.org. = Civil Society Organisation

How Airplanes Changed the Global Economy:

Depends on what they are shipping - it has to be economically beneficial.

IMF??

International Monetary Fund

3 lists - Threats to the Global Supply Chain

Political Threats Economic Threats Physical Threats

Some typical SAP policies:

Typical stabilisation policies include: 1. balance of payments deficits reduction through currency devaluation 2. budget deficit reduction through higher taxes and lower government spending, also known as austerity --> austerity programmes are basically the IMF or other organisations lending money to a country and telling them to spend less money on certain things/services and use it differently = invest in the old infrastructure instead of new --> may lead to recession of current government as they have to tell the people what they don't want to hear/do. 3. restructuring foreign debts 4. monetary policy to finance government deficits (usually in the form of loans from central banks) 5. eliminating food subsidies 6. raising the price of public services 7. cutting wages (lower minimum wages) 8. decrementing domestic credit. 9. Consider how some of these adjustments might effect the everyday quality of life of an average citizen in a country? What might an eroded quality of life do to a citizen's political views? Long-term adjustment policies usually include: 1. liberalization of markets to guarantee a price mechanism 2. privatization, or divestiture, of all or part of state-owned enterprises 3. creating new financial institutions 4. improving governance and fighting corruption (from the perspective of a neoliberal formulation of 'governance' and 'corruption') 5. enhancing the rights of foreign investors vis-à-vis national laws 6. focusing economic output on direct export and resource extraction 7. increasing the stability of investment (by supplementing foreign direct investment with the opening of domestic stock markets

EU-Ukraine

Ukraine had been edging towards joining the EU The political provisions of the treaty were signed on 21 March 2014 after a series of events that had stalled its ratification culminated in a revolution in Ukraine and overthrow of the then incumbent President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych. This ousting was sparked by Yanukovych's last-minute refusal to sign the agreement. Russia, Ukraine's second largest trading partner, instead presented an association with the existing Customs Union of Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan as an alternative. After 21 March 2014 matters relating to trade integration were temporarily set aside (awaiting the results of the 25 May 2014 Ukrainian presidential elections) until the European Union and the new Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed the economic part of the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement on 27 June 2014, and described this as Ukraine's "first but most decisive step" towards EU membership.

E-passports (aka biometric or digital passport)

What is an epassport? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIRVySrZwD8 What are Biometric Identifiers? A biometric identity system automatically recognizes an individual based on measurable biological characteristics. • Biometric technology allows for the use of physical characteristics - facial features, fingerprints, handprints or iris scans - that can be stored in a secure database. The data is processed by a numerical algorithm to create a digital template of the physical feature. Once a person's biometric information is in the database, an employer or authorized service provider could match his or her true identity against that of anyone who might try to impersonate or steal personal information.

Local and Civil Society Resistance to Global Interactions

1. "Rejection of globalised production, including campaigns against TNC's and in favour of local sourcing of food and goods by citizens" 2. Rise of anti-immigration movements

Summary points relating to International Loans and Debt

1. "development loans"(IMF, WB) general flow from Core to Periphery (dominant flow) 2. countries at all different levels of development may have large debt loads in excess on their GNI but this creates a greater challenge for LIC's than HIC's: a) wealthier economies can deal with debt by borrowing more money to pay off loans (logical?) b) wealthier economies may also have the economic clout to deal with debt by printing more money c) wealthier countries are not as affected by large debt loads as their infrastructure and economy is already in place and citizens already have a high Q of L. d) some countries economies are too big to fail... if the USA suddenly had to pay all its debts, the global economy would crash. This means HIC's are more insulated from debt repayment

It looks like Apple is doing green things, but what are the hidden environmental costs of buying an apple product?

1. 34% buying RECs (Renewable Energy Credits) --> significant amount of their renewable energy comes from their own offices, but then also 34% comes from RECs. So, they could be using fossil fuel energy, but they offset it by RECs --> only covers a certain section of their --> only account for 2% of their supply chain.2. They want their machines they sell to people to become obsolete over a period of time. So that consumers buy something new. They're trying to make more profit than last quarter. Can't replace new bits, repair bills are close to buying a new computer. Aren't the only company that do this. Poor repairabilitity. "Planned Obsolescence" --> Have a long, complex supply chain --> not as careful as they should be in managing their supply chain early on (manufacturing section in the supply chain), because they get these things cheaper when they spare on environmental and social "policies". They try to look better in the public light after the manufacturing.44,770,000 metric tons of e-waste are thrown out in the past year.3. They've curbed their emissions by 35% since 2015, but products and profit will always come first.

Control of major international organisations

1. A serious issue for the anti-globalisers is the apparent control that a relatively small number of countries have over the major international organisations. 2. There are now significant moves to make changes to the way decisions are made in these organisations.

Glocalisation

1. A term used to describe products or services that are distributed globally but which are fashioned to appeal to the consumers in a local market. 2. A combination of the words 'globalisation' and 'localisation'. It involves the development and sale of products to customers around the world which reflect specific local customs, tastes and traditions.

Affirmative Action Programs

1. Affirmative action programs aim to close the development gap between people within countries and do not only apply to women, they also apply to other disadvantaged groups such as indigenous people and minority groups.

What role did social media play in the Arab Uprising?

1. Cell phones → new technology = phones recording what was happening & digital divide closing. People could sympathize with them and catalysed these times of protests all over. Social media played a role in the Arab Uprising in that activists were able to organize and mobilize in 2011 partly because authoritarian governments didn't yet understand very much about how to use social media. 2. Social media literally became the people's news agency, because of the various degrees of censorship and filtering across the Arab world. 3. Protesters used social media to organize demonstrations (both pro- and anti-governmental), disseminate information about their activities, and raise local and global awareness of ongoing events. 4. They introduced a new form of political and social organizing, of "hyper-networked protests, revolts, and riots." But we're just beginning to understand the impact of this new communications technology. Social media, it turns out, was not a new path to democracy, but merely a tool. And for a few brief months, only the young and the idealistic knew how it worked. 5. Government was trying to shut social media down. Prior to all this, they had not realized its power.

1. Outline the differences between wet and dry deposition.

1. Dry deposition of pollutants occurs typically close to the source of emission and damages nearby buildings and structures. Wet deposition, by contrast, occurs when the pollutants are dissolved in precipitation, and may fall at great distances from the sources.

Examples of telecommunications (entertainment)

1. For example, when Netflix expanded its business model from mailing DVDs to online streaming, it increased its market to over 190 countries. 2. Facebook suggests that there are 50 million small and medium enterprises (SMEs) on its platform, up from 25 million in 2013. 3. Digital platforms allow companies to reach beyond the constraints of a small local market and reach a global audience.

Factors that affect the amount of money repatriated include:

1. If the host country has offered tax incentives to the TNC, resulting in a greater amount of profit from reduction in tax 2. The amount of future investment the TNC wishes to make in the host country; if it wants to make a future investment, it is likely to use the profits for this to avoid transaction and currency exchange costs 3. Taxes in the country where the head office is located: if the country of origin has high taxes, it is more likely that profits will be sent for investment in other countries. Profits leaving the host country's economy are referred to as leakage.

Factors reducing the friction of distance:

1. Telecommunications (social media, phones, WiFi) --> Speed & Facility of communications --> Increase & acceleration of technological innovations, resulting in much higher speeds (transport & communications). 2. Transportation (infrastructure) -- airways, metro systems, cars, highways, etc. 3. Internet - information sharing may drive rapid innovations that have been accelerating (eg. air, cars, trains, ships) 4. Ports, airports (international airports), stations --> nodal points and routes (roads, rail? tend to be more passenger than cargo train lines, flights) connecting them has risen. 5. Personal computers (eg. laptops, cellphone) 6. "Containerisation" aka. "Inter-model transport" is another factor reducing the friction of distance. Cargo ships are no longer transporting different "packages", but all have the same dimensions = can just be clipped and moved aboard = a lot more efficient + speed. Programs telling the container to go to a free slot on a cargo ship due to programmed codes (mechanised and fast). Changed the speed of the transport of goods.

9. Outline the impacts of globalized farming on Happy Valley in Kenya.

9. The main impacts of globalised farming on Happy Valley, Kenya include: the use of 25 per cent of the water previously available to over 100,000 small farmers; the use of land previously used by nomads; pollution from pesticides and deforestation caused by migrant workers from the growing shanty towns foraging for fuel.

Adbusters

A civil society group opposing mass consumerism promoted by advertising and multi-national corporations.

The following slides look at Fair Trade as way to close the development gap

It is a form of social entrepreneurship.

Measures of Globalization

KOF Index & Kearney Index

How could the wealth gap be widening even though developing countries are trade more over time?

Main points point to take away from looking at global flows of goods and services: 1. Core regions are exporting more manufactured goods and higher value manufactured good than periphery regions. The flow of manufactured goods out of periphery countries is often controlled TNCs and MNCs from the core. 2. Periphery area are more dependent on the export of raw material (lower value goods) and often produce lower value manufactured goods (due to less technology and expertise). 3. Core regions are exporting more services and higher value services than the periphery, such as financial and technical consulting services 4. Semi-periphery areas have been experiencing more trade surpluses during industrialisation. 5. Global trade has grown substantially in the post war era but at a greater rate in the core than the periphery areas.

Case Study - McDonalds "Whopper Virgins" and the spread of fast food culture

McDonald's restaurants 1. On an average day, more than 70 million customers are served at one of 35,000 McDonald's restaurants in more than 100 countries. 2. Over 1.9 million people work in McDonald's and its franchises. 3. The first McDonald's restaurants were located in the USA and Canada and more opened in Europe, Australia and Japan during the early 1970s (Figure 5.10). 4. By the end of the 1970s McDonald's was consolidating its position in Europe and New Zealand and had opened restaurants in South America, namely in Brazil. 5. The 1980s saw further expansion and consolidation in South America, Mexico, parts of Europe and South East Asia. 6. China, Russia and parts of the Arab world were reached in the 1990s. 7. Over half these restaurants are in the United States, but the UK has over 600 outlets, Brazil over 250, China nearly 200 and Thailand nearly 50. 8. McDonald's has been considered an emblem of globalization. 9. The Economist uses the Big Mac Index to compare the cost of a Big Mac in different countries (Switzerland's is the most expensive, India's the cheapest). 10. McDonald's is famed for its corporate uniformity; it has the same decor and the same service style the world over. 11. Nevertheless, McDonald's has been localized, indigenized and incorporated into traditional cultural forms and practices. 12. Exactly how this has happened varies across East Asia, for example: • In Beijing, McDonald's has lost its American role as a place of fast and cheap food, and become a middle-class consumption place, somewhere for a special family outing, somewhere "customers linger ... for hours, relaxing, chatting, reading, enjoying the music". Many people perceive McDonald's as American, but Americana means something stylish, exotic and foreign, and as such actually results in the meanings and experiences of McDonald's in Beijing being very un-American. • In Japan, while there is a similar leisurely use of McDonald's, here it is not a place of exotic social prestige but a youth hangout, a place where someone in a business suit would be out of place. • In Hong Kong, McDonald's was likewise marketed to the youth market and McDonald's restaurants in Hong Kong are filled with people of all ages, few of whom are seeking an American cultural experience. 12. The chain has become a local institution (glocalized) in the sense that it has adapted and blended into the urban landscape. 13. McDonald's menus vary around the world. T 14. he basic menu is similar but there are national specialities. 15. South Korea's McDonald's offers shrimp burgers and bulgogi burgers, consisting of pork marinated in bulgogi. 16. Japanese McDonald's offers green tea-flavoured milkshakes, as well the gratin korokke burger — a sandwich of mashed potato, filled with shrimp, macaroni and shredded cabbage. 17. In 2014, McDonald's began testing a new service, "Create your taste" (CYT), in which customers could use a dedicated kiosk to choose all the ingredients, which are then individually cooked. 18. The meal is not fast food, but delivered on wooden boards, with fries in wire baskets and salads in china bowls. Cutlery is provided.

Why does the NDB not seem as global?

The NDB seems less global, because they're not as far-reaching in terms of the number of members (5 members and all of them are BRIC's). Even thought these make up around 42% of the population.

Reducing the impacts of acid deposition

Various methods are used to try to reduce the damaging effects of acid deposition. One of these is to add powdered limestone to lakes to increase their pH values. However, the only really effective and practical long-term treatment is to curb the emissions of the offending gases. This can be achieved by: 1. reducing the amount of fossil fuel combustion 2. using less sulphur-rich fossil fuel 3. using alternative energy sources that do not produce nitrate or sulfate gases (such as hydropower or nuclear power) 4. removing the pollutants before they reach the atmosphere.

"Multidimensional Process of Human Development"

Ways of measuring different aspect of development and closing the development gap

Evolution of Communication Infographic

1. About one-eighth of the global goods trade is carried out by international e-commerce, and about half of the world's traded services are already digitalised. --> Idea of Time-Space Convergence is shrinking. 2. Digitalization allows the instantaneous exchange of virtual goods such as e-books, apps, online games, MP3 music files and streaming services, and software.

Fair Trade

1. Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards. --> Giving more money to producers --> people like the idea of this (people may want to pay more for this). But the price is higher if you want to treat everyone fairly in the supply chain. 2. Eg. Tony's Chocolonely 3. Try to cut out as many unnecessary middleman as possible. --> Simpler Supply Chain and guarantee higher price.

Reasons for pro-global interaction attitudes in the Periphery

1. Creates more jobs 2. One job creates another job = higher QoL = multiplier effect 3. Money can be spent = infrastructure = higher QoL. 4. Skills improve 5. Allows higher migration of ppl = allows refugees to migrate due to organisations like the UNHCR.

You are required to have examples of affirmative action to close the development gap. 2 Example: Affirmative Action Example - Closing the development gap for female indigenous domestic workers in Bolivia and Guatemala Why do female indigenous domestic worker experience a development gap?

1. Domestic workers are the most exposed sector to abuse and to infringement of their rights. That's because domestic work is not recognized by the legal framework and regulations. 2. Domestic workers are vulnerable to such harassment, because they are isolated, face discrimination and lack recognition as workers.

How does the Grameen Bank work?

1. Grameen bank focused on helping the poor and he soon realized demand for help was extraordinary. 2. The grameen bank loaned small amounts of money (microloans) to a wide range of poor bangladeshis including farmers craftsmen and women. 3. Some villagers bought dairy cows then sold the milk to their neighbors creating small sustainable businesses others used the money to open grocery stores or buy materials for making furniture and then in some villages people took out group loans to construct hand-powered wells that helped supply drinkable water for the entire community 4. In all of these cases the benefits rippled throughout the village. 5. According to Grameen Bank official, 97% of the loans are paid back in full. The bank has given out more than 13 billion dollars in loans to over 8.4 millions borrowers. Since 1992 the poverty rate in Bangladesh has dropped from a staggering 56% to just 31% today. While the poverty rate is still high, it is moving in the right direction - ending the cycle of poverty.

Reasons for the growth of outsourcing:

1. Internet speed and volume has increased dramatically allowing for more effective transfer of information between company and contracted companies performing outsources services. 2. The digital divide is closing between certain core and periphery areas. Labour costs remain relatively low however. Therefore, in certain regions they are cheap ICT workers. 3. Education levels are rising in periphery areas as they develop. Producing more workers with technical and managerial skills as well as ICT skills and language skills.

Problems with Apple's green image:

1. The 100% renewable energy claim only relates to Apple offices, retailing and data centres. Does not include the carbon from the companies they use to manufacture the goods they sell.2. All IT hardware companies, including Apple, continually roll out new models and market to people's desire to have the latest tech. Apple's release of new technology is heavily marketed. "Planned obsolescence"3. Apple products rate very poorly in terms of modular design and in terms of repairability.4. Apple is better than most companies in terms of green technology.....but the competition bar is very very low.

Will covid kill globalisation? (6)

1. The advent of the pandemic has been the third big disruption to globalization within the last 12 years. Slobalization has sped up. 2. This year the IMF forecasts that global GDP could fall by 4.9 %. That is 50 times more than in 2009. 3. The post-covid world is likely to be a more fractious and regionalized one (eg. nationalization, localization some form of de-globalization).

IMF on Influencing Physical Factors of Global Interactions (Infographic)

1. Through reconstructing financial systems, the IMF can help countries have a more open economy and have more products to sell back & forth = a more easire trade between countries. 2. IMF is pretty global. Limitation: loss of sovereignty discourages countries to participate.

Chernobyl impact on health

Dispute over figures relating to deaths and cancers from Chernobyl accident

Examples of CSR Statements are shown on the next few slides.... (2)

KPMG - a major global accounting and auditing firm. Based in NL Major business consulting firm.

ILO (Convention 189)

1. As the international community discussed a possible convention or recommendation on violence and harassment in the world of work, domestic workers can play a leadership role in this fight. 2. ILO Convention 189 concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers, adopted on June 16th 2011, has given them a key platform in this respect, recognizing the 67 million domestic workers around the world as workers, and giving them a voice to advocate for their rights and the rights of all workers.

Avaaz and climate change:

1. Avaaz is assisting groups to organize in Climate Strike that have become yearly events. 2. Avaaz helps climate activists to coordinate and act together through projects, petitions and events such as globally synchronized Climate Marches.

8. Describe the main characteristics of agribusiness.

8. Agribusiness is large-scale, intensive, high-input, high-output, commercial nature of much modern farming, which is increasingly globalised in the demand for cheaper food.

Could globalisation affect the practicing of religions? (2)

Could globalisation be linked to a projected shrinking of the % of people practicing religion or to a homogenisation of religions? Would this be a good or bad thing? Could be positive = less conflict, but also negative because some societies see in church a feeling of comfort and community.

cultural diffusion

Cultural diffusion - the spread of cultural ideas and practices form one region to another Make a list of some means by which culture may diffuse (spread) from one place to another.

Diffusion of Cultural Traits and Cultural Imperialism What is Culture??

Culture = a system of shared meaning used by a community (scale?) to help interpret and make sense of the world. Includes music, food, clothing, visual art forms, attitudes and values, traditions, customs, language, religion......

Friction of distance is greater for

Europe (HIC) than LIC's.

Companies that are reshoring (Specific Example B):

Mexico = Marquilladoras

Periphery Areas

Periphery Areas: These areas are poorer and may experience exploitation, economic leakage and out migration.

5. Explain why Debswana is considered to be an ideal mining venture.

The Debswana mining venture is a 50:50 diamond operation between De Beers and the government of Botswana. Debswana accounts for 50% of the government's revenue, 70% of Botswana's export earnings. Some 80% of its profits go directly to the government.

The brand...

The brand has become a symbol of globalization and, to some, one of the most vivid examples of cultural imperialism.

What is the irony of debt relief programs?

The irony of LIC's borrowing money from HIC's and having to pay them back with interest:

What will be the emerging global culture over time?

Westernisation? Asianisation? Islamisation? Americanisation?

New languages?

• Internet programming language HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), XML (Extensible Markup language) ... • Object-oriented programming language C++, Java, VB.NET, C# ... SMS? Emoji? Esperanto? Revival of some languages? Gaelic, Welsh, French in Canada in a response to cultural imperialism:

"Threats to individuals and businesses" resulting from global interactions:

"Hacking, identity theft and the implications of surveillance for personal freedoms" "Political , economic and physical risks to global supply chains" Increased threat of global pandemic...the death of globalisation? (not in the syllabus but probably will be in the future!)

Advantages and disadvantages to buying local foods

+: 1. No leakage (reduced) because their is more local profits. 2. Less preservatives / fresjer / reiper 3. buying locally preserves local culture / cuisine (in terms of agricultural communities. 4. shorter supply chain = decreases CO2 footprint. But depends on hour it is produced & stripped. You have to grow it in a greenhouse in winter = higher CO2. -: 1. Quality: Safety = less regulated / ripeness not the same if it's in a LIC maybe. 2. Less variety. 3. Only seasonal / unless it's greenhouse (higher CO2)

What is NATO's role in Energy security in Lithuania?

- Becoming more independent.- Availability to other/alternative energy sources/pathways, diversifying their energy profile.- If they can get other energy sources than Russia = more independency & sovereignty.- Massive ship called "Independence" is in their minds literally an emancipation from Russia, as this great store of gas allows them to be less dependent on gas prices of their former only one energy supplier, namely Russia's Gazprom. After-all, if the only source of gas is Gazprom then they can charge Lithuania a lot. This risk is diminished by diversifying their energy profile.- But one could argue that Lithuania's dependency is shifting from Russia to NATO, however with NATO their linking them to more countries, hence a more diverse energy profile.

Factors which make Energy Pathways vulnerable:

- Geopolitical connections between countries (e.g. Ukraine-Russia). This emphasises political tensions caused when energy pathways cross a boarder, as is the case with Crimea and Russia wanting to secure its energy pathways for the future.- War: e.g. Gulf war - 'Straits of Hormuz' as there is a lot of oil underneath these countries and a lot of oil is also shipped through this small opening (the 'Straits of Hormuz'), which is a pressure point that has led to a lot of conflict and modern-day piracy on the coast of Somalia even, as gas & oil is removed from ships that want to reach the Mediterranean Sea, but have to pass by this region.- Strikes by energy workers (e.g. port workers interrupting the energy pathway).- Damaged infrastructure from natural disasters.- Disintegration of infrastructure (e.g. pipelines).- Terrorism

What is the success of Rwanda's programmes and policies to promote gender equality?

- Rwanda has an 86% participation rate of women in the economy.- Rwanda is predicted to become a a middle income country by 2035.- Rwanda has a 2% higher GDP than the average country in sub-saharan Africa. This is a very significant difference, especially because Rwanda is a land-locked country.

How did N Korea become so isolated....

1. "Korea has had a long history of self-isolation, even before the Korean Peninsula was divided into two countries in the 20th century. 2. Korea did fall into foreign hands in the 20th century, and the ensuing wars only reinforced the North's isolation. 3. Japan annexed Korea in 1910. When the Japanese lost World War II, Korea was split into American- and Soviet-controlled territories, an arrangement that was intended to be temporary. But the U.S. and the Soviet Union never reached a permanent deal, and two separate governments emerged. Josef Stalin installed Kim Il Sung as North Korea's leader — Kim went on to rule for over 50 years before being replaced by his son, Kim Jong Il, and later his grandson, current Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un." A dynasty of dictators maintaining control through isolation 4. "Amid Cold War tensions and territorial disputes, North and South Korea went to war in 1950, backed by their respective allies. The Korean War was devastating — American bombing raids flattened much of North Korea, with just one building left standing in the capital. The armistice that ended the conflict left the two nations technically still at war and in a constant state of tension. 5. Kim Il Sung developed a theory of self-reliance, or Juche in Korean, that remains the country's official ideology today. He laid out three principles: political independence, economic self-reliance and military autonomy. "This political stance has caused North Korea to truly become a hermit kingdom because of the huge stigma juche places upon cooperation with outside powers," Juche = self-reliance 6. The rapid economic growth of South Korea in the global economy has left N Korea more isolated 7. The movement of China and Russia away from traditional communism and towards the global economy has left N Korea feeling further isolated 8. Labelled as an "axis of evil" country by George Bush Jr 9. The continuation of nuclear weapons testing is a result of N Korea's isolation but it also isolates them further.

Globalization Indices Comparison

1. A T Kearney provides advice to companies to guide their investment decisions. 70 - 80 countries included. Wealthier countries. 2. KOF is a think tank providing data to any users. 180 countries of all different levels of wealth. Broader range of indicators used.

What about goods?

