Globalization and World Politics Final Exam

environmental NGOs against warming/climate change

Act as international critics, using the media to publicize their dissatisfaction and to get environmental issues onto international and state agendas Greenpeace Function through IGOs, working to change the organization from within Aid in monitoring and enforcing environmental regulations

characteristics of terrorism

Act is polit by intent Committed by non st8 actors Attacks against civilians Use unconventional means at unpredictable places and intervals Motivated by political, religious, or econ goals Seek 2 instill fear to attain goals

lechner: religious rejections of globalization notes

CASE OF DEBT MOVEMENT -clinton signed aid bill tht funded debt relief for poor countries -grassroots campaign started by catholics (Jubilee 2000) -"burdens of oppressed shud b removed to live in harmony" -made a policy issue into a moral issue RELIGION AND ANTIGLOBALIZ DISCOURSE -pope in Havana said unfair burdens r put on poor countries due to neoliberal capitalism -countries grow exceedingly rich at the expense of poor countries -didnt say globaliz was exactly good or bad, but tht if globalization is "ruled merely by the laws of the market to suit the powerful, the consequences cannot but be negative." -the pope's 3 pts: markets r imperfect so they do not suit everyone, w/o regulation markets do not serve common good, left alone markets exacerbate global inequality, globaliz has bcome too big in cultural (loss of cultural ID) -World Council of Churches also sees globaliz as a threat -slave trade, colonialism, and now to neo liberalism have damaged the Southern hem -antiglobalists, secular or religious generally agree with wrongs RELIGION AND ALT VIEWS OF GLOBALIZ -unity of the human race -globaliz can b used for common good

the two concepts of protecting the global commons

Collective goods: need to achieve shared benefits by overcoming conflicting interests Tragedy of the Commons metaphor Sustainability: policies that promote change that neither damages the environment nor depletes finite resources

sources of internat law

Custom: Law derives from common practice over many years Immunity Sovereignty Laws of the Seas Treaties: An agreement entered into by sovereign states and international organizations Treaties provide legal precedent International law places value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes, Observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained. Courts Ex: internat court of justice Ex: internat criminal court (US has not ratified this)

new global media

DEFN Itunes, fb, twitter, google, redditt Individ cell phone vids. Images, instantaneous communication Instagram, snapchat as opposed to traditional media. great power to impose their systems on large portions of the world SIGNIF: Globaliz from below? (get ppl interested w social media) Arab spring 2011

visa overstays

DEFN: *Foreign tourist or student remains in the US after time of admission has expired *40% of 11 million illegal immigrants are visa overstays: ---Not low-wage workers sneaking across mexican border, but foreigners who entered legally and simply never left *2017: more ppl overstayed their visas than crossed into the US illegally ---Visa overstayers: about 1% of the 52.7 mill ppl who came as students, business, or personal reasons last yr. signif: rhetoric is ab illegal immigrants crossing the border illegally to do bad things. the global reality is that visa overstayers r perhaps a bigger deal/problem

cultural differentiation

DEFN: -no overlap b/w cultures -Cultural barriers and perceptions that serve to make cultures different from ea other -Lasting differences b/w cultures largely unaffected by globaliz ---Cultures tend 2 remain diff from one another ---Globaliz is only superficial -Clash of civilizations ---Permanent fault lines -implications/SIGNIF: ---Culture provides identity and community to individs but then creates differences b/w large groups of ppl and can cause negative things to happen ---Paint enemy as animalistic ---Convince soldiers to kill other ppl by dehumanizing the enemy. Ex: rwandan genocide called weaker enemy a cockroach. What do u do to a cockroach? Stomp on them -those in favor of differentiation: ---Realists: hv clear sense of nat identity ---Serious backlash against convergence and hybridization (ex. terrorists)

sustainable development

DEFN: Economic and environmental changes that meet the needs of the present without jeopardizing the future. Ability of present generations of humans to provide for their own needs without harming environment as to endanger ability of future generations to do the same. Balance between: economic development social development environmental protection International regulation of domestic economic policies Role of international businesses Role of cultural values SIGNIF TO GLOBALIZ: Globalization can be seen as either a threat or a boon to sustainability. As a threat, globalization can be seen as leading to unsustainable development by " undermining of the regulatory capacities of nation - states and local communities, and the deple- tion of biological and social diversity in favor of an overconsuming and culturally homogenized lifestyle " (LeLe 2007 : 1103). Globalization can aid sustainable devel- opment through the " enhanced penetration of markets, diffusion of modern tech- nologies, and globalization of standards, " which, in turn, lead to " enhanced efficiency of resource use and demand for cleaner environments "