1. A lot more goods are transported & a lot faster. 2. Cultural ties to globalisation of goods & companies.

The 5 Best Arguments Against Immigration—and Why They're Wrong

1. They take our jobs and lower wages: A) President Donald Trump has said that illegals, who are mostly low-skilled, "compete directly against vulnerable American workers" and that reducing legal immigration would "boost wages and ensure open jobs are offered to American workers first." B) The most-vulnerable workers in America are high-school dropouts and economists say that low-skill immigrants from Mexico reduce that group's wages by less than 5 percent—or that they increase drop out wages by almost 1 percent. But it's also true low-skilled immigrants make things cheaper for all Americans by doing jobs such as picking fruit or cleanup on construction sites. And consider this: In the developed world, "There is no correlation between unemployment and immigration rates." Immigrants go to hot economies and they leave when the jobs dry up. C) More important, immigrants grow the population, which stimulates economic growth, the only way over the long term to improve standards of living. 2. They're using massive amounts of welfare: Since the late 1990s, most legal immigrants and all illegals are barred from receiving means-tested welfare. The only real taxpayer-funded services most immigrants use are emergency medical treatments that account for less than 2 percent of all health-care spending and K-12 education services for their children, who often times are U.S. citizens. For those immigrants who do qualify for programs such as Medicaid, food stamps (SNAP), or supplemental Social Security income (SSI), they use all these programs at lower rates that native-born Americans or naturalized citizens. It's also worth noting that immigrants come here to work, not collect WIC. Legal immigrant men have a labor-force participation rate of about 80 percent, which is 10 points higher than that of natives. Illegal immigrant men have a participation rate of 94 percent, precisely because they can't access welfare. 3. They don't pay their fair share: Whether legal or illegal, all immigrants pay sales taxes and property taxes (the latter are factored into the cost of rental units for people who don't own homes). And all legal immigrants pay all the payroll and income taxes that native-born Americans do. Amazingly, most illegals also cough up income and payroll taxes too. That's because most of them use fake Social Security cards and other documents to get hired. Somewhere between 50 percent and two-thirds pay federal income and FICA taxes. In 2010, for instance, administrators of Social Security said that "unauthorized immigrants" contributed $12 billion to Social Security trust funds that they will never be able to get back. According to the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, about half of illegals paid state and local taxes worth over $10 billion. 4. They broke the law to get here and they're bringing all their relatives: A) Critics of illegal immigration often say that unauthorized entrants refuse to stand in line and wait for their turn. That's true but misleading. For many immigrants, especially low-skilled immigrants from countries such as Mexico, there is really no line. In 2010, for instance, just 65,000 visas were given to Mexicans, with the overwhelming majority going to close family members such as spouses and minor children. The wait list had 1.4 million people on it, effectively meaning there is no chance of ever getting in the country. Similarly long wait lists exist for the Philippines, China, India, and other countries. B) And for all the fear of what restrictionists call "chain migration," legal immigration under the rubric of family reunification consists almost exclusively of U.S. citizens bringing their spouses and unmarried minor children to live here. The only other people that can be brought over are parents, adult children, and siblings. However, due to the backlogs for most countries, that typically takes between 15 and 25 years. If you start trying to bring your sister over when she's 25, you'll be lucky to welcome her by the time she turns 40. 5. They're not assimilating: A) "The melting pot is broken," say anti-immigrant activists, who worry that more foreigners in our midst will destroy American culture because they aren't assimilating the way past waves of newcomers did. The evidence for such pessimism is weak at best. About one-third of Mexican immigrants marry outside their ethnicity or race, the same percentage as in 1990. Successive generations also see massive gains in household income and home-ownership rates, too. And when it comes to learning English, all signs are that Hispanics are less likely to speak Spanish at home than in years past and have higher and higher levels of proficiency in English. By the third generation, just 25 percent of Hispanic households say that Spanish is the dominant language at home. B) Americans have always been of two minds when it comes to immigration. On the one hand we all recognize that either we or our ancestors came from somewhere else. On the other hand, we're suspicious of newcomers, especially from different parts of the world than we're used to. With India and China now displacing Mexico as the largest sender countries, that sense of discomfort may continue. But it's also true that 49 percent of Americans believe that immigration helps the economy (versus 40 percent saying it hurts), 60 percent saying it has had no effect on their job, and 72 percent saying that immigrants "take jobs Americans don't want."

Critics of the way that globalisation is operating highlight the following:

1. the widening gap between rich and poor at the global level and in many individual countries 2. decision-making power being concentrated in fewer and fewer hands , 3. the erosion and loss of local cultures 4. loss of sovereignty of nation-states 5. the destruction of biological diversity 6. the increase in environmental problems as the scale of economic activitY increases 7. the increase in regional tensions in some parts of the world.

So far, in the Global Interactions unit we have mentioned many factors that are making the world increasingly globalised, this set of slides summarizes those factors under 3 categories:

1.Political factors 2. Technology - transport and communications 3. Physical

Industrial agriculture

1/ Industrial agriculture is the large-scale, intensive production of crops and animals, often involving chemical fertilizers on crops or the routine, use of antibiotics in animals, crops that are genetically modified, heavy use of pesticides, and other practices that may deplete the land, mistreat animals, and increase various forms of pollution. 2. In recent decades, consolidation in the industry has intensified as agriculture has undergone what is known as "vertical integration," a transition from small, diverse farms producing a variety of crops and livestock to an industrialized system dominated by big multinational corporations. 3. Global agribusinesses = commercial scale agriculture often utilizes engineered herbicide resistant eg. Round Up: + Socially good = higher food production + economically good = higher profits + all the other weeds, plants are eliminated (that could potentially shade crop that is grown. - cultural eutrophication = can also be natural through soil, but cultural means it is human caused. When it rains "run-off" in excess nutrients flows into farm field and creates a sea.

Cultural Hybridity

A cultures become hybrid = vanishing languages all over the world.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Investment made by overseas governments, businesses or individuals in foreign enterprises.

Why are we looking at Social Entrepeneurship?

Because it helps fill the Development Gap.

Global Digital Divide

Disparities in technology access and use between countries or global regions

Exporting Waste -

E Waste

Misunderstanding regarding TBP

FALSE: Acid deposition in the USA or China might not necessarily be transboundary, depending upon where the SO, and NOx originated from. However, some of the SO, and NOx may have originated outside of each of these countries; it is impossible to state exactly where all of the pollutants originated from. TRUE: Acid deposition is a form of transboundary pollution when it crosses from one country (source) to another (destination).

Examples of CSR Statements are shown on the next few slides.... (1)

Fuji Xerox 1. Environment (it's also socially responsible to be environmentally sound) 2. Social

Energy pathways are the flows of energy from producer to consumer. What are some examples of gas pathways?

Gas pathways can occur via pipelines, shipped on boats, etc.- The main gas pathway is the trans-Siberian pipeline from Russia to Eastern Europe.- New gas pipeline planned to transport gas from the Middle East to Eastern Europe to decrease dependency on Russia (increase energy & national security).

Where is one of the biggest dumping grounds in the world?

Guiyu in China has become one of the biggest dumping grounds in the world. E-waste actually has an economic value because some of the elements within electronics and the electronics themselves, can be recycled and reused (copper and aluminum when extracted are valuable resources). Also batteries, circuit boards, etc. can be reused. However, many of the elements are not extracted safely. Acid is often used to remove metals from circuit boards. The harmful chemical released can cause water pollution and release carcinogens into the atmosphere.

Based on the last few slides, it is clear that the global trade of goods and services are dominated by HIC's.....but what is happening to this pattern over time?

HIC's and LIC's may have the same debt burden, but LIC's have less ability to borrow money due to low QoL and less services/amenities. On the other hand, they may produce more than the HIC's and with time there are more consumers in HIC's than LIC's that are able to buy products = greater incentive, but if HIC's fail to produce in the future then this dynamic may change. Right now, the US is a too big debtor to fail. China is not in developing stage anymore, but continues to manufactor and sell products to sustain its population. If the US became poor, the global economy would crash, because it is such a huge consumer.

Are our choices of music, food, clothing, laptop, lifestyle marketed to us by TNC's?

How can you expect media to be neutral when they're all attached to advertisements & multinationals? Idea of Branding = linking identity with McDonalds.

Sustainable Development Goals - SDG's

How do the SDG's ensure: 1. "Human Development" 2. Gender Equality 3. Equality for Indigenous or minority groups? Add the following codes to the document entitled "Sustainable Development Goals", to show the focus of the SDG's B= "Being Well": well fed, sheltered, healthy D = Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. FC = Freedom of choice is central: someone choosing to be hungry (during a religious fast say) is quite different to someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food. GE - gender equality MG - minority group equality

An interactive map showing the global reach of WB projects with over 17,000 projects in 180 countriesL

Influence is greater where the amount of projects is greater, hence where the region is darker. But this can be misleading as there are higher populations (more ppl) in China & India.

Irish Music

Irish music has also been popularised through musicians like U2 and Sinead O'Connor..... Irish dancing is performed globally and many countries have St. Patrick's Day parades - New York hosts a major parade each year.

Loans

Loans: Money that is borrowed from someone. Loans are repaid with interest. The % interest and the time period of the loan can vary greatly depending on who gives the loan. Loans in the form of official development aid (ODA) from one country to another (bilateral aid) or from a group of countries to a country (multilateral aid) will usually be at a low interest rate. Loans from banks or other financial organizations will likely be at a higher interest rate.

You are required to have examples of affirmative action to close the development gap. 2 Example: Affirmative Action Example - Closing the development gap for female indigenous domestic workers in Bolivia and Guatemala Evaluate the programs:

Most countries are members of the ILO, but that does not mean that all are obliged to follow. Because they can be seen just as "recommendations". Obliged to follow these conventions as members, but not legally.

Tax Avoidance Case Study

Nando's Chicken avoids UK taxes = started off in South Africa and have been taking the profit & spending it on different services (marketing and supplies), as a sister company owns all this in the Netherlands where the tax rate is a lot lower (spending money there and making more in the UK). EU is now trying to cut down on this.

Outflow

Net-leakage = major amounts of workers coming in and sending money out.

What does OPEC stand for?

OPEC = Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries 1. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in Baghdad, Iraq, with the signing of an agreement in September 1960 by five countries namely Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. They were to become the Founder Members of the Organization. 2. These countries were later joined by Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975), Angola (2007), Equatorial Guinea (2017) and Congo (2018). 3. Ecuador suspended its membership in December 1992, but rejoined OPEC in October 2007. Indonesia suspended its membership in January 2009, reactivated it again in January 2016, but decided to suspend its membership once more at the 171st Meeting of the OPEC Conference on 30 November 2016. Gabon terminated its membership in January 1995. However, it rejoined the Organization in July 2016. Qatar terminated its membership on 1 January 2019. 4. This means that, currently, the Organization has a total of 14 Member Countries.

Crimea today:

On 14 March 2014, a bill was introduced to Ukraine's parliament to denounce their ratification of the 1991 Agreement Establishing the CIS, following the Russian military intervention in Ukraine and annexation of Crimea, but was never approved.[26][27][28] Following the 2014 parliamentary election, a new bill to denounce the CIS agreement was introduced.[29][30] In September 2015, the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed Ukraine will continue taking part in the CIS "on a selective basis".[31][32] Since that month, Ukraine has had no representatives in the CIS Executive Committee building.[31] In April 2018, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko indicated that Ukraine would formally leave the CIS.[33] On 19 May 2018, President Poroshenko signed a decree formally ending Ukraine's participation in CIS statutory bodies.[3] However, as of 1 June the CIS secretariat had not received formal notice from Ukraine of its withdrawal from the CIS.[34] As Ukraine was not formally a member, it did not need to withdraw formally, in any other way apart from ceasing to participate.[35]

Strategies to build resilience, in response to risks associated with global interactions:

Re-shoring of economic activity by TNC's (page 642-643) Use of crowd-sourcing technologies to build resilience by government and civil society (page 643- 645) New technologies for the management of global flows of data and people including cybersecurity and e-passports (page 645-646)

Remittances

Remittances: Money sent home to friends and family by migrants living in a different location (often abroad).

Repatriation of Profits

Repatriation of Profits: TNCs operating in foreign countries will normally send any profits made back to the TNC headquarters. This repatriation of profits is sometimes known as economic leakage.

Questions you should be able to answer from last year (5): 5. What are some alternate composite development indexes to the HDI?

The Global Gender Gap Index (next slide)

The International Monetary Fund and and the World Bank

The International Monetary Fund and and the World Bank: Altering the constitution of either body requires an 85% vote. The USA alone possesses 17% of the votes in each organisation.

What is the most dominant pattern of human trafficking?

The dominant pattern in human trafficking is from less to more developed regions

What are policies that Rwanda has to promote gender equality?

The new constitution requires that women make up more than 30% of the cabinet and 50% of the federal parliament. In 2018, women made up 60% of the parliament. They passed laws to allow women to have access to finance, the right to inherit property and all ministries have mandatory gender-budgeting.

North Korea....

the Hermit Kingdom

Exam Practice (from Textbook)

(a) Using examples, explain the geographic pattern of one or more illegal flows. (12 marks) Illegal flows include trafficked people, counterfeit goods and narcotics. Trafficking of people has a global scope. It can be domestic or international. Most trafficking is within a region, and victims are generally from a poorer country and trafficked to a richer country. Counterfeit goods are also a worldwide problem, and their distribution and trade is often a highly organized system. The trade in counterfeit goods has been linked to money laundering, illicit drugs and corruption. The flow of drugs involves cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sales of drugs. Good answers are likely to describe one or more illegal flow. Good answers may link flows to core-periphery movements. They are likely to suggest reasons for such flows, and may examine changes in the flows partly in response to attempts to manage them. For Band C (4-6 marks), expect a description of the geographic pattern of one or more illegal flows. For Band D (7-9 marks), expect either a more detailed description of the geographic pattern of one or more illegal flows or a structured explanation of the factors that influence illegal flows (power, possibilities, place, poverty, inequalities). For Band E (10-12 marks), expect both (b) Examine how global interactions can lead to increased inequalities. (16 marks) Global interactions may include many economic and social flows such as trade, aid, remittances, FDI and movement of labour. Global interactions may lead to a "race to the bottom" whereby the exploitation of labour leads to increased inequalities between core and periphery. In addition, the migration of young, innovative workers from the periphery to the core, and the relocation of polluting industries and the export of waste from the core to the periphery may reinforce global inequalities. Structural adjustment policies may open up the economies of periphery and semiperiphery countries to those of the core. On the other hand, increased trade has reduced the number of people living in poverty, and MDG 1 was the most successful of the MDGs. Remittances sent to migrants' families at home may help to reduce inequalities. Greater access to ICT may enable some people to improve their economic position, and thereby reduce inequalities. Good answers are likely to examine how global interactions can increase global inequalities. They are likely to be balanced, and show how global interactions can reduce inequalities. Good answers are likely to have supporting evidence. Good answers are likely to consider different perspectives and examine the factors that increase/decrease inequalities. For Band C (5-8 marks), expect a weakly evidenced account of one or two ways in which global interactions can lead to increased inequalities. For Band D (9-12 marks), marks, expect either a more detailed description of one or two ways in which global interactions can lead to increased inequalities, with support, or a structured examination of the factors (power, possibilities, place) that influence the impact of global interactions. For Band E (13-16 marks), expect both

How is energy security linked to national security?

- Geopolitics, as politics, especially international relations influenced by geographical factors effects energy security of a country and hence also its economic, political and social development.- Weak energy security = unstable economy = vulnerable national security.- Energy security is very linked to sovereignty, as sovereignty involves self-rule and security of resources and people in a country.- If a country's energy profile relies heavily on the importation of energy sources, then their sovereignty is at risk, due to their dependency on other countries.- By annexing the Crimea, Russia virtually doubled the offshore territory it controls in the Black Sea, which is thought to house billions of barrels of oil and vast reserves of natural gas.

Which types of energy pathways are preferred by countries?

- Short energy pathways are better for energy security, as they minimise risks/vulnerabilities on the way.- Local energy pathways (keeping it within the own boarders) is also favoured because it minimises major vulnerabilities, namely geopolitical tensions.

1. Explain the rise of anti-immigration policies in Europe.

. There are many reasons for the rise of antiimmigration groups. The main concerns of those opposed to immigration are the perceived threats over competition for jobs, and the cost of housing, education and healthcare. In some cases, notably in LICs and NICs, environmental issues may also be a concern, due to rapid population growth. Some argue that certain immigrant groups isolate themselves from society and refuse to integrate into mainstream society. If migrants are unable to assimilate into society, they may form ghettos. Other concerns include increased crime rates and the spread of infectious diseases.

Can TNC's help to close the development gap?

1. "TNC corporate social responsibility frameworks and global agreements" are referred to in the syllabus. 2. Corporate Social Responsibility = attempts by companies to monitor and reduce their negative social, economic and environmental impacts 3. Many transnational corporations (TNCs) have set up factories and offices in India. The country is an attractive location to TNCs because the population speak good English, they have strong IT skills and they work for lower wages than people in many other countries. Companies like Toyota, Volvo and Hyundai manufacture cars in India. Companies like ASDA, BT and Virgin Media have call centres in India. 4. There are many advantages of TNCs. India has benefited in many ways: (1) TNCs have created jobs and offered education and training to employees, (2) the additional wealth has led to the multiplier effect, (3) some TNCs have set up schemes to provide new facilities for local communities, (4) the infrastructure of the country has been improved, with new roads and internet cabling, and (5) TNCs pay tax to the government, which can be spent on development projects

"The Haze"

1. "The Haze" in S E Asia due to palm oil plantations = in areas such as Indonesia and Malaysia it occurs due to peat fires, burning them because it's the easiest way to get rid off, externalises costs, time-effective, and creates nutrient-rich soil. However, biodiversity is decreasing. 2. The haze usually occurs during the southwest monsoon season between June and September, and becomes more severe during periods of dry weather. Forest fires in Sumatra, Indonesia, are the main cause of the haze in Singapore. 3. Sumatra and Borneo used to be large rainforests. In only a few years, logging and agribusiness have cut Indonesia's vast rainforest by half. The government has renewed a moratorium on deforestation but it may already be too late for the endangered animals - and for the people whose lives lie in ruin. Official figures show more than half of Indonesia's rainforest, the third-largest swath in the world, has been felled in a few years and permission has been granted to convert up to 70% of what remains into palm or acacia plantations.

More Part b style questions:

1. "Trade is the main factor resulting in the homogenisation of landscapes". Discuss this statement. 2. "Migration is the main factor resulting in the homogenisation of global culture". Discuss this statement. 3. "The reduction of the digital divide is the main factor resulting in the homogenisation of global culture". Discuss this statement. 4. Examine how powerful global organisations influence the human development of countries. 5. To what extent does the HDI effectively measure "human development"? 6. To what extent could nationalism be linked to rapid globalisation of the economy? 7. Examine how the actions of powerful global organisations may infringe the sovereignty of nations. 8. Examine the relationship between globalisation and the possible loss of sovereignty by nations. 9. "Increasing global interactions have led to both new challenges and new opportunities for civil society". Discuss this statement. 10. Examine how reshoring may build resilience to the negative impacts of global interactions in some regions but create challenges in other regions. 11. To what extent can disruptive technologies impact the sovereignty of nations?

What is 350.org and what is the significance of "350" in its name? What is the group's goal? Where are we now in relationship to the goal?

1. 350.org is also a US based non-profit group but they focus only on climate change.2. The 350 in the name stands for 350 ppm (parts per million) of carbon dioxide which has been identified as the safe upper limit to avoid a climate tipping point. As of 2019, the current level has reached 415 ppm.3. 350.0rg is also involved with the organisation early Climate Strikes and marches that Avaaz is part of. But they are much more focused on Climate Change, unlike Avaaz, which is concerned with providing a platform for organisations on all different global issues.

Climate Change Case Studies: "Case study of the response to climate change in one country focusing on the actions of non-governmental stakeholders" --> What is Avaaz?

1. A U.S based non-profit on-line organisation promoting and enabling global activism on a range of social, political and environmental issues. Founded in 2007.2. Avaaz provides a "voice" (that's the meaning of Avaaz) to organisation to promote taking action on pressing global, regional and national issues, from corruption and poverty to conflict and climate change.3. They take action by signing petitions, funding media campaigns and direct actions, emailing, calling and lobbying governments, and organizing "offline" protests and events -- to ensure that the views and values of the world's people inform the decisions that affect us all. RESOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mrhSO3o538

Criticism of 350.org and other environmental groups?

1. A recently released documentary titled "Planet of the Humans" criticizes 350.org for promoting a problematic "divestment fund". 2. "Divestment is the opposite of an investment - it simply means getting rid of stocks, bonds, or investment funds that are unethical or morally ambiguous." 3. 350.org was promoting the Green Century Fund which was found to be connected to mining companies, oil and gas infrastructure companies, McDonalds and Coca-cola among other sectors/companies seemingly not aligned with a "green" approach. 4. 350.org was also presented as supporting biomass energy production. 5. Apparently the documentary reflected a position that 350.org held in the past and abandoned some time ago.

What are remittances?

1. A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries. 2. Remittances have been in existence for a very long time. Although in these current years, remittances have become an enormous phenomenon in international financial transfer. Remittances are becoming a key source of funding for many projects in developing countries. Surveys show that remittances are the second largest financial in flow that developing countries receive. 3. Remittances have been described in various ways like monetary payments transferred between people or organisations. It has also been described as transfer of money from family members to recipients in other countries. Wikipedia sources also describe remittances as the accounting concept of monetary payment transferred by a customer to a business. So, there can be various views and ideas of describing remittances. 4. New data shows that in 2008, the amount of remittance that went to developing countries reached $328 billion..... 702 billion in 2020. It is said by the World Bank that, remittances count as one third (1/3) of total global external finance. 1/6 of the planets population are receiving some form of benefits from remittance flows. For some countries, remittances sum up to more than 35% of their total GDP. World Bank researchers have given figures that, remittances in Tajikistan sum up to 45%, Moldova 38%, Lesotho 29%, Tonga 35%, Honduras 25%, to mention a few. 5. Some sources suggest remittances may be 2X greater than international aid

Reasons for pro-global interaction attitudes in the Core

1. Accessing new markets in the periphery 2. Companies are able to go offshore / outsource in 3. allows the production of cheap products eg. China & US although the US has a huge debt, because it is a big market to China. Would be a tragedy to cut it. 4. Remittances going into the periphery.

Threats to individuals and businesses

1. According to the 2015 "Cost of Cybercrime" study, global cybercrime is increasing and costs countries millions of dollars every year. 2. The study defines cybercrime as criminal activity using the Internet, and it includes stealing an organization's intellectual property, seizing online bank accounts, creating and distributing computer viruses, posting confidential material on the Internet, and disrupting computing services. 3. Surveys of over 250 large companies (those with more than 1,000 direct connections to the network system) in seven countries, found that the average cost of cybercrime to them was $7.7 million/year, ranging from $0.31 million to $65 million, with the larger companies experiencing the higher costs. 4. All industries were found to be at risk, some more than others: financial services and utility and energy companies experience more cybercrime than health care and agriculture. 5. Insiders carried out many of the cyber attacks. 6. The highest total average cost of cybercrime is in the USA, at $15 million, while Russia has the lowest, at $2.37 million. 7. The decrease in cost in Germany, Australia and Japan is believed to be due to exchange- rate differences, with a strong dollar compared with other currencies. 8. The cost of cybercrime is about 0.13 per cent of GDP in the UK, 0.64% in the USA and 1.6% in Germany. 9. As more areas of people's lives become computerized or digitized, the risks of cybercrime increase. 10. The computing company Symantec ranked the 20 countries that generate most cybercrime. 11. It found the worst-affected countries to be the USA, China, Germany, the UK and Brazil. The least affected were Argentina, Australia and Israel. 12. Fighting cybercrime has become an extremely important issue in most countries — and a big business.

CASE STUDY: Acid rain in eastern Canada

1. Acid rain has had a major impact in eastern Canada. 2. Provinces that are part of the Canadian Precambrian Shield, including Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, are hardest hit. 3. The Precambrian Shield consists of areas of hard rock — granite — that cannot neutralize the effects of acid deposition. 4. Even if the pH of lakes and groundwater returns to a more normal level, the ecosystems may have changed dramatically. 5. For example, many of these areas have lost much of their calcium, which is required for the survival of tiny, plankton-like crustaceans, Daphnia - an important basis of the food chain. 6. Their place has been taken by a plankton species that does not require much calcium, Holopedium. 7. It is larger than Daphnia and its jelly-like coating largely protects it from predators, so some other species have lost their food supply. 8. Holopedium have begun to clog up water filtration stations on account of their jelly coating. 9. Scientists believe that it could take thousands of years for weathering of local rocks to return lake water calcium to its previous levels. 10. Some lakes have recovered but many have not. A survey of 202 lakes revealed that 33% of them have reduced levels of acidity since the 1980s, 56% were unchanged and 11% were more acidic. 11. The critical loads for Nova Scotia are low, and the area continues to exceed the critical load for both land and water ecosystems.

Transboundary pollution (TBP)

1. Acid rain — or, more precisely, acid deposition — is rainfall that is more acidic than normal as a result of human activity. 2. The term "acid rain" was introduced as long ago as the 1850s for rain with a pH of less than 5.65. 3. Rainfall is naturally acidic because it absorbs carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and becomes a weak carbonic acid, with a pH between 5 and 6. 4. The pH scale is logarithmic, so a decrease of one pH unit represents a tenfold increase in acidity. 5. Thus pH 4 is 10 times more acidic than pH 5. 6. The pH of acid rain can be as low as 3.0. 7. Rain becomes more than usually acid because of air pollution. 8. The major causes of this pollution are the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides produced by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. 9. When sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere, they can be absorbed by the moisture and become weak sulphuric and nitric acids. 10. Most natural gas contains little or no sulphur and causes less pollution. 11. Coal-fired power stations are the major producers of sulphur dioxide, although all processes that burn coal and oil contribute. 12. Vehicles, especially cars, are responsible for most of the nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. 13. Some come from the vehicle exhaust itself, but others form when the exhaust gases react with the air. 14. Exhaust gases also react with strong sunlight to produce poisonous ozone gas, which damages plant growth and, in some cases, human health.