IGOs

DEFN: Membership consists of gov'ts Features: -Global and regional geography -Gen and specialized purposes Examples?: Global-general IGO: UN Regional specialized IGO: african union, oas (org of amer st8s), asean (assoc of southea asian nats), NATO (defense b/w EU and US), NAFTA (specialized in trade issues) IGOs: world health org, which was criticized for its slo response to identify and contain the spread of Ebola -IGOs in HIV/AIDS: world health org, joint UN programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), UN children's fund (UNICEF)

Tragedy of the Commons

DEFN: Situation in a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action. Creates trade-offs leading global enviro issues Destruction of natural habitats Decline of fisheries Decline in biodiversity Decline in fresh water Population growth example/signif: bluefin tuna In the 1960s, fishermen realized the tuna populations were in danger, and an International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) formed in an effort to manage fish harvesting more sustainably. Unfortunately, not every nation is a member of the ICCAT or follows the convention's guidelines. Instead, many nations continue to seek profit from large bluefin tuna catches every year without regard for conservation.

Media Imperialism

DEFN: The conventional view for quite some time was that it was the Western (especially US) media, and the technologies associated with those media, that were imperialistic and that dominated less developed nations and their cultures. The global fl ow of media is often characterized as media imperialism. TV, music, books, and movies are perceived as being imposed on developing countries by the West. SIGNIF: Media imperialism undermines the existence of alternative global media originating from developing countries themselves, such as Al Jazeera and Bollywood, as well as the infl uence of the local and regional media. Neo-Liberalism of the media? Media corporate giants Advertisement vs news Consolidation of media sources In the US In 1983, 90% of US media was controlled by fifty companies; today, 90% is controlled by just six companies. Comcast, Time Warner, CBS, Walt Disney, News Corp, Viacom Outside US About 10% of world media is devoted to US media, 10% to other media imports, 80% to domestic and national media US movies more dominating in other countries

fake news

DEFN: false stories tht appear to be news, are a joke but misinterp or can direct polit views --Hyperbole --Alt reality? *Need to understand the intent of fake news: ---News satire, which uses exaggeration and introduces non-factual elements that are intended to amuse or make a point, rather than to decieve. *Analysis by Buzzfeed found tht the top 20 fake news stories ab the 2016 presidential election recieved more engagement on fb than the top 20 election stories from 19 maj media outlets *Types of fake news: --satire/parody (no intention to cause harm but has potential to fool) --False connexion (headlines and visuals do not supp the content) --Fabricated content --Manipulated content --Imposed content --False content --Misleading content *Impact of fake news: --Jan 2018, gallup poll reported tht 17% of Dems and 42% of repubs consider accurate news stories that cast a politician or political group in a neg lite to always be fake news --June 2018 poll by axios and survey monkey found tht 72% of amers believe traditional news outlets knowingly report false or misleading news stories at least sometimes with 92% of repub and repub leaning indeps and 53% of dems believing this. SIGNIF TO GLOBAL WORLDl Last week, a Libyan broadcaster cited one of Trump's tweets about CNN in an attempt to discredit a report by the network on the persistence of slavery in that country. And, when the leader of a nation previously devoted to the promulgation of press freedom worldwide seeks so colorfully to delegitimize journalism, he inevitably gives cover to foreign despots who threaten reporters in order to protect their own power. (The New Yorker)

Prosumers

DEFN: those who simultaneously produce wht they consume. Produce what others consume. Part of disc on media and technol. Ex: writing a blog, u can write it for urself to consume and for others. Liberates us from established media and estab orgs tht produce content for us. -wikipedia -imp bc it is a new clearly global phenomenon tht will bcome increasingly imp in the future bc ppl that use them r yung

push and pull factors regarding immigration

DEFN: what makes ppl want to leave and what makes them want to come. (not refugees, there is a difference). Immigrants who voluntary leave their nat. economic , education, safety Push factors: -Unemploy. @ home -Disruptions such as war, famine Pull factors: -Hi er pay -Informal networks in host nat (lang and customs) -Remittances (sending financial aid to fam and friends back home) push factors are the motivations of the migrants, contextual issues in the home country (e.g. unemployment, low pay) making it diffi cult or impossible for them to achieve their goals, and major disruptions such as war, famine, political persecution, or an economic depression. Then there are pull factors such as a favo- rable immigration policy in the host country, higher pay and lower unemployment, formal and informal networks in such countries that cater to migrants, labor short- ages, and a similarity in language and culture between home and host country. SIGNIF: illegal immigration to US from mexico. pt of tension today. 1/3 of illegals in US are from mexico. come for econ opportunities. They come (and often stay) because while they may be paid poverty wages by US standards (approximately $300 per week), that may be as much as four times what they could earn in Mexico (Preston 2006a : A24). Furthermore, there are more jobs and better future job opportunities in the US than in Mexico.

types of global crimes and drugs

Drugs: Sophisticated communications and transportation High demand from developed countries Corruption and violence Arms Trafficking Small arms Nuclear materials Human Trafficking $7 billion/year It is estimated that half million to 1.75 million women, girls, and boys are trafficked for the sex trade annually 500,000 into US; same number into EU -Drugs -Intellectual property ----Music, movies, clothing ----Popularity of global branding ----Cheap labor in developing nats -Money laundering: ---Cayman islands ------Pop of 36k ------60k businesses ------600 banks w $800 bill in assets -Panama Papers in 2016 -Paradise Papers in 2017 ----Personal financial info ab wealthy individs and public officials tht had previously been kept private ----While offshore business entities are legal, reporters found tht some of the shell corps (fictitious companies) were used 4 illegal purposes *Can gov'ts win against global crime? -Criminal networks n technology move faster thn gov'ts -Weak and corrupt gov't instits (will take bribes) -Criminal networks are not sovereign st8s -Power of market v power of traditional st8s? example/global signif: Ritzer says global/internat police is likely needed to solve global crime. however this can b difficult to do esp when many nations disagree on what counts as a crime. for example, marijuana abuse is not seen as "bad" in many parts of latin america. however, in the US the DEA classifies marijuana as a schedule 1 drug. globaliz makes global crime more common, and more difficult to tackle. war on drugs in US in 60s 70s that was a failure

left wing resistance against globaliz

Economic justice (left wing) -Econ ineq -Corporate profits -Localization, not globaliz -Occupy wall street -Worried tht corporatization is taking over globaliz. Corps are getting larger and larger -Lack of democratization-- dont get to vote for things like decisions in IMF, World bank, wto -1999: battle in seattle (wto protests) -Labor unions -Environmental groups bc neoliberal globaliz is ab globalizing as much as poss which exploits resources . capitalist expansion will hurt the enviro. Another arg is tht there may be a way to lessen impact of globaliz diff sides of this resistance: *Not the rite kind of globaliz --Neo-liberal globaliz tht favors corporations *One side of the left: ---Global civil society, global culture, global democracy *Another side of the left: ---Self-determination, local economy, local democracy

why shud st8s obey internat law

Everyone's advantage to follow rules International law supports state sovereignty Expect reciprocity Stability and predictability in the world Could still be punished

explanations for RISING inequality

Gains in productivity have been divided more towards corporate earnings and profits than towards the workers and employees. Dividends, not salary Rise in stock market value Globalization hypothesis - low skilled American workers have been losing ground in the face of competition from low-wage workers in emerging economies Skill-biased technological change - the rapid pace of progress in information technology has increased the demand for the highly skilled and educated so that income distribution favored brains rather than brawn Superstar hypothesis - modern communication technologies turn competition into a tournament in which the winner is richly rewarded, while the runners-up get far less than in the past Immigration of less-educated workers - relatively high levels of immigration of low skilled workers since 1965 have reduced wages for American-born high school dropouts Policy and politics - soaring executive compensation, stagnating middle income pay and more regressive taxation resulting from political decisions, not market forces. Decline in union membership Workers in weaker position to bargain for higher wages

resistance tactics

Global Social Movements Identify themselves with global movement Global citizen Global development Unconventional action Street protests, twitter, swarm Global organizational structure via internet

bill and melinda gates foundation

Goals US program that focuses on education Global development program that focuses on hunger and poverty Global health program Spends almost as much as WHO's annual budget 65% of all global health funding shared by 20 NGOs 42% of all funding spent on health care delivery or increasing access to drugs, vaccines 37% of funding for research and development

funxions of NGOs

Grassroots mobilization Coalition of experts (environment, land mines, health) Perform what weak states cannot or will not perform Good and bad (Gates Foundation vs Al Qaeda, Mafia) -voluntary action, hv grown exponentially

globalization and migration

Greater opportunities lead people to move Disruptions that force people to move Integration and assimilation of immigrants Exclusionary policies against immigrants Is migration a net benefit or net cost?

What is global impact of American media?