Encouraging freer trade within Africa

1. African countries are grappling to undo a legacy dominated by trade with their former colonial rulers rather than with each other. Senegal's biggest trading partner is France, while Gambia trades extensively with the UK. Although Senegal surrounds Gambia, trade between the two neighbours is minimal. 2. Relatively lower tariffs on African goods entering European Union and US markets also make export to industrial countries more lucrative than to other African countries. Because of hindrances to trade within Africa, exports from Tunisia and Cameroon often find their way to French warehouses before being redirected to each other's market shelves. 3. In 1990, the IMF classified 75 per cent of countries in sub-Saharan Africa as having "restrictive" trade policies. Now, only 14 per cent are still considered restrictive. The situation is still far from ideal, notes the IMF, as average tariffs of 19 per cent in Africa are still higher than the 12 per cent average in the rest of the world. The IMF recommends further liberalization if the continent is to avoid marginalization from global trade.

30 years on: the environmental disaster and on-going contamination

1. After being abandoned in the wake of the gas leak, the former UCIL site has continued to be a source of serious environmental pollution and has never been properly remediated. Contamination generated by plant operations and stockpiles of waste scattered in and around the plant premises have remained untreated or abandoned for decades. 2. The pollution has contaminated water and soil in the area, harming the rights to health and access to clean drinking water of people in the surrounding communities. Many persons not exposed to the gas leak developed health problems similar to persons who had been exposed, including cancers and reproductive health issues among women and girls.7 Local activists and residents believe that this is due to contaminated drinking water. Since 2004, the Madhya Pradesh government has taken steps to provide fresh water; however, these measures came far too late and have been insufficient to meet the needs of the population. 3. Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the environmental contamination around the factory site. An analysis of 15 previous studies carried out in 2013 by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) found significant convergence, including consensus that soil at the site remains contaminated.8 While most of the previous studies confirmed the presence of groundwater contamination, CSE found some variance among the findings. As such, CSE concluded that further conclusive assessment is required. 4. Given the gravity and uncertainties surrounding the ongoing impacts to health caused by the soil and water contamination, Amnesty International believes that there is an urgent need for an independent, authoritative body to undertake a comprehensive assessment of the extent of the on-going contamination at the Bhopal site, and to provide a detailed remediation plan. *** How is globalisation linked to this terrible event? ***

Escaping Responsibility

1. After the disaster the CEO of Union Carbide (Warren Anderson) was arrested by Indian officials. However, he fled the country while on bail and has never returned. In 1989 Union Carbide paid the Indian government a settlement of $470 million, despite the Indian government claiming more than $3.3 billion. In June 2010 seven ex-employees were convicted of negligence and sentenced to two years imprisonment and fined $2,000 (the maximum permitted punishment). Union Carbide is now owned by Dow Chemicals who deny responsibility for the accident because it happened before they purchased Union Carbide. The site around the factory is still polluted with chemicals, although it is disputed whether the ongoing pollution can be blamed on the leak. 2. Would Dow Chemical have been allowed to escape responsibility in the US?

Marine Shipping and Climate Change in Arctic regions:

1. Air pollution from marine shipping both within and outside the Arctic impacts climate change and the health of people and ecosystems in the Arctic, and the number of ships transiting the Arctic, although currently low, is projected to increase. 2. The majority of fuel consumed by ships operating in the Arctic (57%) is heavy fuel oil(HFO). The combustion of HFO creates particulate matter (including black carbon) that is known to increase the rate of Arctic sea ice melt. Positive or negative feedback for climate change? 3. In April 2018, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) committed to work towards measures to mitigate the risks associated with HFO, including a ban on HFO in the Arctic, based on an assessment of the impacts. Because Canadian Arctic communities rely on shipping to bring in essential goods including fuel, and rely on HFO as a source of energy on land, a ban on the use and carriage of HFO in the Arctic will have wide ranging effects which must be considered in developing and implementing a strategy to eliminate HFO from the Arctic. 4. Canada and the Marshall Islands submitted a proposal to conduct more research prior to implementing a ban on HFO use and carriage in the Arctic to assess economic and other impacts on Arctic communities. 5. In the Antarctic, the use and carriage of HFO has been banned since 2011.

Example of Anti-Globalisation Movements:

1. All these groups and others came together to demonstrate against the WTO in Seattle in December 1999 and at subsequent international conferences. 2. Approximately 60,000 people took to the streets of Seattle and used peaceful protest and civil disobedience to disrupt the WTO negotiations. 3. Trade union groups of various backgrounds are heavily involved in the anti-globalisation movement. One of the main concerns of many labour groups is that the losers to international trade are not being properly compensated. 4. They argue that too often the short-term negative effects of international trade on labour are being ignored. In addition, trade union groups worry about the rights and freedoms of their members. According to the 'International Forum on Globalization, globalisation has been characterised by a sharp increase in unemployment in both the developed and developing worlds' 5. The privatisation of public utilities has been a significant factor in this process. Labor groups point to the high social costs associated with unemployment which private companies do not seem to care about. 6. Anti-globalisation groups often refer to 'market failures'. This is often in reference to TNCs, primarily because the size of many of these corporations has allowed them to circumvent or subvert rules made in an earlier era.

What is Amazon's climate plan? Amazon's Climate Plan includes:

1. Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos says Amazon is committed to meet the goals of the Paris climate agreement 10 years early.2. As part of the plan, Amazon has agreed to purchase 100,000 electric delivery vans from vehicle manufacturer Rivian.3. Bezos expects 80% of Amazon's energy use to come from renewable sources by 2024, before transitioning to zero emissions by 2030.4. In the same month that Amazon rolled out its new climate plan, some Amazon employees were saying change is overdue at the company. --> Guilty of greenwashing.

The Jet Engine (TRANSPORTATION BY AIR EXAMPLE)

1. An estimated 320 million people meet annually at professional and corporate events after travelling by air. 2. Of the world's $12 trillion of merchandise trade, 35 per cent by value was shipped by air in 2006. 3. The jet engine is perhaps the most significant innovation in long-distance transport ever. 4. The jet is safer, easier to maintain, better suited for longer distances, and more fuel efficient than the propeller. 5. Jet aircraft have a much higher power-to-weight ratio, which enables longer range, faster travel and bigger payloads. 6. For example, the Airbus A380, the world's largest passenger plane, can carry about 555 people. 7. While most global trade is by maritime shipping, air transport fills an important niche in just-in-time production systems. 8. In Brazil, known for its primary goods exports, air cargo in 2000 accounted for 0.2 per cent of total export volume by weight, but almost 19 per cent by value. 9. Important sectors benefiting from air transport are semiconductors and fashion. 10. Inexpensive and frequent air services have allowed countries like Chile, Colombia and Kenya to sell agricultural and horticultural products to markets in Europe, the Middle East and North America. 11. A prime example is Kenya, which today has a third of the global market for cut flowers. 12. By contrast, Bangladesh's lack of cold storage facilities and refrigerated air cargo capacity has reduced its opportunities to export high-value fruits and vegetables to the Middle East.

The effect of structural adjustments programs in Argentina:

1. As can be seen by the adversarial confrontations in Buenos Aires, Argentina these loans distributed can also result in tremendous debts, which leads to national instability and further decrease the countries sovereignity. 2. Argentina is due to start repaying the $44 billion IMF loan, but in an attempt to repay they are desperately trying to avoid what would be the country's ninth sovereign bond default, which has sparked civil unrest, as many Argentines blame these lending institutions for the harsh economic policies that have put many into poverty. 3. Indeed, The IMF's programme in Argentina is its first to explicitly include measures that provide a buffer for social spending so that the country meets the agreed targets.

Anti-globalisation movements:

1. As the global economy and society have changed in recent decades, an increasing number of organisations have become vociferous in their opposition to the way in which globalisation has been operating. 2. Such anti-globalisation movements are particularly critical about the actions of TNCs and the international organisations that set rules for global finance and trade.

Short Greenpeace info on Chernobyl

1. At the children's cancer hospital in Minsk, Belarus, and at the Vilne hospital for radiological protection in the east of Ukraine, specialist doctors are in no doubt they are seeing highly unusual rates of cancers, mutations and blood diseases linked to the Chernobyl nuclear accident 24 years ago. 2. But proving that infant mortality hundreds of miles from the stricken nuclear plant has increased 20-30% in 20 years, or that the many young people suffering from genetic disorders, internal organ deformities and thyroid cancers are the victims of the world's greatest release of radioactivity, is impossible. 3. The UN's World Health Organisation and the International Atomic Energy Agency claim that only 56 people have died as a direct result of the radiation released at Chernobyl and that about 4,000 will die from it eventually. --> CAUSING 76 dead cities and towns. 3 million children in Belarus, Russia and the Ukraine are said to have physical disabilities as a result of the accident. Today more than 7 million people are suffering. Out of 400 liquidators from a neighborhood who joined the cleaning works in Chernobyl till 1988, only 120 remained alive. 4. But other reputable scientists researching the most radiation-contaminated areas of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine are not convinced. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, another UN agency, predicts 16,000 deaths from Chernobyl; an assessment by the Russian academy of sciences says there have been 60,000 deaths so far in Russia and an estimated 140,000 in Ukraine and Belarus. 5. Meanwhile, the Belarus national academy of sciences estimates 93,000 deaths so far and 270,000 cancers, and the Ukrainian national commission for radiation protection calculates 500,000 deaths so far. 6. With Chernobyl there have been difficulties in gathering reliable data from areas left in administrative chaos after the accident. Hundreds of thousands of people were moved away from the affected areas, and the break-up of the Soviet Union led to records being lost.

Why do TNC's bother with CSR?

1. Being a socially responsible company can bolster a company's image and build its brand. Social responsibility empowers employees to leverage the corporate resources at their disposal to do good. 2. Formal corporate social responsibility programs can boost employee morale and lead to greater productivity in the workforce 3. Western society's expectation that corporations focus on socially responsible practices has grown in the wake of repeated exposure to reports of poor working conditions, human rights abuses and deaths at factories in developing nations that produce goods for some of the world's leading brands. 4. Lacking a corporate social responsibility infrastructure can prove costly to multi-national companies regarding reputation and the bottom line, though to date, it hasn't caused a major market player to collapse entirely. 5. In recent years, there have been few events that illustrate the need for CSR in supply chain operations more than the 2013 Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh, where a ready-made garment factory collapsed, killing 1,134 people and injuring another 2,500. The goods manufactured at Rana Plaza were linked to some North American and European retailers, including Wal-Mart, J.C. Penney and Britain's famously cheap-yet-chic fashion chain Primark.

TNC - Union Carbide (Dow Chemical)Bhopal Accident

1. Bhopal has a population of about 1.8 million and is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh (Central India). Bhopal is most well known for the massive chemical leak that happened on the night of 3rd December 1984. The leak happened at a pesticide factory owned by the US company Union Carbide. Methyl isocyante was released into the atmosphere during the explosion (a valve is believed to have exploded under pressure in a storage tank) and leak. The temperature inside the storage tank was about 200 degrees Celsius before the explosion. The temperature and pressure inside the tank increased because water leaked into the tank causing an exothermic reaction. In total about 30 metric tons of gas was released over a 60 minute period. 2. The exact number of deaths and injuries is not fully known have the state government said 3,787 deaths can be related to the leak and over 500,000 temporary or permanent injuries. However, some campaigners say that up 20,000 additional people have died since the disaster. 3. BBC - 25 years after the accident --> Poor people still live in what is considered a disamenity = slum.

Increased globalization and renewed nationalism

1. By 2014-15 it was clear that the increase in globalization had been matched by an increase in nationalism. 2. There had been an increase in international tension and a decrease in multilateral cooperation. 3. The cause of the increase in nationalism was due, in part, to poor economic growth following the financial crash of 2008, rising inequality, and, in Europe, rising immigration. 4. The changes brought about by globalization led many people to look for stability in national or local features, such as a shared culture, history or language. 5. The rise in nationalism is not confined to Europe: China, Japan and India all have charismatic nationalistic leaders. 6. This new nationalism takes many forms: protectionist policies such as trade barriers, policies favouring domestic workers, ant-immigration measures and resource nationalism. 7. In some locations, access to social media has been restricted. 8. In the most extreme cases, economic failure and a lack of opportunities for young people are fuelling extremism, resentment of globalization and the West, and, in extreme cases, terrorism.

What role did globalisation play in the Arab Spring?

1. Closing the Digital Divide and access to technology = GLOBALISATION in the ARAB SPRING. Globalization failed to fulfill its inflated expectations as elites ensured that its benefits remained tightly within their grasp. It is important to note that corruption and cronyism may be products of globalization, they manifest to the entrenchment of illiberal political structures, adverse to both liberalism and equity. These long-standing socio-economic conditions catalysed by a peripheral incorporation into globalized structures laid the seeds of political activism (Moore 2012). Put differently, globalization itself had a major role in fueling the Arab Spring. Media coverage, social networks, and Wikileaks contributed massively to spread the 'anger' around 'the country' or 'the region' (Rozoff 2012). 2. Despite the fact that globalization has negative effects, it has positive effects as well. Education and access to information are some of those effects. In fact, one of the most striking features of globalization is globalizing information and education by using the highest information technologies. Consequently, in Libya, the educational system has been influenced by the international educational systems. All kind of information is easily accessed by using the Internet because the Internet itself is a global phenomenon. In Libya, as in most countries with bad governments, the positive effects are on both education and access to information. Every part of the globe is a beneficiary of the Internet, the harbinger of the social media, satellite television and even mobile phones via internet calls. All these serve as veritable tools for sending and accessing information easily and very quickly. 3. It is clear that the utilization of social media is illustrative of the effects of globalization on the Middle East region. However, it is important not to overstate their impact. The Internet and digital television broadcasts provided a significant platform for the coordination and mobilization of protestors, but these fora acted alongside traditional means of association, rather than replacing them. The use of Twitter and Facebook challenged the monopolies of state-controlled information and brought the uprisings into the living rooms of social media users across the world. In Libya, only 5 percent of the population has access to the Internet, access to which was also blocked periodically by state apparatus.

Will covid kill globalisation?

1. Covid-19 has brought disruption to the globalized and interconnected world. The challenges of Covid have led to a dark period both in terms of human suffering but also the damage done to political and social fabric. 2. But before the pandemic globalization was already in retreat and now that trend looks set to accelerate. 3. From smartphones to toys today's globalized trading system has grown to rely on long and complex supply chains but the pandemic has played havoc with them. 4. Clothing is one industry that has been hit hard. Worth 2.5 trillion dollars globally, it employs over 43 million people in Asia alone. 5. One of the most footloose industries when it comes to supply chain has always been the garment industry that's because it has a high level of human involvement and so the labor cost of a product is much higher than you find in an automobile for example for that reason companies chase the lowest cost. That means manufacturing mostly happens in asia and the global nature of the industry makes it especially vulnerable to disruptions. 6. Take a typical pair of trousers sold on a high street in western europe. The label says made in bangladesh but many of the parts come from other countries. Chinese factories making buttons and zips shut during the pandemic, meaning the items didn't reach their next port factories in bangladesh, which couldn't finish the trousers and canceled orders to cotton suppliers in india and lockdown hit demand in the west as customers weren't shopping on high streets. 7. In america, clothing sales fell by 73.5% between march and april this year bangladesh lost out on an estimated 3.2 billion dollars from cancelled exports in just six months in 2020 and across asia millions of low-income workers were laid off. 8. Goods taking long journeys from factory to the high street have become one of the signatures of globalization.

List the positive impacts to the host and origin (both) countries of TNC's locating operations overseas? Provide some elaboration.

1. Creation of jobs (Employment) A) When TNCs buy local resources, products and services it brings foreign currencies to the local economy, therefore, bringing wealth to the local communities = Foreign direct investment (FDI) where business enterprise in one country is owned by an entity based in another country. The money gained by local communities can be used on education, health and infrastructure therefore improving the quality of their lives. B) Multiplier effects - At a local scale, such investment can trigger more employment through the process of cumulative causation, bringing wealth into the local economy. The location of a TNC in a region has the potential to create jobs in; companies that supply components to the plant, companies that distributes goods from the new plant, companies that supply services to the new plant from servicing plant machinery to supplying canteen. Stable income and more reliable than farming Improved educational and technical skills TNCs may introduce methods of working that are new to the country. These have included quality management systems which monitor the standard of output in supplier firms and just-in-time component supply. They create a more skilled workforce by transferring technology to the host country. In developing countries, more opportunities are created for female employment in low-skilled manufacturing jobs. Can help people's Quality of Life. Investment in infrastructure, eg new roads - helps locals as well as the TNC + there is aid that is provided. Help to exploit natural resources → development of resources and manufacturing. Shorter distance of imports and if May not have to pay health care and laying off people more quickly. Increase GNI per capita (not GDP because it does not include foreign countries income). Environmental standards could be lower as well. Origin countries get cheap products (cheaper consumer goods) Expand into foreign markets = greater market = they open up a company ppl get more money because of job and can afford buying these products = multiplier effect. A better developed economic base for the country Development of energy sources (eg. development of renewable energy sources). Investment aid: developing infrastructure and sewage system, etc.

Redesigning the global economy

1. Critics of the way globalisation is proceeding at present argue for a number of significant changes to the-global system including the following: A) the establishment of a global central bank B) a revamping of the IMF to make it more democratic C) a 'Tobin tax, on international financial transactions to reduce speculation D) the establishment of a global environmental organisation to monitor and reduce the impact of economic activity E) the control of capital for the public good. 2. The major overall objective is that the two prime movers of the global economy, the economically powerful nation-states and TNCs, become more accountable to the people of the planet and that all the impacts of economic activity are taken into account in the decision-making process. 3. The goal must be to spread the benefits of globalisation more widely so that all peoples feel included in the global improvement in the quality of life.

Cultural Imperialism defined:

1. Cultural imperialism comprises the cultural aspects of imperialism. "Imperialism" here refers to the creation and maintenance of unequal relationships between civilizations, favoring a more powerful civilization. Thus, cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting and imposing a culture, usually that of a politically powerful nation, over a less powerful society; in other words, the cultural hegemony of industrialized or economically influential countries which determine general cultural values and standardize civilizations throughout the world. Cultural imperialism is the imposition by one usually politically or economically dominant community of various aspects of its own culture onto another, nondominant community. It is cultural in that the customs, traditions, religion, language, social and moral norms, and other aspects of the imposing community are distinct from, though often closely related to, the economic and political systems that shape the other community. 3. Cultural Imperialism - the fact of the culture of a large and powerful country,organization, etc. having a great influence on another less powerful country What are the common elements o f these definitions?

CASE STUDY: Denmark's immigration laws

1. Denmark has some of the tightest immigration laws in Europe, even though it is party to the Schengen Agreement, which removed border checks within the EU. 2. Denmark has introduced a points system designed to make it more difficult for "family reunions" that allow foreigners into the country for marriage, imposing a minimum age of 24 years for both the Danish spouse and the immigrant, proof of financial independence, and evidence of an active commitment to Danish society. 3. In 2008, changes to migration policy prevented state-funded hostels from accepting foreigners who did not have permanent residence status. Part of the explanation for these changes has been pressure from the Danish People's Party. The Party receives about 15% of the national vote, enough for it to be a member of the coalition government. 4. In 2016 the Danish government voted in favour of seizing asylum seekers' assets in order to help pay for their stay while their application for asylum is considered. Valuables worth over about $1,000 would be seized on entry to the country to cover housing and food costs. 5. In addition, "family reunions" would be possible only after three years rather than one year. 6. The UN condemned the measures, claiming that they were illegal and inhumane. 7. The Danish government claimed that it was not just asylum seekers that were being targeted but anyone who wanted to qualify for social benefits. 8. Indeed, Denmark is not alone in claiming assets. Switzerland takes 1,000 francs (around $700), and some German states take funds from asylum seekers. 9. In 2015, Denmark received 21,300 asylum seekers. 10. Denmark is a small nation with a population of about 6 million. In one survey, 70% of Danes felt that migration was the main issue facing the country.

This page shows a list of project categories of the WB. Which of these project types could lead to greater global interactions?

1. Due to the WB investing in Education there are higher rates of literacy = firms see in these countries greater potential = help the country by invested in & faster FDI's (foreign direct investment).

Anti-globalisation Movements

1. During the 1990s and early 2000s, the world's increasingly globalised economy was hit with a series of financial peaks and troughs. 2. In 2000, a severe global recession led many people in MICs to question whether globalisation was really the good thing that they had been led to believe. 3. A poll was conducted by London's FinanciaI Times in June 2007 in which 1,000 people were interviewed in six MICs. The results showed that people in the United Kingdom, France, the United States and Spain were about three times more likely to claim that globalisation was having a negative rather than a positive effect on their countries. Similar views were expressed in Italy and Germany, although the majorities there were smaller. 4. The pro-globalist view that opening economies to freer trade brings benefits to poor and rich countries alike is increasingly being questioned by people in MICs, regardless of whether they are conservative or liberal in their outlooks. 5. Growing cynicism towards globalisation has encouraged the growth of anti-globalisation movements. These groups are opposed to the unregulated expansion and globalisation of capitalism, and they are especially critical of the large profits they believe many corporations are making. 6. Anti-globalisation groups tend to express themselves in the language of socialism, criticising, ruling élites', 'corporate greed', 'capitalist colonisation, and 'dispossession' or 'oppression', of the masses. Since the first anti-globalisation groups began they have tended to form coalitions with like-minded groups by adopting a broad spectrum ideological position that opposes: A) environmental destruction B) child labour C) third world debt D) exploitation of working people E) gender oppression F) oppression of minority groups G) discrimination H) capitalism I) transnational corporations J) militarisation K) genetically modified crops and promotes: L) animal rights; M) the rights of indigenous peoples N) anarchism

Exporting Waste - E Waste

1. E-waste simply stands for electronic waste (televisions, microwaves, mobiles, computers, DVD players, refrigerators, games consoles, etc.). It is a growing problem in today's consumerist society where people buy and replace phone, laptops, games consoles on a regular basis. 2. Population growth, economic development, affordability and improved networks also mean the problem is growing. 3. E-waste is potentially hazardous because electronics contain over 60 elements, many of them harmful. Some of the most hazardous include mercury, lead, cadmium, sulphur and americium. 3. Rising standards of living, population growth and increases in people's disposable income in countries like China, India and Brazil was going to cause the problem to grow massively. Some estimates say that e-waste in India could grow by 500% between 2007 and 2020 and by 400% in China between the same dates. 4. Developing countries are not only creating more of their own e-waste, they are also receiving e-waste from developed countries who do not want to dispose of it themselves.

CASE STUDY: Japan and China's changing relationship

1. Economic integration and interdependence have been characteristics of Japan and China since the 1990s. 2. In 2014 Sino-Japanese trade reached $340 billion; China was Japan's leading trade partner and Japan was China's second-largest trade partner. 3. Japan was the leading investor in China, investing more than $100 billion in 2014. 4. Since the financial crisis of 2008, China has been more assertive in its economic dealings. 5. For example, China's "weaponization" of trade, through banning the export of rare earths to the Philippines and restricting imports of bananas from that country, followed disputes in the East and South China Seas. 6. China's economy has matured, and it is now exporting more high-value goods. 7. China's outbound investment increased from $2 billion in 2004 to $80 billion in 2014 and $120 billion in 2015. 8. It is showing a similar trend to Japan's outward investment in the 1980s. 9. Japan has been diversifying its investments around Asia, including Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia and Myanmar. 10. China and Japan have become investment competitors within Asia. 11. Both are striving to invest in transport infrastructure around Asia. 12. Although China has a cost advantage, Japan promises to hire local workers. 13. The competition to build transport infrastructure has become a symbol of the rivalry between the two nations for industrial supremacy in Asia. 14. In addition, both countries have built up their defence export industries. 15. China is now the world's third-largest exporter of arms. 16. There is a possibility of this competition spilling over into military conflict. 17. Both China and Japan have increased their military capacity to protect their overseas investments. 18. There is growing concern that China's military might respond to a perceived threat in the South China Sea and initiate a conflict in the region. 19. Whether Western nations would become involved remains to be seen.

Why is India such a major destination for outsourcing of customer service?

1. Eg. You can do time-shifting as a company with a branch in India, as night-shifts would cost more than having a branch of your company functioning in India as a help-desk given the different time-zone. 2. Bangalore: India's Silicon valley - The Indian economy may be going through a rough time - with interest rates, inflation and food prices on the rise - but in the world of technology, India is still regarded as a global leader. 3. Indian firms are among the top IT service businesses. But the country wants to be known for more than just out-sourcing its computing skills. 4. Close proximity to expanding markets (reduces transport costs, because the company is already there): There is also a higher consumer society in India = due to the rising middle-class = more familiar with the types of concerns regarding services & goods. 5. Increased cost of production in HIC's make MIC's like India more favorable: as where there will be higher labor costs & higher regulatory costs (eg. legal requiremenets, like emissions standards, environmental standards = efforts to remove CO2 from the emissions, etc. = requires more money as you need technology to do all of this. Whereas, there are countries without as high of a minimum wage, safety standards, worker compensation, etc. = allowing the company to save money. This produces an incentive for FDI's. 6. Also, allows countries to 'externalise' costs, as for example the costs of filtering emissions vs. cost of local government treating cancers. The origin country of the firm can hence externalize these negative impacts.

Types of aid:

1. Emergency or short-term aid - needed after sudden disasters such as the 2000 Mozambique floods or the 2004 Asian tsunami. 2. Conditional or tied aid - when one country donates money or resources to another (bilateral aid) but with conditions attached. These conditions will often be in the MEDC's favour, eg the controversial Pergau Dam project in Malaysia, where Britain used aid to secure trade deals with Malaysia. 3. Charitable aid - funded by donations from the public through organisations such as OXFAM. 4. Long-term or development aid - involves providing local communities with education and skills for sustainable development, usually through organisations such as Practical Action. 5. Multilateral aid - given through international organisations such as the World Bank rather than by one specific country. 6. Bilateral aid is assistance given by a government directly to the government of another country. It is when the capital flows from a developed nation to a developing nation. It is often directed according to strategic political considerations as well as humanitarian ones.

Reasons for anti-global interaction attitudes in the Periphery

1. Envrionmental degradation = lower environmental / safety standards = exploitation of workers & natural resources in countries eg. Bhopal. 2. Cultural Imperialism 3. Wage 4. Slavery 5. Leakage = TNC's making profits, but money going back home. 6. Tax evasion = not help the country.

Global Networks and Flows Diagram (1)

1. FDI moves mainly in the core as it may get lost in the periphery. 2. money may move from the HIC to fund banks outside. 3. most migrants move from periphery to CORE for more money, but also movement within the periphery for that matter.

Problems with 3D printing in terms of economic and political sovereignty:

1. Fewer Manufacturing Jobs: With all of the new and innovative technologies that will be capable of producing items mechanically, we effectively reduce the need for individuals and their craftsmanship. This reduction in workforce is a disadvantage which will have a large impact on our economy and others. 2. Copyright problems: With 3-D printing becoming more popular and less expensive people will be manufacturing items whose design belongs to someone else. There will be subsequent lawsuits because of infringement. Countries lose value of intellectual property...loss of economic sovereignty. 3. Dangerous Items/security risk: Even though most people would utilize 3-D printers to enhance their lives and fulfill their needs, there will be others who are likely to manufacture items that may be illegal or harmful in the wrong hands. One example includes being able to manufacture guns. This is a security risk for countries amount to a loss of political sovereignty.

Focus on the Global South

1. Focus on the Global South (Focus) is a non-governmental organisation established in Bangkok in 1995. 2. Focus combines policy research, advocacy, activism and grassroots capacity building in order to generate critical analysis and encourages debates on national and international policies related to corporate-led globalisation, neo-liberalism and militarisation. 3. Focus's main objectives are to: A) dismantle oppressive economic and political structures and institutions B) create liberating structures and institutions C) promote demilitarisation and peace-building, instead of conflict. 4. Focus states that these three goals are brought together in the 'paradigm of deglobalisation'. This term describes the transformation of the global economy from one centred around the needs of TNCs to one that focuses on the needs of people, communities and nations and in which the capacities of local and national economies are strengthened. 5. The deglobalisation paradigm forms the basis of Focus's work which spans five thematic areas: Defending and Reclaiming the Commons; Trade; peace and People's Security; Alternatives; and China.

How do China's Free Trade Zones attract companies?

1. Free Trade zones = no tariffs on goods entering or leaving these zones/regions (along the coast). 2. Ease of transport & export from the zones through factories & infrastructure. 3. Tariffs & quotas on goods entering the rest of China. 4. Foreign Trade Zones (Free Trade Zones) are implemented as they really accelerate global interactions between countries. 5. It's a good way for a country to try out new rules & technologies in small pockets of a country (eg. allows countries like China to control it more effectively). 6. Special Economic zones are growing since then, not just middle-income countries.

Is "FREE" trade "FAIR" trade?

1. Free trade is fair to businesses seeking to expand but it does not favor the rights of workers or seek to improve working conditions. Instead, free trade seeks to eliminate pay discrepancies (imbalances) from country to country. Meanwhile, fair trade promotes fair wages and working conditions for labourers. 2. Free trade is meant to eliminate unfair barriers to global commerce and raise the economy in developed and developing nations alike. But free trade can - and has - produced many negative effects, in particular deplorable working conditions, job loss, economic damage to some countries, and environmental damage globally.

International Loans

1. From organisations like the IMF, WB, NDB to countries. From private banks to countries. 2. From Country to a country 3. From Individuals and Companies to a Country in the form of a bond.

Resource nationalism measures in Ghana:

1. Ghana's has the second largest gold producer in Africa. Taxes on company profits raised from 20 to 25%. A windfall tax of 10% on "superprofits". 5 % royalty, variable with the price of gold 2. Establishment of a Minerals Development Fund. Royalties and taxes from mining are used by the fund, to improve the quality of life for people living in mining communities. 3. Ghana has a state owned aluminium company VALCO (Volta Aluminium Company). Extraction and smelting. Not just exporting. Originally the company was a partnership with foreign companies but the government has bought the entire company in the past 10 years. 4. China's Sinohydro Corporation Ltd, will provide $2 billion for government road projects in exchange for bauxite rights.

Affirmative Action Example:

1. Givers of Dreams (aka Dreamsgivers) in Luang Prabang, Laos 2. An affirmative action program focused on educating Hmong children in Laos by teaching them life skills, sex education and english. Focusing on disadvantaged children to gain language skills so that they can improve their chances by seeking education in other countries (just as he did). 3. The Hmong people are minority tribal group in parts of S E Asia. The Dreamsgivers project is run by an IB graduate , named Her Vang, who continues his CAS project well beyond his DP days.

What is globalisation?

1. Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected. We now communicate, trade, travel and share each other's cultures (one of the main impacts, but also environmental, more carbon footprint = contributing to Climate Change - expanding markets with more goods and greater impact) more easily around the world. 2. Moving to a global culture. Expansion of goods and markets. 3. As countries become economically dominant, they may share and expand more of their produts.

globalization vs glocalization

1. Glocalization: A term that was invented to emphasize that the globalization of a product is more likely to succeed when the product or service is adapted specifically to each locality or culture in which it is marketed. The increasing presence of McDonald's restaurants worldwide is an example of globalization, while changes made to the menus of the restaurant chain, in an attempt to appeal to local tastes, are an example of glocalization. --> In India 80-90% are hindus = they can not eat red meat = glocalisation of McDonalds allows the chain to exist - adapting the product to the costumer = chicken burger. In Israel = Kosher Burger. 2. Globalization: "The growing interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross‑border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology" (source: IMF).

Geopolitical constraints on global interactions

1. Government and militia control In general, Internet access is highly controlled in communist countries such as China, North Korea, Cuba and Vietnam. Eritrea and North Korea are the most censored countries worldwide. 2. China has a "Great Firewall" in which human censors and technological tools block critical websites and social media. 3. In 2014 a government paper, Document 9, was leaked. It stated that the role of the media was to support government's rule. It also stated that it was essential for China's censors to be vigilant when keeping watch over China's 642 million Internet users, more than 20% of the world's online users. 4. Eritrea has banned independent journalists. A UN enquiry into human rights in Eritrea claimed that there were systemic human rights violations, widespread detention and indefinite military service. Fearing the spread of uprisings following the Arab Spring, Eritrea scrapped plans for mobile Internet access for its citizens. The Internet is available only through slow dial-up connections, and less than 1% of the population go online. In 2009, the UN placed an arms embargo on Eritrea after allegations were made that it was supporting the Somali Islamist group al-Shabab. Eritrea also has the lowest figure worldwide for cellphone users, at 5.6%. Some Eritrean exiles try to provide independent online websites and broadcasts, although these are blocked by the state-run telecommunications company EriTel. Most Eritreans in national service earn $1—$2 per day. Up to 320,000 Eritreans have fled the country, many making the dangerous journey to Europe to start a new life away from the "pervasive state control". In 2015 they were the second largest nationality, after the Syrians, to arrive on Italian shores. 5. North Korea largely prevents its population from travelling around the country or abroad, and only the political elite own vehicles. Emigration and immigration are strictly controlled. Only political supporters and the healthiest citizens are allowed to live in Pyongyang. Less than 10% of the population have cellphones, although some phones are believed to be smuggled in from China. Some schools and other institutions have access to a highly controlled intranet. According to Reporters Without Borders, radio and TV sets bought in North Korea are only able to receive government frequencies. The TV systems in North Korea differ from those in South Korea.

Hacking

1. Hacking is a major threat to all Internet users, from individuals up to national governments, Internet providers and TNCs. 2. For example, in October 2016 there was a major attack on companies such as Twitter and Paypal, and many websites were affected including the New York Times, CNN and the Wall Street Journal. 3. All were customers of Dyn, a US company that operates as a switchboard of Internet traffic. 4. Hackers used thousands of interconnected devices that had been infected with a malicious code, known as a "botnet", to disable the Internet. 5. It was one of the largest Internet attacks ever. Security experts working for Dyn linked it to a Chinese company, XiongMai Technologies. 6. The complexity of the attack made it difficult to deal with. Such attacks are becomming more common although not all are on such a scale. 7. One expert suggested that it could be another nation trying to find weaknesses in the USA's Internet system. 8. At the other end of the scale, mobile devices and PCs are also vulnerable to attack. 9. Often the source of the attack is a PDF or JPEG graphic that appears harmless until it is opened. 10. It is likely that such attacks will increase in complexity in future, since "criminals will always go to where the money (or advantage for them) is" (US bank robber, Slick Willie Sutton).

Questions you should be able to answer from last year (1): 1. Think of 6 different development indicators?

1. Health Indicator (Life expectancy eg. UK = 80, Afghanistan = 45) 2. Health Indicator (Death rate: deaths per 1,000 per yearAustralia = 6.4, Mozambique = 18.8) 3. Education Indicator (Literacy rate: Korea = 100%, Mali = 26%) 4. Economic Indicator: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - the total value of all goods and services produced in a country 5. Economic Indicator: Gross National Product (GNP) per capita - GDP plus earnings from foreign investment divided by the total population 6. The percentage of women in congress (eg. The Rwandan government is set up to have at least 61 percent of its parliament members be women).

The UNDP uses the term Human Development

1. Human development is a concept of development that has to do with the creation and improving of living conditions where people can develop their full potential, have a long and healthy life, have access to an appropriate education system, etc. 2. Money can be used for military equipment but also for construction of schools... The ORANGE talks about what we covered last year on Development = a higher QoL, but it's not just that --> the GREEN talks about the means to acquire and sustain the improved QoL. *The Gender Equality section can also be EQUALITY in general (eg. racial, religious, etc.*

What is civil society......

1. IB Definition: Any organization or movement that works in the area between the household, the private sector and the state to negotiate matters of public concern. Civil societies include non‑governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, trade unions, academic institutions and faith‑based organizations. 2. Civil society is the "aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens." Civil society includes the family and the private sphere, referred to as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business.

CASE STUDY: Forms of identity theft in the UK

1. Identity crime is a major global problem. In the UK alone, identity crime costs taxpayers about $1.5 billion annually, and the costs are rising each year. Identity crime includes extortion (blackmail), cyber-bullying (trolling) and defamation (libel). 2. There are a number of types of identity theft: A) Trashing is the retrieval of documents from rubbish bins or obtained during a burglary. Internet technology has provided criminals with a global reach. B) Phishing relies on emails to trick people into Spear phishing occurs when highly personalized e-mails are sent to specific targets. C) Pharming or spoofing refers to information that appears relevant to the recipient, and encourages them to open an email. D) Smishing is the sending of text messages to potential victims. E) Vishing refers to messages sent by voice that are designed to corrupt the recipient's voicemail and phone. F) Data can also be collected from lost or stolen laptops or from discarded laptops that have not been wiped clean. 3. Social media sites, such as Facebook, have been used by individuals for criminal activity. 4. There are cases where people have been tricked into sending photos of themselves, only to be blackmailed after doing so. 5. Cyber-bullying or trolling is the practice of posting abusive and inflammatory messages online. 6. In extreme cases it has contributed to the suicide of the victims of such messages. 7. A CareerBuilder survey claimed that over 1/3 of employers use social media to investigate prospective employees before deciding upon a job offer.

TNC annual profit vs National GDP - compare the size of various TNC to the size of the economies of various countries

1. If Wal-Mart were a country, its revenues would make it on par with the GDP of the 25th largest economy in the world by, surpassing 157 smaller countries. 2. We've found 25 major American corporations whose 2010 revenues surpass the 2010 Gross Domestic Product of entire countries, often with a few billion to spare. 3. Yahoo is bigger than Mongolia - Mongolia's GDP: $6.13 billion Yahoo's Revenue: $6.32 billion 4. eBay is bigger than Madagascar: Madagascar's GDP: $8.35 billion eBay's Revenue: $9.16 billion 5. Nike is bigger than Paraguay: Paraguay's GDP: $18.48 billion Nike's Revenue: $19.16 billion 6. McDonald's is bigger than Latvia: Latvia's GDP: $24.05 billion McDonald's Revenue: $24.07 billion 7. Amazon.com is bigger than Kenya: Kenya's GDP: $32.16 billion Amazon.com's Revenue: $34.2 billion 8. Microsoft is bigger than Croatia: Croatia's GDP: $60.59 billion Microsoft's Revenue: $62.48 billion Microsoft would rank as the world's 66th biggest economy. 9. Ford is bigger than Morocco: Morocco's GDP: $103.48 billion Ford's Revenue: $128.95 billion Ford would rank as the world's 60th biggest country. 10. Walmart is bigger than Norway - Norway's GDP: $414.46 billion Walmart's Revenue: $421.89 billion Norway would rank as the world's 25th biggest country.

CASE STUDY: Tax avoidance - the case of Apple

1. In 2016 Apple Inc. was ordered by the European Union to pay €13 billion worth of back taxes to Ireland. 2. Apple claimed that such a move could lead to less investment in the EU by TNCs. 3. The European Commission ruled that the tax deal between Apple and the Irish government was illegal, since the same deal was not open to other companies. 4. Irish corporation tax is normally 12.5%, one of the most competitive in Europe, but Apple had an arrangement whereby the maximum tax rate it paid in Ireland was just 1%; in 2014 it paid 0.005%. 5. The Commission argued that Apple's deal with the Irish government had allowed the company to attribute sales to a "head office" that existed only on paper. 6. Consequently, Apple avoided paying tax on most of its profits from sales of its iPhone and other goods. 7. It transferred the profits to Ireland rather than the country in which the phones were sold. 8. It does not repatriate the money to the USA as it would have to pay US corporation taxes of around 35%. 9. Somewhat bizarrely, the Irish government announced that it did not want to claim the money back as it wanted to maintain its reputation as a low-tax base for foreign TNCs, and that thousands of jobs would be at risk if foreign-owned companies in Ireland relocated. 10. Apple employs around 6,000 people in Cork, Ireland. 11. It is not just Apple that has entered into agreements with national governments. Tax deals between Luxembourg and Fiat, and between the Netherlands and Starbucks, have been found to be unlawful. The deals between Luxembourg and both McDonald's and Amazon are continuing.

"Annexation" of Crimea

1. In February - March 2014 Russia annexed part of Ukraine (aka "the Ukraine"). 2. Annexation is the administrative action and concept in international law relating to the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state. It is generally held to be an illegal act. 3. Russian television does not say "annexation" but "liberation" of the russian ethnicity of Crimea. 4. Russia wanted, however, access to Sevastopol = Naval port (especially important for the transport of oil and gas). building larger connections and export of gas and oil. This resulted in the Ukraine being at a cross-roads. Either turning to the west, or alligning with Russia eg. Collective Security Treaty Organization (descendant of Warsaw Pact) and CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States = another Russian organisation) counter to NATO (NATO came to be because of this pact). Similar with Latvia, Ukraine wanted to be independent of Russia. 5. There was a sudden shift in power, the parliament in the Ukraine voted for the EU, but in the last minute, the president did not sign. 6. The EU responded with sanction on Russia ( = lowering its sovereignty = lower trade for Russia). And so did Russia, making the prices of oil and gas higher for the EU. 7. Eventually, Russia even held a referedum on if Crimean ppl wanted to be a part of Russia (when they had already annexed it) and the outcome was reportedly 96% did want to be a part of Russia according to Russia Today. + 1.5 million people are of Russian descent in Crimea.

CASE STUDY: Water problems and flower farming in Kenya

1. In Kenya, British and European-owned flower companies grow vast quantities of flowers and vegetables for export, but the official Kenyan water authority, regional bodies, human rights and development groups, as well as small-scale farmers, have accused flower companies near Mount Kenya of "stealing" water from Kenya's second largest river, the Ngiro. 2. The river is a life-sustaining resource for nomadic farmers, but it also sustains the flower farms supplying UK supermarkets. 3. According to the head of the water authority, the 12 largest flower farms may be taking as much as 25 per cent of the water normally available to more than 100,000 small farmers. 4. Since a flower is 90 per cent water, the flower companies are thereby exporting Kenyan water as "virtual water". Kenya is one of the driest countries in the world and is exporting water to some of the wettest. 5. The flower companies, which employ 55,000 labourers, are in direct competition with the peasant farmers for water, and the biggest companies pay the same as the smallest peasant for water. 6. The greatest impact is being felt by the nomadic pastoralists in the semi-arid areas to the north and east of Mt Kenya. 7. Not only do the flower farms take the water, but they have also taken over land that the pastoralists used. 8. The shores of Lake Naivasha in the Happy Valley area of Kenya are covered with flower farms, which use excessive amounts of water from the lake. 9. Environmentalists also note problems of pollution from pesticides and deforestation caused by migrant workers from the growing shanty towns foraging for fuel. 10. In 2010, as a result of the eruption of the volcano under the Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland, flights from Kenya to Europe were shut down. 11. Around a million kilograms of fresh produce is normally shipped out of Kenya every night, three-quarters of it to Europe and more than a third of this to Britain. 12. With most European airports closed, an estimated $8 million-worth of flowers had to be destroyed. 13. It is estimated that the Kenyan horticultural industry lost an average of $3 million a day. 14. Kenya Airways also lost about $1 million a day.

Global Corporations & Anti-Globalisation Movements

1. In addition to their opposition to large, highly visible, global corporations such as McDonald's and Starbucks, anti-globalisation groups focus attacks on three organisations that are seen to promote globalisation - the WTO (World Trade Organisation, which argues for reduced tariff barriers and freer world trade), the World Bamk (which gives advice and long-term development loans to LEDCs), and the IMF (International Monetary Fund, which gives countries crisis loans). 2. Gatherings of world political and business leaders are seen by anti-globalisation groups as opportunities to demonstrate and attack those in positions of power, and anti-globalisation protecters have effectively closed and disrupted meetings of trade ministers and high ranking officials. 3. Perhaps one of the most surprising features of anti- globalisation movements is that although they are becoming more and more effective in mobilising support in MICs, they have found much less widespread support in LICs, even though they claim to exist to support the rights of the poor. 4. This has led to complaints that people in LICs seem to be relatively accepting and supportive of globalisation whereas the strongest opposition to globalisation comes from affluent activists in wealthy countries. 5. There is evidence that many people in LICs see the anti-globalisation movement as a threat to their jobs and livelihoods, and an intrusion by well-meaning but misguided outsiders into their affairs. 6. There is a genuine fear in many LICs that if the trend towards greater globalisation were to reverse, many people would be left in poverty with little prospect to achieve the riches to which they aspire. Which of the various competing perspectives are realistic or persuasive probably depends on one's individual perspective and world view. Perhaps time will help the question become clearer as to whether globalisation is a constructive or destructive force - and for whom.

What problems does Edward Snowden see with governments undertaking mass surveillance?

1. In fact, courtesy of the whistleblower Edward Snowden, we now know the US National Security Agency is collecting 200 billion pieces of intelligence a month, hoovering up the mobile records of more than 200 million Americans and helping itself to a vast quantity of emails, web searches and live chats from the world's largest internet companies via a program called Prism. 2. The problems that Edward Snowden sees with governments undertaking mass surveillance is that mass surveillance on such an industrial level is unlawful, sweeping aside our right to privacy and to free expression. Because of the global nature of our work, and our sensitive communications with activists around the world, it is highly likely that our communications have been intercepted by Tempora. 3. Our right to privacy protects us so we're not persecuted for our beliefs, lifestyle or sexual orientation. But it's being heavily eroded without us really noticing.

Will covid kill globalisation? (5)

1. In this climate, globalization suffered a second assault: a trade war blew up between the world's two largest economies. For years the west had accused china of flouting WTO rules saying its trading practices were unfair to western companies, but president trump turned rhetoric into policy. 2. Since the start of Trump's presidency, tariffs on Chinese exports to the US have increased 6-fold. China hit back more than doubling its tariffs on US goods.

Suggest reason why global interactions may be resulting in increased levels of hacking for individuals, businesses and governments?

1. Increasingly more places and organisations are linked 2. The digital divide is closing - more connections and more IT skills The financial assets accessible on the internet are larger and therefore more attractive for criminals. 3. More people are using the internet for personal finance and for purchasing 4. More personal use of computers. Personal users less security aware. 5. Hacktivists are more networked by the internet. 6. Governments are increasingly using hacking as a political tool and even a weapon.

You are required to have examples of affirmative action to close the development gap. 2 Example: Affirmative Action Example - Closing the development gap for female indigenous domestic workers in Bolivia and Guatemala Describe and explain the efforts being made to reduce the development gap for female indigenous domestic workers in the 2 countries:

1. Indigenous peoples are five per cent of the world's population but 15 per cent of the world's poor. 2. As a result of exclusion and discrimination, indigenous women are often the poorest of the poor. They struggle more to find decent work. 3. In Bolivia and Guatemala, the ILO (International Labor Organisation) and its partners are working to advance the rights of indigenous women, empower them economically and help them attain social justice. 4. While the focus is on construction workers in Bolivia (because it is undergoing a building boom = many women work on construction sites), 5. In Guatemala, the project aims to improve the lives of domestic workers. Domestic work is "invisible" because of several factors. In Guatemala there is a long history of discrimination against certain groups of people." Joining a union is challenging for indigenous domestic workers. 6. The ILO works with Guatemala's domestic workers union to strengthen its outreach, and the union actively supports the ratification of ILO Convention 189 on Domestic Work. If Convention 189 was approved it would be very beneficial for indigenous women, because it would establish that they receive a minimum wage, work eight hours a day and get social protection, and it would ensure they are well treated which aim to reduced the Development Gap. 7. The ILO has been working to strengthen national institutions to ensure better working conditions and wages for domestic workers, especially enhancing access to decent work for indigenous women which aim to reduced the Development Gap. 8. The Domestic Workers Association is a key partner, actively seeking changes in legislation to enhance the rights of working women in Guatemala. They accompany women to court, and support other organizations which are bringing cases of violence against women to the justice system. 9. Guatemala's Confederation of Trade Union Unity is another key partner. In Bolivia, the ILO works with associations, local government and employers to increase awareness of rights for indigenous women and also to support training in occupational safety on the construction site. 10. The ILO also provides business and entrepreneurship skills training for indigenous women, which aim to reduced the Development Gap. A new "virtual platform" database of women construction workers in Bolivia who have been trained and certified by training centres helps them enter the job market.

Negative impacts of Agrochemicals (3)

1. Insecticides can kill insects which reduce crop yields but what negative impacts can they have? Insecticides may kill insect that are not harmful to crops and they may have serious ecological and economic impacts. 2. Some of the insects which accidentally killed (collateral damage) may have value as pollinators or predators of other pests. --> pollinate 80% of flowers = eg. fruit trees.

Resource Nationalism - Drivers

1. LICs taking land back (expropriation) --> Eg. OPEC forming a Cartel. 2. Creation of value-added industries - Natural Resources taken out of the ground = go through processing and manufacturing. Resource extraction happened in LICs (colonialism). LICs now want added value to profits = more profitable. If they sell cheap and buy expensive = trade deficit (want to avoid this). 3. For instance, as gold becomes more valuable = want more money too. 4. Royalties and taxes are trying to increase the QoL for people. ALSO if eg. Ghana is asking more from countries = China is icentivising more investment.