Ideological manipulation? Social process of communication Americanization? Economic concentration of the media

growth of NGOs

Increased interdependence Failure of states More complicated global issues Grass-roots mobilization Global civil society

roles of NGOs in globaliz

Increased interdependence Failure of states More complicated global issues Grass-roots mobilization Global civil society

solutions to global income ineq

Inequality in the World More globalization More liberalization of markets, capital, trade Creates flatter world? Countries need more open, less corrupt, democratic governments Less globalization (reforming globalization) Workers need to be protected better Focus on each country's economic well-being Policies to better manage globalization

McCoy: Gates Foundation

NGO full title is "Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation" -help w/ HIV/AIDs

internat court of justice

Non-compulsory jurisdiction Hears few cases, but number has been increasing 1946-2018: 168 cases over 72 years Only states and IGOs can initiate proceedings (not individuals) Both parties involved must agree to proceedings

objectives of the resistance

Objectives of the resistance -De-globalization -International orgs need 2 b weakened, not strengthened -Give power back 2 citizens and civil society -Gr8r decentralization -Gr8r pluralism -More checks & balances -Allow 4 grassroots activism

nation defn

People united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory

collier: bottom to bottom

Poverty Trap Four Traps: Conflict trap Natural resources trap Landlocked trap with bad neighbors Trap of bad governance Bottom Billion have experienced: 73% in civil war 29% in countries dominated by politics of natural resource revenues 30% are landlocked, resource-scarce, and in bad neighborhood 76% through prolonged period of bad governance and poor economic policies SIGNIFICANCE: (FROM collier) Trapped nats are now the poorest. China and india caught up in time to penetrate global market and started off w more $. These countries had less and missed their chance and have been stuck.

power of NGOs

Provide credible information, expertise, and moral authority that attracts national/global attention Networking, coalition-building Strengths over states: political independent, make quick decisions, mobilize members

refugees

Refugees: DEFN: Those forced to leave their homeland, or who leave involuntarily, because they fear for their safety. ---Someone who has been forced to flee a country bc of persecution, war, or violence ---Has well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, polit opinion or membership in a social group *Refugees r entitled to basic protections under law *Once in euro, refugees can apply 4 polit asylum or another protected status, sometimes temporary *By law, refugees cant b sent back to countries where their lives wud b in danger *Global Refugees: * #of forcibly displaced worldwide ---65.5 mill in 2016 *More dems in favor of US to accept more refugees than repubs SIGNIF: -global flow of ppl is a threat to borders -growing hostility toward refugees -US just cut refugees at record low of 30,000 a year (BBC)

Rodrik: has globaliz gone too far?

Rodrik: has globaliz gone too far? Global markets leading 2 social instability?: ---Red. barriers 2 trade and investments accentuate differences b/w groups tht cross borders and those who can't ---Globaliz has made it diff 4 gov'ts 2 prov social insurance 2 protecc ppl in need ---Has econ globaliz led 2 cultural conflicts significance: a solution wud be to balance openness with needs/thot. it would make sense to tighten anti-dumping rules.

internat law defn

Rules and norms regulating actions among states, organizations, and individuals

issues of the resistance

Rzns for resistance (some left wing, some rite wing) Exploitation of labor Degradation of environment Loss of political

culture defn

Set of values adapted by group of people that define the way of life for that particular group Cultural values translate into norms, beliefs and morals, and are reflected in laws and practices of the society

purposes of internat law

Sets expectations Provides order Protects status quo Legitimates use of force Mechanism for settling disputes Norms of permissible and impermissible behavior

boyle and cultural controversies

Should cultures det for themselves what is morally correct and appropriate Boyle: Evolution of Debates Over Female Genital Cutting State sovereignty Health risk Gender: tool of men Human rights abuse (women's rights as human rights) Questions ab gender and culture: What is Gender? How is gender related to culture? Is gender universal or socialized by particular culture? How does culture affect perceptions and behavior of gender? How overcome gender bias in one culture? Minimize stereotype threat Diversity training Family friendly initiatives Mentorship programs How overcome gender bias in different cultures?Relative vs universal perceptions toward gender

problems w IGOs

Some nats hv more power thn other nats Sovereignty issues Finances Gr8 powers Enforcement Democratic Deficit Democratic organizations fall short of fulfilling principles of democracy in their practices Bureaucratic regulatory functions Separation between non-elected administrators and people Limited accountability nor transparency

global collab on ebola

St8s: collaborating w internat orgs IGOs: world health org, which was criticized for its slo response to identify and contain the spread of Ebola NGOs: doctors w/o borders, which was the 1st NGO to speak oout on Ebola and advocate for a quicker response and for gov'ts and IGOs

globalization threats to the state

Strange: declining authority of st8s St8s less effective against markets Shell of st8: privatization of war, social welfare cutbacks, less control over econ Power & authority in society and the econ r being exercised by agents other than st8s (corps) Neo-liberal policies Growing influence of international organizations Global norms on the rise Porous borders of states Diminishment of national culture examples/significance: Gov't has deals w milit contractors, prisons and nat parks managed by private firms