The effects of microfinance on Poverty Reduction:

1. Lenders with very little money are great risk if they can not manage debt? All loans involve the risk for the lender and the borrower. 2. Lender - risk of loss on investment 4. Borrower - risk of debt leading to economic loss over time. 5. Does micro-credit result in money being made from the poorest in society?????

Benefits of 3D printing technology?

1. Manufacturing Options: The manufacturing options will only be limited by your imagination. Products are fully customizable. You can size and manufacture a product exactly according your own needs. 2. Rapid Prototyping: Products can maneuver more quickly from the design stage to an actual prototype. 3. Manufacturing Speed: The speed of manufacturing an item will increase dramatically. Items can be made from scratch in a shortened period of time, even just a matter hours. Microfactories. Foot-loose in terms of location. 4. Cost Reduction: 3-D printing has become less expensive. Printing onsite cuts out the middle man expense because of a much smaller supply chain.. Over time, most of the population will have 3-D printers in their houses which will reduce personal costs. 5. Warehousing: With current manufacturing technologies, consumer products are made in high volume for storage and then distribution. However, with 3-D printers, only products that are sold need to be manufactured. This means warehousing of extra inventory is decreased. Overproduction of product will also reduce cost. 6. More Jobs: There will be an increase need for engineers to design products and fabricators to develop and produce printers. Another job created will be for technicians to maintain, use and repair 3-D printers. Additionally, with the cheaper expense of manufacturing, more designers and artists would be able to bring their products to stores. Perhaps we can also have an increase in domestic careers to export products. 7. Medical: One of the many things 3-D printing can provide us is customizable body parts or organs. While the usage is still in undergoing rigorous experimentation, the advantages are massive. In the future, doctors will be replacing organs and more. There will be no problems with needing donors for organs and rejection will not be a problem since organs will be built using the persons own DNA. .8. Safety Issues: When you are making a prototype or part you are making it manually, right? Well, when you are making a prototype manually you do not have a guarantee that you will not get hurt. If you use a 3-D printer, you will have less chance to get hurt as you would by manually constructing a prototype.

International Debt Relief

1. Many countries have annual debt payments well in excess of their annual GNI. 2. This means they have little or no opportunities to invest GNI in development initiatives. 3. Debt burden is stopping some countries from advancing. 4. Some lenders have debt relief programs which either reduce or eliminate loan repayments.

Not all crowdsourcing projects are about resilience:

1. McDonalds....crowdsourced burgers! = GLOCALIZATION. + Using crowdsourcing to increase global interactions. 2. McDonald's has used crowdsourcing to find ideas for its burger range in Germany. 3. For its 40th birthday celebrations it did not want to follow campaigns promoted across other McDonald's around the world and create another promotional burger. 4. Instead it created the 'Mein burger' campaign. The creative team at Razorfish and the creative Agency Neue Digitale in Berlin decided to create Germany's first crowdsourced burger. 5. This allowed users to customise exactly the burger they wanted and if a finalist, get it made by McDonald's. 6. Closing the Digital Divide allowed this to happen. Plus, it did not cost McDonalds a lot, as it was just an app. In a few simple clicks you could combine ingredients and condiments. Making the burgers available for public voting and the DIY campaign was very easy to use. There were personalized videos, banners and posters for the fans to choose from so that they could spread their message to all their friends. It also combined online and traditional media. 7. McDonald's idea spread rapidly throughout the social web. It had 7 million page impressions on their web site. 45,000 burger creations in the first 7 days. After 5 weeks there were a hundred and sixteen thousand burger creations (one burger every 26 seconds). 12,000 people who created their own marketing campaign and 1.5 million voted for their favorite what a massive success. Reaching every 4th German online user. 8. McDonald's expectations with sales skyrocketing never before has a campaign at McDonald's brought so many additional customers sold more promotional burgers or for that matter and more total revenue as we said not everything was buzz the fans made our campaign so successful we'll have to do the same again next year

CASE STUDY: Maquiladora development in Mexico

1. Mexico has attracted many US-owned companies to build low-cost assembly plants in places such as Cuidad Juarez, Nuevo Laredo and Tijuana. 2. These factories, called maquiladora operations, are foreign-owned but employ local labour. 3. Since 1989, more than 2,000 US firms have set up in Mexico's border cities. 4. The main attractions are low labour costs, relaxed environmental legislation and good access to US markets. 5. Although Mexican law requires firms to transport hazardous substances back to the USA, illegal dumping in Mexico is common. 6. Air and water pollution are increasing as a result. 7. Despite the environmental problems, many Mexicans are in favour of the maquiladoras because they bring investment, money and jobs to northern Mexico. 8. Over 500,000 people are employed in these factories.

Example of Microfinance

1. Muhammad Yunis (professor of economics) - Banker to the Poor - Nobel Peace Prize Winner and founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. 2. Yunus invented the idea of micro-finance to help combat global poverty. 3. Came to a profound conclusion about poverty - the people in poverty in Bangladesh were not unemployed but had poor wages. 4. With wages so low in Bangladesh Yunus realised that the poor could never save up enough money to change thei rlives - the only way to rise out of poverty was to get access to capital. 5. With loans the poor could move to better neighborhoods, schools and build their own companies. 6. Made it really successful for ppl, by going out to ppl and finding them. A lot of it was also not a lot of written work, a lot of verbal interactions - some ppl may not be literate enough to understand.

Will covid kill globalisation? (7)

1. Multinationals try to navigate the challenges of the pandemic and how to be less global and more local as they have seen how vulnerable their supply chains are to unanticipated disruption of a natural kind. 2. Some companies are ahead of the game. The spanish clothing retailer zara is one of the most successful in the clothing industry and its shorter supply chains have helped the company weather the coveted storm. While most western high street fashion brands have offshored manufacturing to asia where labour is cheaper, distance equals time. So retailers have to bulk order six months in advance and in that time a lot can go out of fashion. Zara keeps its manufacturing base closer to home for its higher fashion lines meaning you can take a design to the high street in a matter of weeks that way it doesn't stockpile inventory and can respond quickly to consumer trends. 3. That model is coming to not just to fashion but industry after industry is going to move in that direction in part because the on-demand economy is allowing us to express our tastes through social commerce we've seen a revolution that's driven both by fear of disruption on one hand but also by the opportunities created by the internet economy.

NHS ...ransom demands targeting hospitals!

1. NHS services across England and Scotland have been hit by a large-scale cyber-attack (with the name WannaCry) that has disrupted hospital and GP appointments in the spring of 2017. --> Around 45 hospitals (disrupting patient life and healthcare of the people) in England and Scotland and the attack had affects in 100 countries in general (not only the hospitals in England and Scotland). 2. Some hospitals and GPs have been unable to access patient data, after their computers were locked by a ransomware program demanding a payment worth £230. 3. There could be a lot of reasons why the NHS was hit so hard by this attack. The most likely one is because it is a huge organisation supported by a massive IT infrastructure. It also has lots of partners and suppliers that connect to its core network. Complexity is the enemy of security and it is a fair bet that some bits of that network, especially those operated by suppliers, are not as well maintained as they should be. This could mean that patches that would have thwarted WannaCry were not applied.

The Rana Plaza Disaster (WHAT)

1. On 24 April 2013, the collapse of the Rana Plaza building in Dhaka, Bangladesh, which housed five garment factories, killed at least 1,132 people and injured more than 2,500. Only five months earlier, at least 112 workers had lost their lives in another tragic accident, trapped inside the burning Tazreen Fashions factory on the outskirts of Dhaka.These disasters, among the worst industrial accidents on record, awoke the world to the poor labour conditions faced by workers in the ready-made garment sector in Bangladesh. 2. For some of the lowest wages of the world, millions of people, most of them girls and women, are exposed every day to an unsafe work environment with a high incidence of work-related accidents and deaths, as well as occupational diseases. 3. Most of the factories do not meet standards required by building and construction legislation. As a result, deaths from fire incidents and building collapses are frequent.Since the Rana Plaza disaster, no fewer than 109 accidents have occurred. Among these, at least 35 were textile factory incidents in which 491 workers were injured and 27 lost their lives. In the absence of a well-functioning labour inspection system and of appropriate enforcement mechanisms, decent work and life in dignity are still far from reality for the vast majority of workers in the garment industry and their families. 4. Given the hazardous working conditions and the high risk of exposure to employment injury in this sector, the provision of adequate benefits is of critical importance in compensating injured workers for the loss of earnings they are likely to suffer, and to ensure that they have access to the medical and associated care required by their condition. 5. Access to some form of financial compensation or support for dependent family members who lose their breadwinner can also make the difference between life in dire poverty, where children and older people are forced to work to survive, and life at or just above subsistence level. 6. At present, the only form of financial protection available to workers and their dependants is set out in the labour code, which requires employers, when liable, to provide specified payments to injured workers or survivors.

Issues of Cybersecurity

1. One of the main issues regarding cybersecurity is that there are no international regulations or common rules to abide by. 2. Moreover, national security may be vulnerable to attacks from another country, making any international treaty difficult to regulate and enforce. 3. In December 2016, former US president Barack Obama expelled 35 Russian diplomats over the alleged cyber-attacks on the Democratic National Committee, Hilary Clinton and other political organizations, in the attempt to influence the US election in favour of the Republican candidate, Donald Trump. 4. E-passports An e-passport has a computer chip in it, which contains data about the owner. 5. The advantages of the e-passport include faster checking in and border clearance. 6. E-passports may also help in crime detection as some contain biometrics such as fingerprints, which may be left at the site of a crime. 7. In addition, if someone loses their passport, the documents should be retrievable from a database and allow travel. 8. E-passports are difficult to reproduce or forge, so security is improved. 9. They also make it more difficult for one person to have several passports (unless they have dual citizenship). 10. E-passports have a number of disadvantages. If the passport is stolen, the data could be used illegally. It would be possible for someone to hack into the system and change the data. Moreover, the person who owns the passport does not have access to the data.

Will covid kill globalisation? (4)

1. Opposition to globalization grew and we see this kind of sentiment across western democracies to bring the jobs back that were stolen when the factories moved particularly to china. Those who were left behind very cruelly by the policies and people that supported globalization that is the blue-collar workers for example in factories in northern england or in the midwest of america the trump voters. 2. This desire to revive manufacturing and bring back dignity to workers spread across the western world. A wave of populist leaders were elected across the globe championing nationalist policies, attacking immigration, and the existing global economy. 3. Free trade went out of fashion and protectionism was all the rage. The number of trade interventions such as tariffs and subsidies introduced by countries has been increasing year on year. While some have brought liberalization most, more than twice the number of interventions that were liberalising, have been harmful to world trade according to Global Trade Alert.

OECD

1. Organisation for European Economic Co-operation created to run the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe. European countries cooperating to redevelop Europe. 2. In 1960, Canada and the USA joined .... renamed OECD - Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. 3. 35 members today with common aims of sharing knowledge and expertise between all countries: a) Restore confidence in markets and institutions b) Healthy public financial systems c) Promote "green growth" d) Ensure adequate skill and education levels for all to have a satisfying future

Development Strategy: HIPC Initiative

1. Positives: Frees up money for spending on social service. Requires to make financial reforms which may strengthen economy (sovereignty?) 2. Negatives: May require some level of austerity in a country already lacking services. Labels the country as a credit risk. --> Links to debt relief in that the country has to proof that they are in such a bad shape in terms of dept to be categorized an HIPC (High Indebted Country), even though the IMF and WB take the debt away. It is a good short-term relief, but in the long-term, no one will want to invest in the country. Nothing in return. Shows that you're the weakest economy - reconstructing the issue of sovereignity. --> "Whole in the bucket" metaphor = the debt is the hole in the bucket & they are trying to develop, but what they accumulate in the bucket just drains.

"Eating Oil" (Virtual OIL) ....agribusiness has a high carbon footprint and is very dependent on fossils fuels carbon footprint:

1. Production of agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides) 2. Farm machinery 3. Production of plastic for packaging 4. Processing of food 5. Transport of food (food miles) - over very long supply chains with global agribusiness 6. Storage of food 7. Retailing of food 8. Cooking of food 9. Waste disposal

"National trade restrictions, including protectionism and resource nationalism" as a means to constrain global interactions....

1. Protectionism - the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations. 2. Resource Nationalism - the tendency of people and governments to assert control over natural resources located on their territory.

Ransomware

1. Ransomware cyber attacks are targeting large companies and demanding huge payments -- have gone up by 500% in recent years. 2. A Norwegian aluminium producer is recovering after hackers took 22,000 computers offline at 170 different sites around the world (slowing down the process). 5 weeks on production work is still recovering. 3. Norsk Hydro refused to cave in to the cyber criminal's demands for money and have spent £45m trying to restore their business to full strength. 4. The attack comes as evidence grows that hackers are getting paid off in secret by large organisations who want an easy way out. 5. The Hackers note that appeared on company computers was typical of a ransomware attack. The virus is called LockerGoga, different, but just as devastating as the infamous WannaCry Ransomware that affected the NHS (National Health Service) in 2 years earlier (2017). 6. SOLUTION: Coveware combines aggregated ransomware case data, refined negotiating techniques and sound financial and operational controls to achieve superior ransomware incident response and recovery for our clients.

New and emerging threats to the sovereignty of states: Profit repatriation and the avoidance of tax

1. Repatriation of profits is the movement of profits made in a business or investment in a foreign country back to the country of origin. 2. Profits are normally repatriated to protect against expropriation or to take advantage of currency fluctuation. 3. Profit repatriation is an important factor in determining whether foreign direct investment (FDI) in another country is actually profitable for the parent firm. Profit repatriation laws vary from country to country. 4. For example, when the Volkswagen Group earns huge profits anywhere in the world, it takes a share back home to Germany, after converting it into euros. 5. China is the global business hub today and ranked very high on the FDI targets list. 6. This is because China has slowly and successfully liberalized its economy and laws to suit FDI needs. 7. It is possible legally to repatriate up to 90% of annual profits from China, provided certain norms are fulfilled, such as setting up local offices in China and creating a reserve account of at least 10% of total net profit. Some companies choose to open subsidiaries in other countries. 8. They do this because the corporation tax in their home country is extremely high, and significant savings can be made by being based elsewhere.

Resource nationalism

1. Resource nationalism occurs when a country decides to take all, or a part, of one or a number of natural resources under state ownership. 2. Across much of Africa, governments have attempted to gain a larger share of the profits from mining. 3. In South Africa, mineral wealth is estimated at $2.5 trillion, and the government is considering a 50% windfall tax on mining profits and a 50% capital gains tax on the sale of prospecting rights. 4. In 2012 Ghana announced a review and possible renegotiation of all mining contracts, to ensure that mining profits are maximized for the benefit of the country. It intends to raise taxes on mining from 25 to 35%, with a windfall tax of 10%. 4. In Zambia, the government doubled its royalties on copper to 6%. 5. Some global mining companies are worried about resource nationalism. Mining is a capital-intensive industry and much of the equipment is extremely expensive. Companies worry that investments may cost billions of dollars, and take up to a decade to get a return. If countries change the terms of contracts, many companies, and their workers, would suffer. 6. One of the most successful mining operations in Africa is the Debswana venture, a joint 50:50 diamond operation between De Beers and the government of Botswana. The De Beers Botswana Mining Company was founded in 1969, with the Botswana government having a 15% share in the company. Over the next five years it increased its share to 50%. Debswana is now the world's leading diamond firm. It accounts for about 30% of Botswana's GDP, 50% of government revenue and about 75% of export earnings. Some 80% of the profits go directly to the government. Conditions in Botswana are different to elsewhere in Africa. The country has a stable government, rich and productive mines, and a small population. Although resource nationalism holds many benefits for countries, the state must be prepared to help out those industries when they face tough times. It is important for the countries to give companies enough return on their investments that they will continue to invest in the future.

Environmental impacts of global flows: Shipping

1. Shipping has been one of the most important factors in the growth of globalization. 2. However, it is now known that there are high rates of pollution along certain shipping routes. 3. Scientists monitoring pollution have identified an NO, track in the Indian Ocean between Singapore and Sri Lanka, and others in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Mediterranean Sea and along the route from Singapore to China. 4. Such tracks are less evident in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, where ships are not concentrated in narrow zones. 5. Shipping causes considerable pollution and environmental damage, including: A) oil and chemicals released in deliberate discharges and accidental spills B) waste dumping, including sewage and garbage C) air pollution through the release of greenhouse gases D) physical damage through the use of anchors E) noise pollution, which disturbs large mammals such as whales. 6. The potential for pollution is highly concentrated along the world's main shipping routes. 7. Approximately 50,000 merchant ships are sailing these routes, carrying about 90% of the world's trade between countries. 8. Regulations to protect the oceans are set by the International Maritime Organization and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. 9. These organizations have been criticized as slow and reactive rather than pushing for tighter environmental controls. 10. Rising levels of CO, are leading to increased acidification of the oceans. 11. Ships also release sulphur and nitrogen oxides in their exhaust gases which also lead to acidification. Controls on the sulphur content of marine fuel exist in parts of Europe and North America. 12. Estimates suggest that the deposition from sulphur dioxide from shipping ranges from around 10% to more than 25% along the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Ocean.

The vile abuse of Singapore's domestic workers

1. Singapore has for years relied on low-skilled domestic workers to support its 5.4 million population. Some 220,000 women — many from the Philippines and Indonesia — call Singapore their home. They are known as the "silent army," keeping households in order — cooking, cleaning and caring for children and the elderly. 2. Lured by salaries that are five times what they can make at home — on average about $365 per month — domestic workers leave their families behind to go in search of a better life, but for some, what they find is a brutal reality. 3. The migrant charity Transient Workers Count Too (TWC2) recently rescued a domestic worker who had worked for a family in Singapore without a single day off in two years and just $1,460 in pay. She was living on bread for breakfast and lunch and leftovers for dinner. Neighbors said she had been quietly begging them for food. Cases like this are common in Singapore. 4. The Humanitarian Organization for Migrant Economics (HOME) runs a shelter for domestic workers escaping abusive employers. Last year they helped 750 domestic workers and reported 97 cases of physical abuse, 19 cases of sexual harassment, and 333 cases of verbal/psychological abuse. 5. A two-year survey by HOME of 670 domestic workers from the Philippines, Indonesia and Myanmar reveals the excessive control Singapore's employers have over their hires. 6. It found that almost 70 percent of women had their passports and personal documents confiscated on arrival with more than 10 percent forced to sleep in kitchens, storage cupboards or the "bomb shelter" — the windowless bunkers fitted into Singapore's high rise flats specifically for domestic workers.

Questions you should be able to answer from last year (4): 4. What are some of the limits of the HDI as a measure of development?

1. Some geographers are still concerned that wealth (GNI/GDP) still has too much importance within the HDI weighting and that this still means that rich countries can be artificially high in the rankings. 2. Some still raise concerns that the HDI is still too simple and that for a real measure there should be a range of 10 - 15 different measures lumped together into one big composite measure of development.

A. T. Kearney - Personal

1. Telephone traffic 2. Travel 3. Remittances and Personal Transfers

Tesco is a British supermarket chain that operates on a global scale

1. Tesco has a separate section to buy pork in Muslim countries, such as Malaysia 2. Korea = many people live in apartments = make smaller Tesco stores to suit urban lifestyle = glocalisation.

The IMF and WB and the WTO are global organisations:

1. That create stable and growing economies and this improves the quality of life for people of the countries they assist. Promoting greater development for all they reduce the potential for conflict. They allow countries to stand on their own feet in the long run. 2. That create favourable conditions for more developed countries to expand their economies into less developed countries. They increase the wealth gap in the world and this fuels dissent between countries. They interfere with the sovereignty of nations and create a form of economic and political colonialism. Are these statements too polarized to be true?

Case study The "Jungle" in Calais, France

1. The "Jungle" is the term given to an encampment of asylum seekers and migrants outside Calais, in northern France. 2. There have been a number of camps around Calais since 1999, with a population of up to 7,000 at certain times. 3. Many of the migrants have attempted illegally to enter the UK from these camps by stowing away on lorries, cars, trains and boats. 4. Conditions in the camps are poor. The camps have been described as a shanty town in an HIC. At different times, the French authorities have destroyed the camps but the residents find new locations. 5. In 2016 the French authorities provided 125 shipping containers for 1,500 migrants to live in. These were used on the sand dunes as no permanent housing could be built there. Some migrants have resisted living in the containers, preferring to try to get to Britain. 6. In 2016 the French Minister of the Economy warned that if the UK were to leave the EU, as it has voted to do, British immigration officials might not be allowed to operate in Calais, and the Jungle would have to relocate to the UK. 7. In July 2016 the Jungle contained over 7,000 migrants, more than 750 of them minors, and the camps were growing by 50 people each day. 8. The majority of migrants come from conflict-affected countries, around 2/3 of them from non-European countries such as Syria, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Kurds from Iraq. 9. Most were attempting to reach Britain rather than stay in France. 10. The camps are considered to be dangerous, especially for women. There is some access to water but sanitation is poor. Educational aids have been provided to the migrants by organizations such as Jungle Books. 11. As the camps have grown, the popularity of French right-wing groups has risen. There has been evidence of arson at the camps, racial abuse, and shopkeepers refusing to serve some asylum seekers. 12. In October 2016 French authorities began the relocation of the migrants and the demolition of the Jungle. By then charities suggested the population was up to 10,000 with around 1,300 lone children (no parents with them). 13. Under the Dubs Agreement, the UK government had agreed to allow lone children safe refuge in the UK. However, the process was said to be extremely bureaucratic, taking up to 10 hours of legal work for each child.

Describe the Arab Spring:

1. The Arab Spring was a series of pro-democracy uprisings that occurred in Muslim countries, including Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Bahrain and resulted in regime changes in these countries. Not all of the movements could nonetheless be considered successful, if the end goal was increased democracy and cultural freedom. 2. The Arab Spring began in December 2010 when Tunisian street vendor Mohammed Bouazizi set himself on fire to protest the dictatorial seizing of his vegetable stand by police over failure to obtain a permit. Bouazizi's sacrificial act served as a catalyst for the so-called Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia. 3. The street protests that ensued in Tunis, the country's capital, eventually prompted authoritarian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to abdicate his position and flee to Saudi Arabia. He had ruled the country with an iron fist for more than 20 years. 4. Activists in other countries in the region were inspired by the regime change in Tunisia—the country's first democratic parliamentary elections were held in October 2011—and began to protest similar authoritarian governments in their own nations. 5. The events in these nations generally began in the spring of 2011, which led to the name. However, the political and social impact of these popular uprisings remains significant today, years after many of them ended. 6. Some places the Arab Spring never ended and led to more authority vs. other people more freedom. Eg. Libya = oil rich country, Syria -- pretty much still unstable.

Chernobyl Accident explained:

1. The Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion occurred on Saturday, April 26, 1986 at 1:24 a.m. 2. The plant, which was comprised of four nuclear reactors, referred to as units, caught on fire after an explosion in Unit 4. The unit had been shut down earlier in the day for routine maintenance, and while this work was being done, it was decided to also perform a series of precautionary tests. However, complications arose that resulted in two explosions in Unit 4 after the reactor experienced a power surge and overheated. 3. The core and roof were destroyed, and fires quickly spread throughout the complex. 4. The two major radioisotopes that were released were 131Iodine, which has a half-life of 8 days and 137Cesium, which has a half-life of 30 years. 5. Approximately 400,000 evacuees left highly contaminated areas at some point between 1986 and 1987. In addition, 5 million people in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia live in areas that have been deemed to be contaminated. 6. The WHO states that the average annual dose of radiation worldwide due to background radiation is along the lines of 2.4 mSv. It is believed that in the period from 1986 to 2005, the average effective dose that people received in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia from Chernobyl was 10-30 mSv. Those who were exposed to highly contaminated areas had an average effective dose of 50 mSv 7. mSv represent milli Sievert - a metric unit for measuring radiation levels 8. The global average annual dose that most people received due to Chernobyl was around 1 mSv, lower than the world wide average of 2.4 mSv.

G7....G8....G20

1. The Group of Seven (G7) and the Group of Twenty (G20) are informal governance clubs, which hold annual Summits of Heads of State to discuss issues of global importance. 2. The G7 is a more homogenous, intimate group, which has been meeting for decades. 3. It is a subset - a club in the club - of the newer and more diverse G20, which represents the emerging multi-polar world order. 4. (Another smaller club in the G20 club is the BRICS, an alliance of emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa = alternative to a G7 - cooperate in different ways, including the NDB = new development bank = Chinese funded development bank) 5. The agendas of the two clubs overlap, with the G7 generally engaging in more political and security-related issues than the G20, which primarily focuses on global economic and finance governance. 6. The G7 is comprised of industrialized, democratic member countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan, and Germany. 7. The Group, which first met as the G6 in 1975 to address the oil crisis and recession, were united in their opposition to the Soviet Union and the larger Eastern bloc. 8. Canada and Russia joined in 1976 and 1998, respectively. 9. Following the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea, the G7 nations suspended Russia's membership. 10. The G20 is comprised of the G7 countries, twelve countries of growing global economic and political importance, plus the European Union (EU). 11. In 1999, it was launched at the level of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors and, then, in 2008, at the Heads of State level.

HPI

1. The Human Poverty Index (HPI) measures deprivation in the same dimensions of basic human development as the HDI. 2. It is divided into two indices, HPI-1 and HPI-2. 3. The HPI-1 measures poverty in LICs. It focuses on deprivations in three dimensions: • Longevity — as measured by the probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 • Knowledge — as measured by the adult illiteracy rate • Living standards, public and private — as measured by the percentage of people without sustainable access to drinking water, without access to health services, and the percentage of children underweight for their age. 4. HPI-2 Because human deprivation varies with the social and economic conditions of a community, a separate index, the HPI-2, has been devised to measure human poverty in selected OECD countries, drawing on the greater availability of data. 5. The HPI-2 focuses on deprivation in the same three dimensions as the HPI-1 and one additional one, social exclusion: • Longevity — as measured by the probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 • Knowledge — as measured by the adult functional illiteracy rate • Living standards — as measured by the percentage of people living below the income poverty line • Social exclusion — as measured by the long-term unemployment rate (12 months or more).

Kuznets Curve

1. The Kuznets curve represents Simon Kuznets's theory. Initially the curve was developed to show how economic inequality changes as a country develops. However, the curve has also been applied to show how environmental degradation changes over time. It basically says in the early stage of development the main priority of any country is development. However, after a certain standard of living is reached (the tipping point) there is an increased emphasis on pollution, both by individuals, countries and companies. At this point the investment in the environment increases and the quality of the environment increases. The emphasis on the environment increases for a number of reasons including: A) People have a comfortable standard of living B) People have increased leisure time and disposable income C) People have increased awareness of environmental issues (news, education) D) People spend more time enjoying the environment (holiday, sport, recreation, etc.)

Describe the IMF Debt relief program

1. The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) was adopted by the IMF in late 2005. This initiative puts into action a debt relief proposal initially advanced by the G-8 in June 2005, which called for the cancellation of 100 percent of the claims of three multilateral institutions--the IMF, the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank, and the African Development Fund (AfDF)--on countries that have reached, or will eventually reach, the completion point under the enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC Initiative). 2. The IMF Executive Board modified the G-8's proposal to meet the requirement, specific to the IMF, that the institution's resources be used in an evenhanded manner across its membership, consistent with the principle of uniformity of treatment. Thus, it was agreed that all member countries (whether HIPC or non-HIPC) with per capita income US$380 a year or less would be eligible for MDRI debt relief from the IMF's resources. The remaining HIPCs with per capita income above that threshold would be eligible for MDRI relief from an existing pool of funds administered by the IMF but originally contributed by individual countries. The implementation modalities of the MDRI in the Fund were approved by the Executive Board in November 2005 (see Press Release 05/164). 3. On December 21, 2005, the Executive Board assessed which eligible countries qualified for the MDRI (see Press Release 05/286).; and on January 6, 2006, the IMF turned commitment into action when it delivered MDRI debt relief—amounting to US$3.4 billion--to an initial group of 19 countries1. Other countries are eligible and the IMF is helping them make rapid progress to qualify. Total debt relief by the IMF under the MDRI is expected to be over US$5 billion.

Drones are often used as global surveillance tools:

1. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has acquired 5 new AGS (Alliance Ground Surveillance) "Global Hawk" unmanned surveillance drones. Global security company Northrop Grumman manufactured the drones in a contract worth $1.7 billion. 2. The Global Hawks do not have attack capabilities. They will be used for protection of ground forces, crisis management, peace support missions, border and maritime security, and humanitarian assistance. They can be operated from far distances and in any weather condition. 3. 15 allies including Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and the United States are involved in acquiring the drones and all 28 NATO member countries will have access to the surveillance data starting sometime between 2017-2018. 4. Threat to economic and social sovereignty for countries that are under surveillance as they are harder to detect. However, they enhance the sovereignty of the US (as they alert them to any security threats and smuggling) = 8km away you can tell face features. Drones are not only used for surveillance, but also for the delivery of weapons. 5. However, it is relatively cheap and does not risk human life inside of them. They can be controlled remotely (from home - country) and speed is a lot greater.

What Is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)? Why did OPEC come into existence? Why has OPEC's share of global oil production fallen from 50% to less than ⅓? What happens to OPEC's power as non-member countries become more energy secure? Will OPEC ever regain its market share?

1. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is a cartel consisting of 13 of the world's major oil-exporting nations. 2. OPEC aims to regulate the supply of oil in order to set the price on the world market. 3. The arrival of fracking technology for natural gas in the U.S. has reduced OPEC's ability to control the world market. 4. The organization was established in 1960 by its founding members Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. 5. While OPEC does ensure that there is a steady supply of oil in the global market, it has come under fire for holding considerable power in the industry, which allows it to keep prices as high as possible.

Other reasons?

1. The Russian navy's Black Sea fleet was based at Sevastopol and the lease was due to expire in the next couple of years. 2. Russia and Ukraine had been in disputes about rights to run gas pipelines through Crimea. 3. Russia was providing 30% of Europe gas. NATO and the EU wanted to reduce dependency on Russian gas and oil in the interest of energy security. 4. Russia gained control of gas and oil production and reserves offshore from Crimea.

Russia claims they were liberating ethnic Russians trapped in the Crimea. Were there other reasons?

1. The Russian navy's Black Sea fleet was based at Sevastopol and the lease was due to expire in the next couple of years. 2. Russia and Ukraine had been in disputes about rights to run gas pipelines through Crimea. 3. Russia was providing 30% of Europe gas. NATO and the EU wanted to reduce dependency on Russian gas and oil in the interest of energy security. 4. Russia gained control of gas and oil production and reserves offshore from Crimea.

CSR + SDG ??

1. The Sustainable Development Goals are reframing the discussion of Corporate Social Responsibility. By developing and delivering solutions for the achievement of the SDGs, companies will discover new growth opportunities and lower their risk profiles. 2. Given that every tourism destination relies on a well-functional society, a healthy environment and a stable economy, the private sector has a large role to play in ensuring all three of these conditions. 3. Businesses aim to generate profit, take care of the environment they operate in, and create a positive social impact and often through their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programmes. 4. SDGs can be used as an overarching framework to shape, steer, communicate and report your strategies, goals and activities, allowing you to capitalize on a range of benefits.

Western Union

1. The Western Union was originally a telegraph company, which changed into a transfer company for money. 2. Helping temporary cititzens, such as filipino maids send money back home. 3. This is a very useful alternative to bank transfers and useful to LIC's with lower access to banks and financial services. 4. Remittance flows = second largest financial flow with the biggest being loans (Global remittances are at $702 billion according to the WORLD BANK = more than double the value of 10 years ago) are more than twice the worth of international aid. 5. Hence, the Western Union has joined the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) to help communities and fund community development in homecountries.

Food miles and a Christmas dinner

1. The concept of food miles describes how far food has travelled before it appears on a plate. However, it is also important to consider how the food has been transported and even packaged; frozen food, for example, has higher energy costs. 2. Critics also argue that transport cost is only part of the environmental impact of food production - there could be other costs such as reduction in biodiversity, eutrophication, decreased water quality and increased risk of flooding. 3. The ingredients of a traditional Christmas meal bought from a supermarket may have cumulatively travelled more than 23,000 miles, or 38,000 kilometres, according to the report Eating Oil (2004). 4. Buying the ingredients in a London supermarket, the report found that poultry could have been imported from Thailand and travelled nearly 17,000 kilometres, runner beans could have come from Zambia (nearly 8,000 kilometres), carrots from Spain (1,600 kilometres), mangetout from Zimbabwe (over 8,000 kilometres), potatoes from Italy (2,400 kilometres), and sprouts from Britain, where they were transported around the country before reaching the shop (200 kilometres) (Figure 6.15). 5. By the time trucking to and from warehouses to stores was added, the total distance the food had travelled was more than 38,000 kilometres - the equivalent of travelling around the world once. 6. Transporting ingredients such great distances makes food supplies vulnerable.

CASE STUDY: The Ukrainian crisis

1. The crisis in Ukraine began in November 2013, with protests in Kiev following President Yanukovych's rejection of a deal for greater integration with the European Union. 2. State forces tried to stop the protests but, in the weeks that followed, the protesters increased in number. 3. In March 2014 Russian troops gained control of the Crimean region following a disputed referendum in which Crimea voted to join Russia. 4. The Russian president Vladamir Putin had said that Crimea needed to be part of a "strong and stable sovereignty" and that could only be Russia. 5. In May 2014 pro-Russian separatists in Donetsk and Luhansk, in eastern Ukraine, declared independence from Ukraine. 6. In the conflict that followed, over 9,000 people were killed and 1.1 million Ukrainians became refugees. 7. The Ukraine government and NATO reported the build-up of Russian troops and artillery close to Donetsk, and Russian shelling of locations close to its border. 8. By July 2014, the conflict had become an international crisis, with the EU and the USA speaking out against Russia. 9. Dutch air accident investigators concluded that the shooting down of a Malaysian Airlines flight over Ukrainian airspace was carried out with Russian-built surface-to-air missiles provided by Russia to the separatists. 10. The conflict has increased tensions between Russia and both the EU and the USA. 11. These tensions may intensify if Russia expands its presence in Ukraine or into a NATO country. 12. Economic sanctions are said to have cost Russia some €100 billion.

The Rana Plaza Disaster (AFTERMATH):

1. The effect of Rana Plaza rippled out into all of Bangladesh's garment manufacturing sectors, an industry that comprises 80% of the country's exports. Exports make up 20% of Bangladesh's economy according to Bloomberg, making Bangladesh the second-largest exporter of garments in the world behind China. 2. Following the disaster, companies receiving goods from Bangladesh were viewed as a potential contributor to human rights violations. Protests were waged against companies like Gap, despite the fact that Gap didn't actually receive garments from Rana Plaza. The incident sparked a sudden surge of consciousness surrounding the working conditions in Bangladesh, where Gap was one of the largest producers of ready-made garments. 3. The reaction of companies is important to note. Before the disaster, CSR plans concerning the Bangladesh factories were discussed but rarely monitored. In the aftermath, companies that manufactured goods in Bangladesh, whether at Rana Plaza or other factories, had to react. This led many major retailers, from Abercrombie & Fitch to British retailer Tesco PLC, to sign an accord aimed at compensating the families of workers who died at Rana Plaza and increasing safety inspections and standards at factories around the country. 4. In all, more than 260 companies signed the Bangladesh Accord on Fire and Building Safety, formed within weeks after the disaster. It is sometimes referred to as the "European" initiative, as its members include several top European brands. 5. But several companies delayed, including Wal-Mart, Target, Kohl's, J.C. Penney and 22 other prominent North American retailers. Their lack of commitment was perceived as an attempt to duck responsibility, according to a Stanford University report on the effect of Rana Plaza. Within two months, the remaining companies that had not signed the accord formed a separate task force, the "Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety," with a goal to improve working conditions.

Where does the idea of "Human development" come from?

1. The human development approach, developed by the economist Mahbub Ul Haq, is anchored in Amartya Sen's work on human capabilities, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include: A) Beings: well fed, sheltered, healthy B) Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. C) Freedom of choice is central: someone choosing to be hungry (during a religious fast say) is quite different to someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food. 2. As the international community seeks to define a new development agenda post-2015, the human development approach remains useful to articulating the objectives of development and improving people's well-being by ensuring an equitable, sustainable and stable planet. 3. The Human Development approach is the backdrop for the SDG's

Why do companies choose to produce overseas?

1. The main factor is usually reduced production costs: A) Lower wages B) Possibly less stringent safety regulations, allowing companies to externalize some costs C) Tax breaks or other incentives D) Possibly less stringent environmental regulations, allowing companies to externalise some cost 2. Other factors may include: A) Access to growing regional markets B) Closer to sources of raw material C) Increasingly skilled regional labour supply = race to the bottom = don't have to deal with negative externalities.

Will covid kill globalisation? (8)

1. The pandemic has disrupted the movement of goods, people and capital around the globe. 2. But even without COVID-19 another pillar of globalization would be facing challenges. 3. The flow of data across borders. The great firewall of china has kept out the likes of google and facebook for years and president trump's recent attacks on tiktok and wechat are deepening this splinter net between china and the west. 4. The decoupling of chinese and american tech also extends to hardware. This is likely to lead to two worlds a china-dominated world and an america-dominated world on technology and software and ultimately we will have less innovation. 5. The unpicking of globalization may accelerate on a number of fronts, irrespective of when COVID-19 is brought under control and this could be bad news for developing countries such as india. 6. The globalization boom allowed countries in southeast asia to rise to middle-income status, but the likes of india may miss out on this. There is a concern that we may see a leap frogging in countries that are emerging the way that china had a chance to put its massive population to work in factories. There is a worry that for developing countries that are just emerging at that stage that the world may move to a post-industrial economy and leave them behind this is a genuine concern 7. And they are not the only people who stand to lose out from deglobalization. In rich countries like the us and britain those most in favor of reigning in globalization could suffer the most. As economic nationalism will not prove to be a silver bullet. It's very likely that uh policies of de-globalization or economic nationalism that try to bring the factories back will discover that you can bring the factories back but you can't bring the jobs back that's because when the factories are brought back almost always they will be more highly automated than they were in china. But even as the world becomes more de-globalized some of the biggest winners from globalization will endure. 8. Big digital companies like netflix, google and facebook will keep getting bigger. With the pandemic accelerating the trend towards shopping online companies following the amazon model of fast direct delivery will also do well.

Selected North Korean Prison Camp Locations

1. The percent incarceration rate in N Korea is unknown but suspected to be quite high , with a large proportion of political prisoners. 2. The conditions in the prison camps are reported to be very severe.

What is Debt Relief?

1. The reorganization of debt in any shape or form, so as to provide the indebted party with a measure of relief, either fully or partially, from a huge debt burden. Debt relief can take a number of forms: reducing the outstanding principal amount (either partly or fully), lowering the interest rate on loans due, extending the term of the loan and so on. 2. Creditors may only be willing to consider debt relief measures when the repercussions of debt default by the indebted party or parties are perceived as being so severe that debt mitigation is a better alternative. Debt relief may be extended to any highly-indebted party, from individuals and small businesses, to large companies, municipalities and sovereign nations.

Will covid kill globalisation? (2)

1. The roots of today's heavily globalized world were put down at the end of the second world war. The allied nations created a rules-based system for international commerce and finance; designed to establish the economic foundations of peace on the bedrock of genuine international cooperation. This allowed companies' products, science and technology to move across borders. 2. Then in the 1990s the world entered an era of hyper globalization, becoming more interconnected than ever before. In this era the big new player on the scene was china which joined the world trade organization. 3. It grew to dominate global trade alongside the united states. Multinational companies thrived expanding into china and all over the globe. 4. From 1990 to 2008 the total trade in goods and services increased from 39% to 61% of world GDP. 5. This great globalization boom enabled a billion people in developing countries to lift themselves out of poverty and in the west consumers enjoyed cheaper and more accessible travel and goods.

IFF

1. The term "Illicit financial flows" (or IFF) refers to any capital movement whose origin or transfer is illegal. 2. Developing and emerging economies lose more money through illicit financial flows than they receive in foreign aid. 3. These lost funds are urgently needed to finance roads, schools and hospitals. 4. Firstly, tackling tax evasion, aggressive tax planning, and trafficking in natural resources directly contributes to Domestic Resource Mobilisation. By rooting out these forms of IFFs, governments have more public funds available to invest in education, health and infrastructure. 5. Secondly, improving legal frameworks and effectively prosecuting offenders not only helps to stem illicit financial flows but also strengthens citizens' trust in state institutions and contributes to stability. 6. Thirdly, to achieve inclusive growth, multinational corporations and wealthy citizens must pay their fair share in taxes while political elites must no longer enrich themselves at others' expense. 7. Our Global Programme "Combating Illicit Financial Flows" follows a holistic approach comprising the prevention, investigation and recovery of IFFs. 8. Those involved in crimes like poaching, tax evasion or corruption must no longer profit from their illegal activities.

The rise of anti-immigration groups

1. There are many reasons for the rise of anti-immigration groups. The main concerns of those opposed to immigration are the perceived threats over competition for jobs, and the cost of housing, education and health care. 2. In some cases, notably in LICs and MICs, environmental issues may also be a concern, as a result of rapid population growth. 3. Some argue that certain immigrant groups isolate themselves from society and refuse to integrate into mainstream society. If migrants are unable to assimilate into society, they may form ghettos. 4. Other concerns include increased crime rates and the spread of infectious diseases. 5. On the other hand, plenty of evidence suggests that migration benefits the host country. A 2014 study by economists at University College London suggested that the UK benefited from EU migrants to the amount of £20 billion/year. 6. However, the 2008 economic crisis, the euro crisis and the increase in the number of migrants from Syria, the Middle East and North Africa have combined to make many Europeans anxious about migration. This has led to an increase in right-wing political parties opposed to immigration in many European nations, including Austria, Hungary, Germany, France and the UK. 7. Many of these parties have existed for a long time, such as the Danish People's Party, France's National Front and Italy's Northern League. However, some of them have different agendas: UKIP campaigned successfully for the UK to leave the EU, although it has limited representation in parliament.

Risks to global supply-chain flows

1. There are many risks to global supply-chain flows. For example, there are risks on the supply and demand sides and operational risks. 2. Supply risks refer to the ability to meet the demand for goods in terms of quantity, quality and timing. 3. Demand risks refer to the changes in demand, possibly as a result of currency fluctuations or political relations. 4. Operational risks refer to the transport infrastructure responsible for delivering the goods. 5. Supply-chain risks are influenced by a number of factors, which might be environmental, geopolitical, economic, or technological: A) Physical environmental factors include natural disasters (earthquakes, floods), extreme weather events and epidemics. Floods in Bangladesh regularly disrupt the supply chain there, and the outbreak of Ebola in West Africa limited the movement of people and goods to and from the region. The 2011 tsunami that affected Japan had a major impact on the motor industry: up to 150,000 fewer cars were produced in the USA as a result of disruption of the supply chain for parts. Likewise, the 2011 floods in Thailand led to shortages of hard drives after up to 1,000 factories were forced to close, leading to economic losses of some $20 billion. B) Political factors include protectionism, trade restrictions, and conflict, all of which have a major impact on the supply chain. Supplies of goods from the Middle East and North Africa were severely disrupted at times following the Arab Spring protests. The conflict in Ukraine has led to sanctions against Russia, and these reduce flows of goods. Governments with poor political or economic stability may take decisions (such as resource nationalism) that cause much uncertainty among investors. C) Economic factors include currency fluctuations and trade restrictions imposed by governments. Rising interest rates can cause havoc for firms that require goods at cheap prices. Debt crises in Europe among the PIIGS countries (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) provided much economic uncertainty to risk managers. Countries with strong trade unions and/or a history of strikes may threaten global supply chains. D) Technological factors include disruption to transport networks and ICT networks. Transport infrastructure failures are unusual, but ICT reliability is an issue. 6. Managing supply chains is a difficult business and many companies do not take out adequate insurance to cover potential losses. A survey in 2013 found that more than 3/4 of companies had experienced supply-chain disruption within the previous two years.

CASE STUDY: Political change in Myanmar/Burma

1. There has been considerable political change in Myanmar, from the decades of authoritarian military rule to the democratic election of Aung San SuuKyi of the National League for Democracy party in November 2015, and her swearing in as president in March 2016. 2. Nevertheless, there are still many important challenges ahead, notably for Myanmar's ethnic Rohingya community and for minority religious groups. 3. The military still have a disproportionate share of parliamentary seats. 4. Many important, difficult decisions have been left for the new government, and there is no guarantee that they will succeed. 5. In the elections, over 6,000 candidates represented more than 90 political parties. 6. However, 75 candidates were disqualified for failing to meet citizenship or residence criteria, including all the Rohingya candidates and most Muslims. 7. Ahead of the elections, former president TheM Sein signed a ceasefire agreement with eight ethnic groups but a further seven failed to sign the agreement. 8. In July 2015 Myanmar's parliament debated four laws to "protect race and religion" but Amnesty International and the International Court of Justice condemned them all. 9. The laws were: A) the Religious Conversion Bill — to make anyone who wants to change their religion have to go through a state-governed body. B) the Buddhist Women's Special Marriage Bill — to specifically target and regulate the marriage of Buddhist women with men from other religions. C) the Population Control Healthcare Bill — to establish a three-year "birth spacing" interval for women between births C) the Monogamy Bill — to criminalize extramarital relationships.

How does Microfinance work?

1. There's a movement underway to provide better financial services to people that banks don't serve. These services are collectively called microfinance. 2. One of the most powerful facets of microfinance is microcredit or small loans. Microfinance institutions in many countries offer loans of a few hundred dollars at a time to people in need. Sometimes this is all it takes to help a person become profitably self-employed, their business can provide valuable goods and services to their community, and proceeds from their business can support them and their family and allow them to pay back their loan. 3. Loans are also sometimes used for housing education or to create other opportunities for people to improve their lives. 4. Microfinance institutions can also provide savings accounts and insurance to their clients allowing them to manage risk more effectively 5. If bad weather, illness or other unforeseen events disrupt a client's business savings or insurance can help keep their livelihood intact 6. While microfinance can be very successful in combating poverty it isn't a complete solution - other tools such as literacy classes, investments in infrastructure and legal reforms are also very important.

A T Kearney Globalisation Index

1. This is a "composite" index, combining a variety of measures in 4 categories of global interaction: a) Economic Integration b) Personal Contact c) Technological Connectivity d) Political Engagement 2. A T Kearney is in the business of providing investment advice to companies and individual investors. The purpose of their index is to advise investors as to how connected a country is to the global economy

Reasons for offshoring

1. To take advantage of lower wage and production costs or avoiding taxes (eg. tax incentives). 2. Enter a new market eg. moving manufacture from Detroit to Mexico = often MIC's because they are expanding their middle-class and wealth. = a greater market for potential products. 3. Use resources that might not be available in the domestic country (eg. China is close to the resources needed = save costs) 4. To overcome regulations = eg. lower health standards.

Trade Blocs and Trade

1. Trade is all about selling goods and services. 2. Countries compete in the international market, but they can also cooperate. One way of cooperation is through trade blocs. These are groups of countries that believe cooperation brings wealth and hence drop certain trade barriers (eg. by removing tariffs of imported goods from members). 3. A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.

National trade restrictions

1. Trade restrictions are a form of protectionism: most trade restrictions place an additional charge on traded goods to make home goods more competitive. 2. In extreme cases there may be trade wars between countries. 3. Most economists would argue that trade restrictions increase inefficiency and lead to less choice for consumers, although they may help a country to industrialize. 4. Trade barriers have been criticized as well, as they often affect LICs. Taxes on imports and subsidies to HICs producers may result in overproduction in HIC and dumping in LICs. 5. Protectionism reduces trade between countries. This may be achieved through taxes on imports (tariffs), limits on the volume of imports (quotas), administrative barriers (for example, food safety, environmental standards), subsidies to home producers as well as anti-dumping legislation and campaigns to buy nationally produced goods. 6. Since the end of the Second World War, most HICs have eliminated protectionist policies and tried to embrace free trade, or at least free trade within a trading bloc. However, according to the Global Trade Alert, 70% of the 20 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) nations have imposed restrictive trade policies in response to the global economic slowdown since 2008. For example, in 2015 the USA imposed a 256% tariff on Chinese steel and a 522% tariff on cold-rolled steel used in vehicle manufacturing. Protectionist policies have been on the increase in many OECD countries. Almost all G20 countries have introduced protectionism in basic metals.

But do they represent a loss of sovereignty or enhanced sovereignty?

1. US Drones Patrolling Canadian Border - More loss of sovereignty for Canadians 2.

More Part a Style questions:

1. Using examples, explain how cultural imperialism may result in the modification of a country's culture. 2. Using examples, analyse how technological innovations are resulting in a "shrinking planet". 3. Using examples, analyse how the physical environment may influence the extent to which a country is globalised. 4. Using examples, explain the role of social entrepreneurship in closing the development gap between countries. 5. Using examples, explain how governments may limit the participation of their citizens in global interactions. 6. Using examples, explain how the global relocation of industries may impact the natural environment. 7. Using an example(s), explain how civil society may attempt to raise awareness of the environmental consequences associated with global interactions. 8. Using examples, explain how global flows have increased localized pollution. 9. Using examples, explain how the global shift of industries has increased localized environmental degradation. 10. Using examples, discuss some of the threats to personal freedoms resulting from the global spread of information technology. 11. Using examples, explain how social entrepreneurship may address the development gap between countries. 12. Using examples, discuss the socio-economic impacts of consumers favouring local sourcing of food and goods.