state definition

System of authority under one independent government in territory with definite boundaries

jenkins: the globalization of christianity

THE CHRISTIAN REVOLUTION *Globaliz of christianity: ---In 1950; leading christian countries include UK, France, Spain, and Italy, but none will b on the list in 2050 ---Latin america and africa will b most christian continents *New Christians in developing world not liberal; but very conservative both in beliefs and moral teaching ---More interested in personal salvation than radical politics *Christianity succeeds when it takes seriously the profound patriotism ab the secular world tht characterizes the New Testament ---Pessimism is more widespread in the developing world?

Evans: Counter-Hegemonic Globalization notes

Transnational Social Movements in the Contemporary Political Economy -Arguing instead that the growth of transnational connections can potentially be harnessed to the construction of more equitable distributions of wealth and power and more socially and ecologically sustainable communities, this literature and argumentation raises the possibility of what I would like to call "counterhegemonic globalization." or global justice movement -power of these institutions/ NGOs has grown *New Organizational Foundations of Counterhegemonic Globalization -three broad families of transnational social movements aimed at counterhegemonic globalization: labor movements, women's movements, and environmental movements. -some argue that global justice is "post modern." rescuing traditional social democratic agendas of social protection, which are otherwise in danger of disappearing below the tide of neoliberal globalization, is a significant part of the agenda of both ATTAC and the World Social Forum. LABOR AS A GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENT -transnat solidarity in labor rites makes sense -example: International Transport Workers Federation (ITF). Through the ITF, a World Council of UPS unions was created - which decided to mount a "World Action Day" in 150 job actions or demonstrations around the world. A number of European unions took action in support of the US strikers. FEMINIST MOVEMENT SIN BORDERS -global care deficit -example "Self-employed Women's Association" (SEWA) -neolib claims that these issues are private and not transnat GLOBAL AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTALISM -north south divide in enviro views: north is for conservat and S is for sustaining resources for resource dependent areas -some environmental issues r clearly global while others r more local (climate change vs dumping) -most successful counter hegemonic movement (ex women's can b hard bc diff sides dont agree, whereas enviro is a clear shared prob based in science)

weaknesses of internat law

Treaties relevant only for countries which sign No international executive for enforcement No international legislature No judiciary with compulsory jurisdiction

ICC

Types of cases Individuals tried for genocide War crimes Crimes against humanity Crimes of aggression Court of last resort when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute 124 member states 39 individuals indicted

Collier, "The Bottom Billion"

Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it Paul Collier 3rd world has shrunk Milennium Devel. Goals: set by UN to track devel progress thru 2015 Rich world of 1 billion facing 5 billion poor ppl. 80% of poor ppl are in countries tht r developing quickly. But wht abt the others? 1 billion are stuck at the bottom.. Incomes even declining. Civil war, plague, ignorance. In central asia and africa Integration will bcome harder as these billion in nats continue to diverge from prosperous econ All societies are poor. Ppl came out of it. These billion aren't bc of traps Traps and the nats caught in them Right denies existence of devel traps and says that any nat w good policies can escape poverty, while the left sees global capitalism as creating a poverty trap Ppl can break free of these traps but catching up has stalled, esp in a new global market that is much more difficult to enter 4 types of traps disc in this book: conflict, nat resources, landlocked w bad neighbors, bad governance in a sm nat Good to compare how ppl live and die to understand: Bb life expect is 50 yrs v other developing nats are 67 yrs Bb infant mortality (dying b4 1st bday) 14% in bb v developing nats is 4% Bb malnutrition 36% v other developing nats is 20% Role of growth in development Has the gap bw the developing world and the bottom billion always been there? Or has it come abt bc the bb has been trapped? To describe nats as developing the IMF averages the figures tht relate to the size of a nat's econ Prob w this is it uses typical unit of income, not a typical person's or their perspective To describe wht a typ person experiences in a bb nat we need incomes of individ, not the income of the nat Poorest nats r diverging from the rest and averaging incomes dismisses poorest nats as unimportant Data shows that middle four billion (not bb) are experiencing rapid and accelerating growth in per capita income In bb the individ income has gone down. Individual volatility: some went up and some went down Bb is poorer than they were in 1970 Divergence has also accelerated for bb Trapped nats are now the poorest. China and india caught up in time to penetrate global market and started off w more $. These countries had less and missed their chance and have been stuck. Ave person in bb income is 1/5th that of a person in a developing country Bb traps 73% been thru civ war 29% are in nats dominated by the polits of nat resource revenues 30% r landlocked, resource scare, in a bad neighborhood 76% hv been thru a long period of bad governance and poor econ policies Traps are not inescapable but v diff to get out of Mathmat. Expect of being stuck w bad policies is 60 yrs. 2% chance of escaping a trap every year--implies tht periodically, nats do and can escape convergence= to catch up On the whole lower-income nats r growing faster thn hi-er income nats Nats r in limbo when they break free of a trap bc it is hard to enter global market, then they can fall back into a trap

religions connexions to globaliz

culture, identity, political policies Conflicting values of Globalization Modern, secular, rational, humanist, individual, consumerism, individualism, democracy Globalization erases local religious values and identity? Global religions weaken the nation-state? Is globalization (the market place) replacing religion?

Global Civil Society

example/significance: a side of the left wing resistance to globalization. this side of resistance includes global civil society, global culture, and global democracy. NGO. world social forum DEFN: -The aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions in the world -Individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government -Network of these NGOs and individuals throughout the world

McCoy: Gates Foundation notes

grant making program for global health: -largest private grant-making foundation in the world. -three main pro- grammes: a US programme that focuses on secondary and post-secondary education; a global development programme that focuses on hunger and poverty (with an emphasis on small farmers and financial services for the poor); and a global health programme. -effect is evident in Malaria research GRANT-MAKING PROGRAMME recipients: 65% ($5.82 billion) of all Gates Foundation global health funding was shared by 20 organisations, including five global health partnerships - such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and GAVI Alliance, which together received a quarter of all funding through ten grants. Global health partnerships were the second largest category of recipient. -ngos and non profits -Gates Foundation over-emphasises technology and new vaccine development is that many existing cost-effective technol- ogies do not reach the people who need them because of poverty or health system failings. -they tackle disease without tackling clean water, hunger, essentials for example. -further independent research and assessment are needed to ensure that this desire is translated into the right and most cost-effective set of approaches, strategies, and investments for improving the health of the poor.

terrorism defn

non state actors who inflict fear on civilians to reach a political goal. Not powerful enuf to fite against gov'ts or militaries. Hope tht civilians pressure gov't to negotiate terms with the terrorists

Pleyers: global justice movement

* (movement meetings at ski resort of rich ppl who want globaliz 2 continue. World econ forum doesnt rep maj of ppl) -world social forum vs world econ forum -Openness to wide range of civil society groups -Different polit cultures -Grassroots activists *Movement against neo-lib ideology -All dominant ideologies req alternative ideology -Less focus on money and more on power of ideas -Attempt to insert social and polit qs into issues tht typ focused on maximization of efficiency. Reform capitalism -U can invest in workers and train them and it will save in efficiency in the long run -Poverty never elim until power structures tht set up poverty 2 b elim

alts to neo-liberal globaliz

*Advocacy networks --Single-issue networks of citizens and experts to place pressure on gov'ts and corps *Focus on local lev --Work at the loc level and increase participation to improve quality of life --"Relocalization" *Supporting progressive policies --Creation of alt instits to WBm WTO, etc --Less reliance on corps, more on citizens

Benefits of immigration

*Benefits of immigration -Economic benefits ----Most not compete with US citizens over jobs ----Pay taxes and not a drain ($7 bil/yr into social sec) -Political benefits ----By leaving, puts pressure on home nat to politically reform ----In world of free movement, nats wud complete based on degree of democratization -Moral benefits ----Free mobility is universal and basic hum rite ----Free immigration means GLOBAL SIGNIF: -low - paid semi - skilled and unskilled workers. If nations routinely lost large numbers of such workers, their ability to compete in the global marketplace would suffer.

costs of immigration

*Costs of immigration -Brain drain: systematic loss by nat of ppl (when smart ppl leave 2 find opp elsewhere) -Exploited workers -Criminal and terrorist elements -Blurring of cultural identity -Illegal immigration -Gov't welfare 4 immigrants global signif: -the infl ux of large numbers of migrants into another country often leads to confl ict of various types, usually between the newcomers and those who have been in place for quite some time, -concern of terrorists (In august FBI agents arrested a ISIS member in Sacramento who was a purported refugee) New York times. dangerous

West Africa and Ebola

*Ebola in 2014 -Liberia, guinea, sierra leone -Total of 25k cases were "confirmed, probable, or suspected" w/ just over 10,000 deaths since the epidemic began -Lack of trust within countries and w internat orgs -Weak and decentralized public health systs -2018 outbreak in Dem Republic of Congo -So contagious bc it passed thru the air (sneezing, etc) and touching. Fluids. -Would wash dead bodies and buried ppl and would get the disease. Took awhile to realize the direct line of disease spread