What Can Be Outsourced?

1. Virtually any task that can be done in-house can also be outsourced. Most business owners choose outsourcing as a means to have a "virtual" employee available to handle jobs that do not yet warrant a full-time, or even part-time employee. 2. Depending upon the specific type of business, you might consider using an outsource contractor or company to handle tasks such as: Accounting and/or bookkeeping, Human Resources (HR), Customer service, Technical Support, Design work, Web development, Social media marketing, Writing for blogs or other content pieces, Creating presentations (such as PowerPoint or Keynote), etc.

Environmental issues linked with the global shift of industry: Polluting manufacturing industries

1. Western nations have long been siting their polluting industries in developing countries, often with disastrous consequences. 2. In 1984 the American-owned Union Carbide company released toxic gas from its pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, killing thousands. 3. The shift of manufacturing industries from HICs to emerging economies, including the BRICS, has resulted in widespread pollution of air, water and soil, and impacts on the health of residents who live there. 4. HICs have more robust green laws, greater social supervision and more effective governments; pollution emissions are higher in NICs, where environmental regulations and their enforcement are weaker. 5. These less regulated environments give richer nations a chance to export their waste and pollution. 6. The environmental vulnerability of LICs and NICs to pollution is as a result of their underdeveloped systems as well as their need for the economic benefits of the polluting industries.

The EU is trying to reduce corporate tax avoidance:

1. What are the benefits of being tougher on corporate tax? 2. What are the problems of being tougher on corporate taxes? 1. 1 in 5 euro is lost to corporate tax avoidance. Billions of euro are lost that could be used for schools, hospitals, security, boosting jobs and growth. 2. Europeans end up paying higher taxes to compensate this loss. 3. Therefore, we are building a better tax system in Europe. This Corporate Tax Avoidance package presents a coordinated EU wide response to corporate tax avoidance, following global standards developed by the OECD - Message by Commissioner Pierre Moscovici 4. The fight against corporate tax avoidance is one of our top priorities because we all pay the price when certain companies abuse loopholes in the system to avoid taxation billions of tax. 5. Jurors are lost that could be used for public services like schools hospitals security and to boost jobs and growth. 6. Europeans end up paying higher taxes to compensate for this lost revenue and the majority of business that do pay their fair share lose out to dishonest competitors. 7. But if the EU gets too tough with the companies = the countries may move out as well -- as seen with the many anti-EU movements currently = difficult to make hard stances and for transparency.

Summary how the international community has responded to the Chernobyl accident.

1. With globalization comes the increasing likelihood that accidents, including nuclear accidents, will occur, with impacts crossing national boundaries or presenting challenges beyond the capacity of individual states. Natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes remind us of the high level of coordination and commitment required to respond effectively to such events. One can hardly celebrate the success of the international community in responding to the [[Chernobyl] accident] 20 years after the event. 2. Declining resources of gas and oil, the recognition of global climate change induced by burning of fossil fuels, and the threat of deliberate cessation of energy supply are forcing many countries to rethink the role of nuclear power in energy supply. As a salutary example of nuclear technology failure, the Chernobyl accident should give pause for thought. Clearly, rational decisions on future energy policy need to be made in light of the risks that alternative strategies incur. It is important to recognize that the accident happened in a reactor lacking secondary containment and that adequate precautions to protect public health were not always taken after the accident.

What is the NEW DEVELOPMENT BANK?

1. With the establishment of their own bank, BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) wanted to make a statement: No longer would they be dependent on the World Bank and the IMF. The New Development Bank has opened for business. 2. The New Development Bank (NDB) is a multilateral development bank (MDB) established by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) with the objective of financing infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies and developing countries.

What the WB does and what some of the criticisms are of the WB:

1. With thousands of employees and 189 member countries, the World Bank is one of the most powerful institutions in the world—funneling billions of dollars every year into ending global poverty. 2. But as the World Bank has grown larger, it has also become more dysfunctional. 3. High-budget projects with little oversight have reportedly led to corruption, cover-ups and severe unintended consequences. 4. The bank's two stated goals are to reduce extreme poverty, that is, people living on less than roughly $2 a day, and to raise incomes of the poorest 40 percent of the population. 5. According to 2015 Investigative report, nearly three and a half million people have been displaced over the last decade to make room for World Bank funded projects. 6. For instance in 2007, the bank loaned nearly $70 million dollars to Kenya's national forest service for a conservation project. However, Kenyan authorities reportedly used the money to forcefully evict thousands of indigenous people who had been living in the project area. Between 2007 and 2014, up to a thousand indigenous homes had been ransacked or burned to the ground. 7. Representatives from the World Bank have acknowledged flaws in their involuntary resettlement program, but have yet to make any major changes. This isn't the only criticism of the World Bank. Many allege that loans to developing countries end up in the pockets of corrupt leaders. Others criticize the way the institution is governed, which gives considerable power to a small number of Western countries.

Disadvantages of KOF

1. cultural globalization mostly refers to the domination of U.S. cultural products. Arguably, the United States is the trend-setter in much of the global socio-cultural realm 2. less economic focus than Kearney and therefore less useful as investment advice tool for companies 3. Smaller countries seem to be over-represented at the top of the rankings suggesting there may be some bias in how the final values are calculated. Eg distances to neighboring countries are short making it easier to engage in foreign travel (eg Belgium), or there are few places to visit at home (Luxembourg). 4. Relevance of using international mail seems low given the rise of e-mail and the Internet. Also, trade in books and newspapers is falling in many places due to the rise of e-books and online news sites. 5. Trade calculations often ignore the informal economy which can account for a large proportion of actual trade.

Apple

1. electronic company2. 74% (early on in the supply chain, before it goes to the shops) of Apple's carbon footprint is manufacturing.3. Emissions are roughly equal to Jordan. Annual revenue is 64 billion - the GDP of Bulgaria is 65 billion.4. Climate plan deals with sales & distribution (at the shops) not the manufacturing.

10. Suggest why relations between China and Japan may lead to military conflict in the future.

10. China and Japan have become investment competitors within Asia. There is competition to build transport infrastructure and industrial supremacy in Asia. Moreover, both countries have built up their defence export industries. There is a possibility of this competition spilling over into military conflict. Both China and Japan have increased their military capacity to protect their overseas investments. There is also growing concern that China's military might respond to a perceived threat in the South China Sea and initiate a conflict in the region.

2. Describe the main forms of identity theft.

2. There are a number of types of identity theft. Trashing is the retrieval of documents from rubbish bins or obtained during a burglary. Phishing relied on emails to trick people into revealing personal and financial information. Spear phishing occurs when highly personalised e-mails are sent to specific targets. Pharming or spoofing refers to information that appears relevant to the recipient, and encourages them to open an email. Smishing is the sending of text messages to potential victims. Vishing refers to messages sent by voice that are designed to corrupt the recipient's voicemail and phone. Data can also be collected from lost or stolen laptops or from discarded laptops that have not been wiped clean.

5. Outline the main differences in the carbon footprint for goods with that of the carbon footprint for food.

5. The flow of foodstuffs around the world has its own carbon footprint and link the main producers and consumers. Most countries in the world are linked with food production and consumption. In contrast, the largest carbon footprint associated with the flow of goods mainly links east Asia (China as a net exporter) with North America, Europe and Japan (net importers) and the Middle East and west Asia/Russia (neutral). The Southern Hemisphere accounts for none of the world's largest flow of CO2 associated with the transfer of goods.

6. Explain how population flows contribute to carbon footprints.

6. Population flows have an impact of carbon footprints. For example, in the USA, CO2 emissions of the average immigrant (legal or illegal) in the USA are 18 per cent lower than those of the average native-born American; immigrants produce four times more CO2 than they would have in their countries of origin; legal immigrants have a much larger impact than illegal immigrants because they have higher incomes and higher resulting emissions, and are more numerous.

7. Briefly outline the advantages and disadvantages of drones.

7. Drones have many advantages: they can be used for surveillance in natural and man-made disasters, to survey damage, locate victims, help the police search for lost children and monitor large crowds. They can be used to make structural surveys of buildings, to monitor environmental conditions and to provide farmers with information. However, concerns exist about the use of drones for military manoeuvres and for surveillance. Drones used in war are operated far from the conflict zone and may thus desensitize armed personnel to war and killing. In addition, drones have caused many civilian fatalities.

8. Briefly outline the advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing.

8. 3D printers have great potential in engineering, medicine, the military, construction, architecture, education and the computing industries. In 3D printing it is possible to use a variety of different materials. 3D printing allows manufacturers to create complex 3D objects in a short time. There is little waste involved, as products are built up rather than reduced in size. In addition, designs can be transferred over the internet. However, 3D printing technology poses risks. The lack of legislation and regulations concerning the technology means that it can be used to create weapons, parts of weapons, guns, knives and counterfeit goods. Internationally, where gun controls are strict and real firearms less easily available, the impact of this may be great. Critics argue that 3D printing will replace labour in increasingly complex tasks, as technology already has with ATMs, online banking, mobile payment systems and so on.

What is a bond?

A bond is a fixed income instrument that represents a loan made by an investor to a borrower (typically corporate or governmental). A bond could be thought of as an I.O.U. between the lender and borrower that includes the details of the loan and its payments.

Common example of glocalization:

A common example is the modifications to McDonalds menu in different countries

Variables used for KOF Index of Globalization

A. Economic Globalization [36%] i) Actual Flows (50%) Trade (percent of GDP) (21%) Foreign Direct Investment, stocks (percent of GDP) (28%) Portfolio Investment (percent of GDP) (24%) Income Payments to Foreign Nationals (percent of GDP) (27%) ii) Restrictions (50%) Hidden Import Barriers (24%) Mean Tariff Rate (27%) Taxes on International Trade (percent of current revenue) (26%) Capital Account Restrictions (23%) B. Social Globalization [37%] i) Data on Personal Contact (34%) Telephone Traffic (25%) Transfers (percent of GDP) (3%) International Tourism (26%) Foreign Population (percent of total population) (21%) International letters (per capita) (24%) ii) Data on Information Flows (35%) Internet Users (per 1000 people) (33%) Television (per 1000 people) (36%) Trade in Newspapers (percent of GDP) (31%) iii) Data on Cultural Proximity (31%) Number of McDonald's Restaurants (per capita) (45%) Number of Ikea (per capita) (45%) Trade in books (percent of GDP) (10%) C. Political Globalization [26%] Embassies in Country (25%) Membership in International Organizations (28%) Participation in U.N. Security Council Missions (22%) International Treaties (26%)

Questions you should be able to answer from last year (3): 3. Why is the HDI preferable to a single indicator?

Advantages of using the HDI 1. HDI is a composite indicator and uses 2 types of social data (health and education) and 1 type of economic data which means that the measure uses a broad range of information and is not tied up with only one measure. This is a much more accurate measure. 2. The information is updated annually and collected by a range of people who ensure that the data is as accurate as possible.

What is affirmative action?

Affirmative Action = the practice or policy of favouring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously (aka positive dicrimination)

Did cyber attacks influence the Brexit referendum? (2)

Cambridge Analytica is accused of phising for the Brexit Campaign, where it used Facebook Data to target people who feel sympathetic of leaving the EU. Bombarding them with incentives to go voting. Whistleblowers came out and said that Cambridge Analytica acquired this access and came out to reveal the info. They came up with an aggregate Intelligence Quotient, a scoring system for political views. But the British government is not going down this legal route, as they're probably using it themselves and don't want it uncovered. RESOURCE: Aggregate Intelligence quotients and Brexit = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQ0bFAgTGwk

OPEC is called a cartel. What is a cartel?

Cartel definitions: 1. A cartel is a group of apparently independent producers whose goal is to increase their collective profits by means of price fixing, limiting supply, or other restrictive practices. Cartels typically control selling prices, but some are organized to control the prices of purchased inputs. 2. A cartel is an organization created from a formal agreement between a group of producers of a good or service to regulate supply in an effort to regulate or manipulate prices. 3. An association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition. How are the above definitions similar?

Crowdsourcing for change

Change.org.....crowdsourcing for change (clicktivism) = click to join an organisation. Examples of Change.org petitions https://www.change.org/petitions Over 100 million people around the world have signed petitions on Change.org. Nearly every hour, a petition and the supporters behind it, achieve victory. Examples of these petitions include the victories of (a): 1. New anti-bullying law protects millions of students in the US. 2. New education law enables all students to afford textbooks in Spain. 3. New law requires supermarkets to donate unsold food in France

Case Study- Transboundary Pollution - "One transboundary pollution case study including the consequences and possible responses":

Chernobyl Accident *** REMEMBER the entire unit we did on Global Climate Change? That of course is a massive case study of transboundary pollution....CO2. When we looked at Climate Change, we of course look at the "consequences" and "responses". The consequences and responses are global in scale How is climate change a product of global interactions (globalisation)?

Core Areas

Core Areas: These are economically important and attract investment, capital and people. For the purpose of this section we will consider MEDCs like the US, Canada, Western Europe and Japan to be the core areas. By their very nature core areas attract capital, investment, resources and people through things like FDI, debt repayment and repatriation of profits. However, flows of capital can also go from core areas to peripheral areas in the forms of FDI, loans, aid and remittances.

(b) Examine the reasons for the rejection of globalized production. (16 marks)

Critics of globalized production argue that it leads to increased cost of transport (air miles), higher costs of inputs, smaller profit margins (especially for suppliers or small-scale producers), increased environmental costs (e.g. soil erosion, decreased water quality), and discourages local producers. Critics also argue that workers are unfairly treated (e.g. low wages, poor working conditions) and that it leads to resource depletion. Good answers are likely to examine a range of reasons for the rejection of globalized production. They are likely to consider the view that many people benefit from globalized production. Good answers are likely to identify a variety of stakeholders/different views of globalized production. Good answers are likely to consider recent changes in policies regarding nationalism and protectionism. For Band C (5-8 marks), expect a description of the reasons for the rejection of globalized production. For Band D (9-12 marks), expect either a more detailed description of the reasons for the rejection/acceptance of globalized production (do not expect balance) or a structured examination of different factors that influence the rejection of globalized production. For Band E (13-16 marks), expect both.

Negative impacts of Agrochemicals (2)

Cultural Eutrophication = nutrients in an ecosystem reaching an excessive level and causing an ecological shift . Fertiliser run-off from farms can cause "cultural eutrophication". = result in growth of algae, which blocks sunlight = larger plants in water start to die = material decay = changes O2 levels in water = water changes due to eutrophication = may change fish species in water = results in "succession" = changes in ecosystem occur (new plants and animals). Can create collateral damage = damaging the human habitat too.

Case Study - Immigration Laws (1)

Denmark's immigration laws 1. Denmark has some of the tightest immigration laws in Europe, even though it is party to the Schengen Agreement, which removed border checks within the EU. 2. Denmark has introduced a points system designed to make it more difficult for "family reunions" that allow foreigners into the country for marriage, imposing a minimum age of 24 years for both the Danish spouse and the immigrant, proof of financial independence, and evidence of an active commitment to Danish society. 3. A spokesperson for the British Institute of International and Comparative Law claimed that such measures are likely to be in breach of EU law in terms of ethnic and age discrimination. 4. In 2008, changes to migration policy prevented state-funded hostels from accepting foreigners who did not have permanent residence status. 5. Part of the explanation for these changes has been pressure from the Danish People's Party. 6. The Party receives about 15 per cent of the national vote, enough for it to be a member of the coalition government. 7. In 2016 the Danish government voted in favour of seizing asylum seekers' assets in order to help pay for their stay while their application for asylum is considered. 8. Valuables worth over about $1,000 would be seized on entry to the country to cover housing and food costs. 9. In addition, "family reunions" would be possible only after three years rather than one year. 10. The UN condemned the measures, claiming that they were illegal and inhumane. 11. The Danish government claimed that it was not just asylum seekers that were being targeted but anyone who wanted to qualify for social benefits. 12. Indeed, Denmark is not alone in claiming assets. 13. Switzerland takes 1,000 francs (around $700), and some German states take funds from asylum seekers. 14. In 2015, Denmark received 21,300 asylum seekers. 15. Denmark is a small nation with a population of about 6 million. 16. In one survey, 70 per cent of Danes felt that migration was the main issue facing the country.

Development Aid:

Development aid (also development assistance, international aid, overseas aid, official development assistance (ODA), or foreign aid) is financial aid given by governments and other agencies to support economic, environmental, social, and political development of developing countries.

Case Study: Empowering Women

Empowering women in Colombia 1. One of the longest armed conflicts in Latin America took place in Colombia. 2. During the conflict, women became mobilized and they have influenced new laws and policies. 3. Colombia now has more women in decision-making positions than ever before - by 2011, 32 per cent of cabinet members were women, up from just 12 per cent in 1998. 4. Girls' enrolment in secondary and tertiary education exceeds that of boys, and women's participation in the labour force increased from 30 per cent in 1990 to over 40 per cent in 2012. 5. A number of factors have helped to bring about these changes: legal reform and greater political opportunities for women, including a Bill of Rights based on equality and non-discrimination; the growth of women's social movements; international support for women's organizations, including negotiations between donor agencies and other stakeholders; and improvements in social and economic conditions in Colombia. 6. Nevertheless, there are still challenges ahead. The peace process signed in 2016 remains fragile. 7. The root causes of the conflict are inequality, access to land, and political, class and generational divisions, and these remain. 8. Progress has benefited well-educated, urban women, whereas many rural women are illiterate and poor, and continue to experience gender-based discrimination and violence.

Why is it that cities all over the world are beginning to look more and more a like?

Factors encouraging homogenisation of landscapes: 1. Time-space convergence allowing more interaction - means more communication which encourages ideas to be shared 2. Technology, especially communication - ideas may be shared more quickly International migration and the spread of ideas - as migrants move from one place to another, they bring architectural styles and ideas 3. A global elite - wealthy business people travel around the world and are willing to pay for a similar experience e.g. a chain hotel, wherever they go. This creates demand and thus homogenization 4. Global brands from TNCs and the retail experience - TNCs operate with an economy of scale. By repeating the same customer experience, they save money on marketing, advertising and design. It also allows them to present themselves as part of an aspirational lifestyle, especially in poorer countries 5. Aspirations to be part of a global network of urban centres - as cities try to encourage inward investment from TNCs, they need to demonstrate they are among the world's leading cities and therefore compete with each other 6. Standardisation of key infrastructure e.g. airports, subways, building techniques - a common language of architecture developing through multinational construction firms and global engineering and safety standards

Questions you should be able to answer from last year (2): 2. What are the advantages disadvantages of each?

For example, the GNI would be problematic as it does not look at the informal sector. It is good, however, as it looks at the $ to compare it all.

(a) Examine the progress in reducing gender inequalities. (12 marks)

Gender inequalities refer to the inequalities that exist between men and women, boys and girls. The UN's Gender Inequality Index measures gender inequalities in terms of reproductive health, gender empowerment and economic status. According to the UN, women make up a disproportionate number of the world's hungry, have limited political impact in negotiations and peace agreements, are more likely to die in natural hazards than men, earn less, and do more unpaid work, including family care. Nevertheless, some progress has been made - mainly in terms of education - whereas major inequalities persist in administrative, managerial and ministerial occupations. Good answers are likely to outline existing gender inequalities. They are likely to examine progress in reducing inequalities in some sectors. Good answers may examine the factors that enable/reduce attempts to improve gender equality such as the role of women in society, poverty in a country, war and civil unrest, any legislation promoting gender equality and the number of women in the government. For Band C (4-6 marks), expect a description of gender inequalities. For Band D (7-9 marks), expect either a more detailed description of gender inequalities, including support, or a structured examination of the reasons for gender inequalities. For Band E (10-12 marks), expect both.

Examine the geopolitical and economic risks as a result of new technology. (12 marks)

Geopolitical and economic risks include cybercrime (hacking, identity theft and the implications of surveillance for personal freedom. There are increased risks to supply chains, and the use of drones and 3D printing also bring risks for personal safety. There has been a rise in nationalism and increased geopolitical risk in recent years (e.g. Russia and Ukraine). Good answers are likely to examine a range of geopolitical and economic risks. They are likely to identify some of the benefits of new technology, and to consider the management of these new technologies (e.g.: Who decides? Who manages? Who is managed?) For Band C (6-6 marks), expect a description of the geopolitical and economic risks associated with new technology. For Band D (7-9 marks), expect either a more detailed description of the geopolitical and economic risks associated with new technology, including detailed support, or a structured examination of the factors that promote risk rather than benefits (e.g. anti-globalization sentiment). For Band E (10-12 marks), expect both.

(a) Examine the geopolitical and economic risks as a result of new technology. (12 marks)

Geopolitical and economic risks include cybercrime (hacking, identity theft and the implications of surveillance for personal freedom. There are increased risks to supply chains, and the use of drones and 3D printing also bring risks for personal safety. There has been a rise in nationalism and increased geopolitical risk in recent years (e.g. Russia and Ukraine). Good answers are likely to examine a range of geopolitical and economic risks. They are likely to identify some of the benefits of new technology, and to consider the management of these new technologies (e.g.: Who decides? Who manages? Who is managed?). For Band C (6-6 marks), expect a description of the geopolitical and economic risks associated with new technology. For Band D (7-9 marks), expect either a more detailed description of the geopolitical and economic risks associated with new technology, including detailed support, or a structured examination of the factors that promote risk rather than benefits (e.g. anti-globalization sentiment). For Band E (10-12 marks), expect both.

Glocalization of branded commodities and cultural hybribidity

Global Consumer Culture? 1. Will the emerging global culture be a consumer culture? 2. Consumer culture = a culture permeated by consumerism. 3. consumerism. 1 : the promotion of the consumer's interests. 2 : the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable; also : a preoccupation with and an inclination toward the buying of consumer goods. 4. Is it free will or do we buy something based on influence from marketing?

1B) "Physical geography is the main reason why some places are less connected than others." (16 MARKS).

Heightened connectivity changes our conception of time, distance and potential barriers to the migration of goods, people and information to make people feel closer than they did in the past. This concept of a "shrinking world effect" has been evident in many countries in resent years, however, some countries are less connected than others due to physical, economical and social factors, as well as governmental power. Niger is a country that is located in Africa it has a low GDP per capita of USD 390 and is not connected to other countries because is is landlocked. This therefore reduced the posibility of trade and communication through ocean and makes it an unaccessible and unfavorable location for people to visit. However, it can be argued that the Czech Republic is similarly a landlocked country in central Europe but is still benefiting off of globalization. This is due to the fact that it has influential neighboring countries, such as Germany, which is Europe's largest economy - and an IT infrastructure that is amongst the greatest of the world. With that being said, Niger is not disadvantaged from connectivity for physical reasons, but rather economic reasons. Physical geography also has less of an impact on the level of connectivity on imrpoved transport links, especially in the aviation sector, including 2CC's and VLA's have made it possible for more people to travel around the world and for landlocked places, like that of Niger, to be accessible. An Airbus A380 model has this capacity for more than 600 people to travel at a given time and 2CC's such as Air Asia and Batik Air in Indonesia promotes afforable finance to the less affluent segment of the market. For example, it is now possible to travel from Indonesia to Malaysia in less than USD 100. Cultural factors can also be an explanation as to why some places are less connected than others. For example, the democratic people's republic of north korea (DPRK) restrict all forms of global actions as it possess a philosphy of "Juche" which can be translated to self-reliance. For that reason, the autocratic governments utilizes propaganda to advocate the country's beliefs and promote the idea that wester culture is 'back'. Foreign visitors are banned and citizens are unable to make foreign calls. Another opposition towards globalization can also be seen in Tecoma, a suburb in melobourne, in which citizens were protected against the building of a mcdonalds outlet in 2014, as they believed that it would disrupt the commitment to sustainable and local food production. Despite these many attempts to go against globalisation through protests, and a petition that obtained 6,775 signatures, Mcdonalds was able to approach the higher victorian state and was granted approval to open an outlet. From this, one can see that both power and the beliefs of people have the ability to influence levels of connectivity. The rise of media influence in the form of TV shows and social media bloggers also have the ability to increase the level of connectivity and therefore reduce physicians barners. UK has been reported that 90-100% if countries on the Northern Hemisphere have access to the internet and the increasing use of soft power by the USA has lead to countries adopting the concept of 'americanization' and dietary homogenization, moving people to more connected areas and reducing the cultural gaps that previously existed in the future. To conclude, physcial geography used to be the reason as to why some places are less connected than others, however, the shrinking world effect through advancements in transport, infrasructure and media coverage has made physical geography an insignifcant factors towards reduced levels of connectivity. The main reasons as to why some counties are less connected are due to beliefs of the people and power of the government. In the future, one can predict that these too, will become insignificant in reducing connectifity due to the increased advancement of technology, a more progressive way of thinking and the rise of global culture.