Lechner: religious rejections of globaliz

*Econ market of capitalism vs religious and ethical standards 1. Markets are imperfect and some ppl will drop thru cracks 2. Markets do not automatically serve the common good 3. World markets exacerbate ineq 4. Market has become a medium of new culture *Conflicting values of globalization ---Modern, secular, rational, humanist, individual, consumerism, democracy ---Globalization erases local religious values and identity? ---Global religions weaken the nat state? ---Is globalization (the market place) replacing religion?

right wing resistance against globaliz

*Nationalists (rite wing) -Economic protectionism -Polit: nat-st8 sovereignty -Identity: racial nationalists -Anti immigration protests. Worried tht home country will b weakened -Anti fed gov't protests -Anti global orgs (IMF, WTO, Paris agreement, NAFTA) -Anti free trade -Racial groups Disagreements against ea other: -Cultural self-determin -Protect nat ID -Protect nat econ -Local polit control

Issues with illegal immigration

*Reasons 4 illegal immigration -Econ incentives -Chain immigration- if u hv relatives here u also wanna come here -Us gov't inefficiencies: backlog of 1.1 mill green card apps, typ waiting time was 3 yrs *Illegal hiring

immigrants

*What is a migrant? -Person who makes a conscious choice to leave their nat to seek a better life elsewhere -They r free 2 return home at any time if things do not work out as they had hoped, if they get homesick or if they wish to visit family and friends left behind. Immigrants: *US and immigration -1700-1775: 350,000 ppl from UK came to the US -17th to 19th centuries: 645,000 Africans to the US -1820 and 1900: 50 mill europeans left for US -1850-1930 (over 80 yrs): foreign born pop rose from 2.2 mill to 14.2 mill -1800-1924 (over 44 yrs): -2016: total # of immigrants: 47 mill (14%) -Ea yr US takes in 1 mill authorized immigrants -Unauthorized immigrants in 2016: ---2016: 11.3 mill ------5.6 mill from mex vs. 5.7 mill from other countries ------First time mexicans no longer make up majority of unauthorized immigrants -Everyone think tht there are way more immigrants in their country than there really are -Obama deported most immigrants *New US immigration policies -Undocumented immigrants from certain nats who enter the US from Mexico will automatically b deemed ineligible 4 asylum if they do not cross the border thru a port of entry (that is, an official immigration checkpt). ----Not certain if legal since Immigration and Nationality Act says tht immigrants on US soil may seek asylum whether or not they arrived thru a port of entry

Evans: counter-hegemonic globaliz

*small guys teaming up to fight big guys *Global justice movement --Labor movements --Counter neo-lib emphasis on capital accum --Looking for justice b/c they do not count (developed countries live in a diff world than poor nats) --Rules are made by wealthy and instits tht supp the wealthy *Women's movements --Allocating resources based on market, not gender issues --Market gives no rewards for care --Cultural differences tht women dont need education and have to be moms --Women r paid less bc domestic work raising children is not monetized *Environmental movements --Reqs collective mobilization vs individ rewards thru neo-lib --Environment sacrificed for market gains