9. Explain how the Rohingyas have become a stateless people.

In 1982 Burma's Citizenship Act created three categories of citizen: national, associate and naturalized. Full citizenship was only for national ethnic groups such Bamars, Mons and Rakhines, and for those whose ancestors had been in Burma since before the first Anglo-Burmese war (1824). The government claimed that the Rohingyas entered the country after 1948. Thus, the Rohingyas became stateless.

Describe how the project "rescues" North Koreans.

Liberty in North Korea: 1. Liberty in North Korea is an international NGO working with the North Korean people as they achieve their liberty. LiNK helps North Korean refugees escape through a 3,000-mile secret rescue route and empowers North Koreans who have reached freedom to be changemakers, advocates, and leaders on this issue. 2. Throughout their entire journey refugees are in constant danger of being arrested and repatriated. But our partners on the ground are there to ensure a refugee's safety and dignity. 3. Unprecedented border lockdowns, surveillance, and restrictions on movement through the pandemic have made it almost impossible for North Koreans to escape into China and travel through China and Southeast Asia to reach safe resettlement in other countries. → Dangerous; routes have to change constantly. If caught, they are brought back to North Korea. 4. Whereas in 2019, 1047 North Korean refugees made it to South Korea, in 2021 we project that number will be closer to 60. Amidst increased difficulties, risks, and ever-changing conditions, associated costs have also risen and become volatile.

"Physical (could also talk about politics, technological = same question but different first focus) geography is the main reason why some places are less connected than others". Discuss this statement. (16 marks) (Note this is an actual exam from the past few years):

Look at PAST EXAMS for revision!!! CAN JUST RESTRUCTURE Q's... PART B QUESTION → ARGUE THAT IT'S NOT THE MAIN FACTOR = (⅔ talk about not and ⅓ yes). MENTION -- Physical geography = landlocked or not, extreme climates = not being able to produce a lot (resource poor countries = can not export a lot, not participate in global economy) eg. MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES (crude oil is rich, but not able to grow a lot of food) ⅔ talk about: Trade (WTO, Free Trade agreements with other countries eg. EU membership). Political factors Level of technology transport

Corporate tax avoidance

Many TNC's pay little tax on their profits due to means which are often complicated but technically legal, by using variations in tax laws and business laws in different countries.

Case Study - Indigenous Groups

Mapajo Lodge, Bolivia Mapajo 1. Lodge is an ecotourism project that started in 1999 as a community income-diversification scheme. 2. It has become a model for increasing income, improving standards of living and ensuring environmental protection. 3. Profits are used to finance small community projects to improve the quality of life for the indigenous community with as little impact as possible and based on respect for their natural and cultural heritage. 4. Initiatives have focused on land rights, crafts, education, culture and microfinance. 5. The Mapajo Ecolodge is located in the 400,000 ha Pilon Lajas Indigenous Territory Biosphere Reserve in the Amazonian rainforest. 6. The community consists of around 300 people from the Moseten and Chiman indigenous groups. 7. The local community provided materials and labour for the project, with financial support from Canada, the UK and France. 8. The Mapajo Lodge is one of several ecolodges that are part of http://www.madidi.com, a company founded by a US biologist to promote indigenous ecotourism in the region. 9. The communities receive approximately 20 per cent of the tourism income, and other costs for transport, food, taxes and travel agents.

Are SAP's economic and political colonialism? Do SAP result in a loss of sovereignty or an entry to the global economy or both?

May be considered to be a new form of colonialism = neo-colonialism. As there is a fine line between countries restrictions & transactions in favor of multi-national companies. Usually making countries have higher interest rates = more investment for foreign companies.

Collective Remittances

Money pooled by a group of immigrants and sent to their common community of origin. = community development programmes in homecountry - has a multiplier effect on economy, because sending bigger amounts of money back has a more sustainable use of money for not just family but the entire community. A negative aspect may be that recipients may become dependent on these funds. But they may use businesses in building skills in a socially helpful way in the place of origin. = Social Entrepreneurship. FDI becomes difficult to foster due to brain-drain.

Example of Avoiding Tax

Nando's in the UK (IKEA is also stationed in the Netherlands instead of Sweden): 1. Nando's in the UK makes a lot of profits & would have to pay tax for all this profit, but buys things of its self in order to compensate for this profit = reducing its profit by turning it into a cost (paying tax in the Netherlands). For instance, the buying of intellectual property from itself via sister companies, such as Nando's Leasing LTD (buying branding (logo)) which is called "transfer pricing") --> Give definition of "transfer pricing" in exam: Transfer pricing is an accounting practice that represents the price that one division in a company charges another division for goods and services provided. ... Transfer pricing can lead to tax savings for corporations, though tax authorities may contest their claims. 2. This leads to the infringement of the political and economic sovereignty of the host-country, namely the UK. 3. For millions of Brits Nando's is the go-to place for spicy chicken but, in fact the money spent on this chicken will travel across a complex web of companies tying in the Isle of Man Island, Guernsey, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Malta and the British Virgin Islands. Much of the profit eventually ends up in tax havens. 4. Nando's are able to legally reduce their tax bill by keeping their UK profits down. One way they do this is through image rights royalties, for using the Nando's brand name more than 20 million pounds are collected by a low tax Dutch entity called total EBV and they collect the cash on behalf of another company registered in the taxation of Malta. Both the Netherlands and Maltese companies are owned by a chain of intermediate links by Nando's itself and branding isn't the only area in which money from Nando's goes. 5. International rent is paid to a separate UK company, Nando's chicken Limited, which is itself owned by yet another Netherlands intermediary. The financing to fit out each restaurant comes through offshore loans moving another five million pounds in potential profits this time to a Guernsey entity called Nando's leasing limited. As for the rest of the proceeds after some UK corporation taxes paid on what's left the corporate structure is eventually headed by a Luxembourg registered partnership. 6. Nando's say they paid 12 million pounds in corporation tax last year, but it is reckoned that without offshoring they could have paid half as much again almost 18 million pounds.

7. Outline the five hallmarks of People's Global Action.

PGA's hallmarks are: 1. A very clear rejection of capitalism, imperialism and feudalism, and all trade agreements, institutions and governments that promote destructive globalisation. 2. A rejection of all forms and systems of domination and discrimination, including, but not limited to, patriarchy, racism and religious fundamentalism of all creeds. They embrace the full dignity of all human beings. 3. A confrontational attitude, since PGA does not think that lobbying can have a major impact in such biased and undemocratic organisations, in which transnational capital is the only real policy-maker. 4. A call to direct action and civil disobedience, support for social movements' struggles, advocating forms of resistance which maximize respect for life and oppressed peoples' rights, as well as the construction of local alternatives to global capitalism. 5. An organisational philosophy based on decentralisation and autonomy. (https://www. nadir.org/ nadir/initiativ/agp/en)

Defining globalisation in different lenses:

Political globalisation 1. Political globalisation refers to the amount of political co-operation that exists between different countries. 2. This ties in with the belief that "umbrella" global organisations are better placed than individual states to prevent conflict. 3. The League of Nations established after WW1 was certainly one of the pioneers in this. 4. Since then, global organisations such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO), United Nations (UN), and more regional organisations such as the EU have helped to increase the degree of political globalisation. Social globalisation 1. Social globalisation refers to the sharing of ideas and information between and through different countries. 2. In today's world, the Internet and social media is at the heart of this. 3. Good examples of social globalisation could include internationally popular films, books and TV series. 4. The Harry Potter/ Twilight films and books have been successful all over the world, making the characters featured globally recognisable. 5. However, this cultural flow tends to flow from the centre (i.e. from developed countries such as the USA to less developed countries). Social globalisation is often criticised for eroding cultural differences. 3. Economic globalisation 1. Economic globalisation refers to the interconnectedness of economies through trade and the exchange of resources. 2. Effectively, therefore, no national economy really operates in isolation, which means national economies influence each other. 3. This is clearly evidenced by global recession from 2007 onwards. 4. Economic globalisation also means that there is a two-way structure for technologies and resources. 5. For example countries like the USA will sell their technologies to countries, which lack these, and natural resources from developing countries are sold to the developed countries that need them.

6. Outline the potential advantages and disadvantages of resource nationalism.

Resource nationalism occurs when a country decides to take all, or a part, of one or more natural resources under state ownership. It means that the government of the country receives the benefits of resource development. Mining is a capital-intensive industry and much of the equipment is extremely expensive. Many governments need the mining companies to extract the resources. Companies worry that investments may cost billions of dollars, and take up to a decade to get a return. They fear that they may lose out on their investment if the government changes the contract details. Although resource nationalism holds many benefits for countries, the state must be prepared to help industries when they face tough times. It is important for the countries to give companies enough return on their investments that they will continue to invest in the future.

Actions taken by Russia -

Russian forces entered and took control of Crimea through various actions in February and March of 2014 in order: 1. Support President Yanukovych, a leader who was illegally deposed in an unconstitutional coupe carried out by nationalists/ terrorists 2. To liberate ethnic Russians and to return security to the region. Ethnic Russians in Crimea under threat from revolutionary Ukraine forces. 3. 96% of Crimean voters wanted to join Russia according to referendum held in March 2014 4. Trying to prevent a situation of ethnic conflict, as happened in Kosovo. These were among the reasons suggested by the Russian government:

Tensions between the UK and the EU - Brexit

Some of the main arguments made by the leave voters: 1. Increased migration is impacting our identity and our economy negatively 2. The UK has lost its sovereignty to outside forces (the EU). We want to take back our country. 3. Brings jobs back to UK. A response to offshoring. These 3 points are all impacts of globalisation. A video discussing Brexit as a response to globalisation- "Brexit is a vote against Globalisation". Please watch and make notes. 3. The EU is represantative of globalization (the WTO and IMF are all as a similar result as the EU), as there are no trade sanctions (relaxed trade between the member states). 4. However, there is the posibility still of a loss of sovereignity when the labor conditions in all member states are not the same, as countries with better conditions can exploit countries with lower conditions and labor wages. 5. The deal between the EU and Britain was however a soft-deal (had all kinds of concessions = a thing that is granted, especially in response to demands / a preferential allowance or rate given by an organization / a reduction in the price of something for a certain category of person) 6. Other nationalistic movements were fuelled by the flow of refugees that increased world wide -- rupported by global organisations, such as the UNHCR. Big economies are magnets for migration. 7. Closing the UK boarders was in response to the Paris attacks, terrorist attacks that were also happening in Londo.

Powerful Global Organisations: What powerful organisations and global groups shape our world?

Some powerful organisations and global groups shaping our global economy: 1. G 7 / 8 , G20 2. OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (friendly organisation sharing information between countries) 3. OPEC - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 4. IMF - International Monetary Fund 5. NDB - new Development Bank Note: These are the groups the syllabus asks you to be familiar with but I have also included the WB (World bank) and WTO (World Trade Organisation) --> heavily influence the development and trade of countries.

Case Study - Immigration

The "Jungle" in Calais, France 1. The "Jungle" is the term given to an encampment of asylum seekers and migrants outside Calais, in northern France. 2. There have been a number of camps around Calais since 1999, with a population of up to 7,000 at certain times. 3. Many of the migrants have attempted illegally to enter the UK from these camps by stowing away on lorries, cars, trains and boats. Conditions in the camps are poor. 4. The camps have been described as a shanty town in an HIC. 5. At different times, the French authorities have destroyed the camps but the residents find new locations. 6. In 2016 the French authorities provided 125 shipping containers for 1,500 migrants to live in. 7. These were used on the sand dunes as no permanent housing could be built there. 8. Some migrants have resisted living in the containers, preferring to try to get to Britain. 9. In 2016 the French Minister of the Economy warned that if the UK were to leave the EU, as it has voted to do, British immigration officials might not be allowed to operate in Calais, and the Jungle would have to relocate to the UK. 10. In July 2016 the Jungle contained over 7,000 migrants, more than 750 of them minors, and the camps were growing by 50 people each day. 11. The majority of migrants come from conflict-affected countries, around two-thirds of them from non-European countries such as Syria, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Kurds from Iraq. 12. Most were attempting to reach Britain rather than stay in France. 13. The camps are considered to be dangerous, especially for women. 14. There is some access to water but sanitation is poor. 15. Educational aids have been provided to the migrants by organizations such as Jungle Books. 16. As the camps have grown, the popularity of French right-wing groups has risen. 17. There has been evidence of arson at the camps, racial abuse, and shopkeepers refusing to serve some asylum seekers. 18. In October 2016 French authorities began the relocation of the migrants and the demolition of the Jungle. 19. By then charities suggested the population was up to 10,000 with around 1,300 lone children (no parents with them). 20. Under the Dubs Agreement, the UK government had agreed to allow lone children safe refuge in the UK. 21. However, the process was said to be extremely bureaucratic, taking up to 10 hours of legal work for each child. 22. Under the 2003 Treaty of Le Touquet, between the UK and France, part of the UK's border was placed in Calais, enabling UK officials to carry out passport controls in Calais rather than in the UK. 23. Despite the UK's decision to leave the EU, the UK government rejected the suggestion that they move the border control from Calais to the UK. 24. The demolition of the jungle is unlikely to resolve the issue of migrants stranded in Calais trying to reach the UK.

The United Nations

The United Nations: The five permanent members of the UN Security Council (the USA, UK France, Russia and China) each have the power of veto not only over decisions concerning war and peace, but also over all attempts to amend or review the UN charter (permission ... ).

The World Trade Organisation

The World Trade Organisation: in principle, every nation has an equal vote within the WTO. In practice, the rich world shuts out the poor world from key negotiations.

How are ships efficient in terms of CO2?

The amount of energy needed to start is a lot. But the amount of carbon per kg is low, because it has a lot of momentum to continue moving on its own compared to airplanes.

4. Explain why protectionism is on the rise among OECD countries.

The global economic slowdown since 2008 has resulted in many HICs imposing protectionist policies, as they are being undercut by cheaper imports.

Why reshore?

The mission of the Reshoring Initiative® is to bring good, well-paying manufacturing jobs back to the United States by assisting companies to more accurately assess their total cost of offshoring, and shift collective thinking from offshoring is cheaper to local reduces the total cost of ownership. We are a nonprofit organization and offer a number of free tools to advance our mission.

Repatriation of profits

The repatriation of profits refers to the return of money earned in another country to the country where the business is owned.

(b) Examine the success of international civil society in raising awareness and finding solutions to the risks associated with global interactions. (16 marks)

There are many international civil societies, e.g. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Oxfam, that attempt to raise awareness and find solutions for the risks associated with global interactions. WWF, for example, is mainly associated with environmental issues, whereas Oxfam focuses mainly on social and economic justice. Both organizations have been very successful in raising awareness of their respective issues. However, despite over 50 years of effort by WWF, and over 70 years of effort by Oxfam, no permanent solution has yet been found for these issues. Good answers are likely to describe the interests of one or more international civil society. They are likely are likely to consider how successful the international civil society has been is raising awareness of the risks. Good answers are likely to consider the solutions that the international civil society has proposed. Good answers are likely examine the factors that enable/hinder the implementation of these solutions (e.g. power, place, population growth, inequalities, rising standards of living, consumer culture, etc.). For Band C (5-8 marks), expect a description of the actions of one or more international civil society in raising awareness and finding solutions to the risks associated with global interactions. For Band D (9-12 marks), expect either a more detailed description of the actions of one or more international civil society in raising awareness and finding solutions to the risks associated with global interactions, with support, or an evaluation of the success in terms of raising awareness and finding solutions. This may be a consideration of the factors that influence success/failure. For Band E (13-16 marks), expect both.

10. Briefly explain why the Arab Spring succeeded in some countries but not in others.

There are many reasons why the Arab Spring was more successful in some countries. These include: strong civil societies - countries with strong civil societies were more successful than those without because they were able to transform the country after political change; the degree of state censorship - in countries where there was widespread media coverage, mass violence by the government and the military was supressed; social media - countries with greater access to social media were more able to mobilize support for the protests; support of the national military; the mobilization of the middle class - countries with a strong, vocal middle class were more likely to see political change than countries with a weak or limited middle class.

8. Comment on how political changes in Myanmar have brought benefits for some people but not for others.

There has been large-scale political change in Myanmar, from the decades of authoritarian military rule to the democratic election of Aung San SuuKyi of the National League for Democracy party in November 2015, and her swearing in as president in March 2016. Nevertheless, there are still many important challenges ahead, notably for Myanmar's ethnic Rohingya community and for minority religious groups. Fears have been raised that a population control bill tabled by the government could be used to enforce population control on the largely stateless Rohingya population. In 2014 the Myanmar government expelled humanitarian groups, thus preventing healthcare and aid for the Rohingyas. They remain highly discriminated against.

Piracy

We are increasingly dependent on goods flowing to us from around the world. These global goods are linked to global supply chains. How are these global supply chains potentially at risk? --> because all ships move through the Suez canal = high cost for mari-time piracy. Pirates along the coast of Somalia take people ransom / resources = human and economic costs.

Cultural Change - Case Study

Cultural change in the Andaman Islands 1. The Andaman Islands, lying just off the coast of Thailand in the Bay of Bengal, are governed by India. 2. The indigenous population has steadily declined from about 5,000 in the 18th century, at the time of first outsider contact, to about 1,000 today. 3. The island chain was colonized by British settlers in 1858 and used for most of the next century as a penal colony. 4. There are around 500 islands, 38 of which are inhabited. 5. Indian settlers have poured in since independence, increasing the population to around 356,000. 6. One of the indigenous tribes, the Sentinelese, still lives uncontacted on a remote island. They were filmed firing arrows at a helicopter that went to check whether they had survived the 2004 tsunami. 6. Tribes on some islands have retained their distinct culture by dwelling deep in the forests and resisting (with arrows) colonizers, missionaries and documentary makers. 7. However, the construction of trunk roads since the 1970s has opened up the region to new forms of development. 8. These unspoilt islands are becoming a fashionable upmarket destination, as a result of which the Jarawa tribe is under serious threat. 9. Until 1998 the tribe was protected by its ferocious reputation and it had little real contact with the outside world. 10. But since then, not only have many Indian settlers moved into their forest home but the number of tourist trips into their jungle reserve has grown rapidly since 2000. 11. Although notices at the entrance to the forest instruct visitors not to stop or allow the Jarawa into their vehicles, take photographs, or give them food or clothing, there is evidence that these practices are happening. 12. The influx of tourists poses a potentially deadly danger for the 320 surviving Jarawa. 13. Moreover, plans for a luxury resort hotel at the edge of the Jarawas' protected forest were approved in 2009. 14. The company building it, Barefoot, which already has a much-praised Andaman Islands eco-resort, says that it practises socially responsible tourism. 15. Critics insist that the new resort has been deliberately chosen because it is near the Jarawa reserve, so that holidaying guests can enjoy the thrill of seeing the tribespeople at close quarters. 16. Two attempts to halt the new hotel development, brought by Andaman Islands' own regional government officials in the Indian courts, have failed. 17. The resort will bring an influx of workers and settlers to the area, increasing the pressure on the Jarawa and their land, exposing them to diseases such as swine flu, to which they have no immunity, and to alcohol, which has ravaged other tribes. 18. Trips to see the Jarawa — officially on the pretext of visiting mud volcanoes that lie within the reserve — have become big business on the islands. 19. Visitors are allowed to use the road through the reserve and, although they are not supposed to stop, invariably they do. 20. The number of visitors from mainland India has increased as cheap flights to the Andamans have replaced the four-day boat journey that was once the only cost-effective way to get there.

Internal debt

the part of the total government debt in a country that is owed to lenders within the country.

10. Comment on the usefulness of the concept of food miles in the understanding of the environmental impact of agriculture.

10. The concept of food miles describes how far food has travelled before it appears on a plate. The greater the distance, the greater the carbon footprint due to transport. However, it is also important to consider how the food has been transported and even packaged; frozen food, for example, has higher energy costs. Critics also argue that transport cost is only part of the environmental impact of food production - there could be other costs such as reduction in biodiversity, eutrophication, decreased water quality and increased risk of flooding.

2. Suggest reasons for the links between controls on personal freedom in Eritrea and the migration crisis in Europe.

2. A UN enquiry into human rights in Eritrea claimed that there were systemic human rights violations, widespread detention and indefinite military service. Hence, many Eritreans wish to leave the country. In contrast, Europe is seen as a place of opportunity - jobs, democracies and freedom to move around. There are more opportunities in Europe than there are in Eritrea's neighbouring countries, hence many Eritreans migrate to Europe

2. Briefly explain why the decline of the Daphnia species is a problem in north-eastern Canada.

2. Many of the lakes in north-east Canada have lost their calcium due to acidification. Calcium is required for the survival of tiny, plankton-like crustaceans, Daphnia - an important basis of the food chain. Their place has been taken by a plankton species, Holopedium. It is larger than Daphnia and its jelly-like coating largely protects it from predators, so some other species have lost their food supply.

7. Briefly explain why some manufacturing industries outsource their polluting industries to LICs.

7. Developed countries have more robust green laws, greater social supervision and more effective governments; pollution emissions are higher in developing countries, where environmental regulations and their enforcement are weaker. These less regulated environments give richer nations a chance to export their waste and pollution. The environmental vulnerability of developing countries to pollution is due to their underdeveloped systems as well as their need for the economic benefits of the polluting industries.

As industrialisation reaches more corners of the world, so does

As industrialisation reaches more corners of the world, so does the potential for transboundary pollution accident: Deep Water Horizon leak in April 2010 (map showing location of oil rig leak and eventual dispersal:

Imagine you are the CEO of a major corporation like Pete Incorporated International. Would you be more likely to direct FDI towards MIC's or LIC's? Explain your answer.

As the CEO of a major corporation like Pete Incorporated International, I would be more likely to direct FDI towards MIC's, because they have a greater make-up of their population with a middle-income. This means that there are more consumers of goods and services, a more stable economy and FDI is less likely to get lost → there is the multiplier effect of investing into an economy that is developing at a rapid rate - even though that is very unfortunate for LIC's.

What is the pattern? (1)

China is the biggest exporter to the US. Canada is the 3rd exporting raw materials and Mexico has cheap labor and manufacturing.

Prepare a list of points to summarize the pattern....

Commonly traded services: 1. Business and professional services, including: a) Financial & Accountancy services b) Advertising services c) Architectural & Engineering services d) Information Technology services e) Legal services 2. Communication services a) Audiovisual services b) Postal and courier services c) Telecommunications 3. Construction & related services 4. Distribution services 5. Educational services 6. Energy services 7. Environmental services 8. Health and Social services 9. Tourism services 10. Transport services

Define FDI:

Foreign Direct Investment → The investment by a company ( into the structures, equipment or organisations of a foreign country. FDI's do not include investment in shares of companies of other countries.

Has the planet shrunk at an even rate?

No, because of disparity. There would be innovations coming along that would causes influential things to come along to change the speed.

How relaible is data on human trafficking?

Not very... Think of Beligum example. Can be due to country recording more = fighting the problem = documenting it and tracing the process.

3. Describe the range of protectionist measures.

Protectionism reduces trade between countries. This may be achieved through taxes on imports (tariffs), limits on the volume of imports (quotas), administrative barriers (for example, food safety, environmental standards), subsidies to home producers as well as anti-dumping legislation and campaigns to buy nationally produced goods.

Why do companies glocalize?

Reasons for glocalization: 1. Build loyalty and reduce feeling of invasion (in the UK walmart operates under the name of ASDA, in the US Tesco is called Fresh and Easy) 2. Rebranding to match local culture and trends (Fresh and Easy - organic and local foods is a rapidly growing trend in the US) 3. Match products to local raw materials 4. Match products to local expertise 5. Match products to local taste or social norms (mutton burgers at McD's, live fish and street market style at Tesco in China, polish style market in Tesco) 6. Meet local laws or policies Meet local market needs 7. Give products a personal touch

Immigrants to the USA

Research into the environmental impact of immigrants in the USA concluded that: 1. CO2 emissions of the average immigrant (legal or illegal) in the USA are 18% lower than those of the average native-born American. 2. Immigrants in the USA produce four times more CO2 in the USA than they would have in their countries of origin. 3. The impact of immigration to the USA on global emissions is equal to approximately 5% of the increase in annual worldwide CO2 emissions since 1980. 4. Legal immigrants have a much larger impact than illegal immigrants because they have higher incomes and higher resulting emissions, and are more numerous.

What is happening to distance?

The actual distance stays the same. But the frictional distance is decreasing.