rodrik: has globalization gone too far? Notes

-"globalization" is exposing a deep fault line between groups who have the skills and mobility to flourish in global markets and those who either don't have these advantages or perceive the expansion of unregu- lated markets as inimical to social stability and deeply held norms. The result is severe tension between the market and social groups such as workers, pensioners, and envi- ronmentalists, with governments stuck in the middle. [...] -much opposition to trade is based off of faulty premises, but economists have taken a narrow view of these issues -increased econ integration leads to disadvantage of labor esp unskilled labor SOURCES OF TENSION 1. reduced barriers to trade and investment accentuate the asymmetry bet- ween groups that can cross international borders (either directly or indirectly, say through outsourcing) and those that cannot. In the first category are owners of capital, highly skilled workers, and many professionals, who are free to take their resources where they are most in demand. Unskilled and semiskilled workers and most middle managers belong in the second category. -second group can b easily substituted. can get unskilled laborers anywhere. this leads to: -workers bear gr8r incidence of nonwage costs -volatility and insecurity rise -no bargaining power -These considerations have received insufficient attention in the recent academic liter- ature on trade and wages, which has focused on the downward shift in demand for unskilled workers rather than the increase in the elasticity of that demand. 2. globaliz creates conflict within and b/w nats over domestic norms and social instits tht embody them -creates opportunities for trade w countries at v diff levels of development -this is the uneasiness ppl feel when they hear ab bad trade practices, which is creating the interest in fair trade 3. globaliz has made it diff for gov'ts to provide social insurance -but the need for it has of course not diminished ROLE OF NAT GOV'TS balance b/w openness and domestic needs -There is often a trade-off between maintaining open borders to trade and maintain- ing social cohesion. When the conflict arises - when new liberalization initiatives are under discussion, for example -as policymakers sort out economic and social objectives, free trade policies are not automatically entitled to first priority. -tightening WTO rules such as antidumping and the escape clause would make sense DO NOT NEGLECT SOCIAL INSURANCE -social programs hv played historically in enabling multilateral liberalization and an explosion of world trade. -do not need to spend more $ to do this, just shift where welfare $ is going (more to unemployment than social security for example) -social insurance buys social peace and its need only increases w globaliz Do not use "competitiveness" as an excuse for domestic reform -lrg defecits/productivity probs would hurt a nation with a closed economy -example: The French strikes of 1995 are a good case in point. What made the opposition to the proposed fiscal and pension reforms particularly salient was the perception that fundamental changes in the French way of life were being imposed for the sake of international economic integration. -do not sell reforms that are good for the economy and the citizenry as reforms that are dictated by international economic integration. DO NOT ABUSE FAIRNESS CLAIMS IN TRADE -nations have the right - and should be allowed - to restrict trade when it conflicts with widely held norms at home or undermines domestic social arrange- ments that enjoy broad support. -one category: complaints made against other nations when very similar practices abound at home. Antidumping proceedings are a clear example: standard business practices, such as pricing over the life of a product or pricing over the business cycle, can result in duties being imposed on an exporting firm. -other category: cases in which other nations are unilaterally asked to change their domestic practices so as to equalize competitive conditions. -example: Japan is frequently at the receiving end of such demands from the United States and the European Union. -A more recent example concerns the declaration by the US Trade Representative that corruption in foreign countries will henceforth be considered as unfair trade. -fair trade is good but nats shud not use it as a threat to demand other countries follow the same practices they do

global warming data

--U.S. National Academy of Sciences: average Northern Hemisphere temperatures rose 1 degree in the last century (mostly in the last two decades) UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: human activity is more than 90 percent likely to be responsible; two greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide and methane—retain heat in the atmosphere and have experienced sharp increases after 12,000 years of relative consistency Sea levels rising, glaciers melting, hurricanes strengthening, weather patterns becoming more severe

HIV in Africa

-25.6 mill ppl living w HIV -60% of all ppl living w HIV in Africa -Adult HIV prevalence exceed 20% in Swaziland, Botswana, and Lesotho, while an addit 6 nats report adult HIV prevalence of @ least 10% -91% of the world's HIV pos children live in Africa (thru mother's milk) -71% of the HIV/AIDS-related deaths were from ppl living in africa -Almost 90% of the 16.6 mill children orphaned by AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa. No one wants to adopt them bc of stigma. Uneducated belief tht kids might have the disease. -Gender: 57% are women, between 15 and 24 yrs: 75% women. Not a "gay disease"

largest NGOs

-Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation$44 billion Ford Foundation$13 billion J. Paul Getty Trust$11 billion Robert Wood Johnson Foundation$10 billion William and Flora Hewlett Foundation $9 billion

Jenkins: The Christian Revolution notes

-Christianity is a western religion of the haves -the center of gravity in the Christian world has shifted inexorably southward, to Africa, Asia, and Latin America. -christianity is expanding globally figures: The largest single bloc, some 560 million people, is still to be found in Europe. Latin America, though, is already close behind with 480 million. Africa has 360 million, and 313 million Asians profess Christianity. North America claims about 260 million believers. -western to southern -actually much more conservative. by evidence, they shud b. like medieval euro for example -some groups tht adapt christian beliefs to local tradit RISE OF CHRISTENDOM -a true overarching unity and a focus of loyalty transcending mere kingdoms or empires. -Christendom simply endured. This perception had political consequences. While the laws of individual nations lasted only as long as the nations themselves, -rarely caused polit action but was a frame of cultural reference -imp of christianity declined when imp of nation st8 bcame more imp... but now lines of nat st8s r being blurred by globaliz and it wont matter where u r from in the future -predict tht some overarching force will unify the world called "a modern and secular equivalent of the kind of universal political organization that existed in Western Christendom in the Middle Ages." Might the new ideological force be environmentalism, perhaps with a mystical New Age twist? -strength of religion can make a st8s political objectives secondary -tensions in these areas w strong believers of diff religions can b hi and there is violence -refugees who r exiled r often taken in by churches tht hv these religious themes -the book of revelation is hi-ly applicable to southern christians bc of imperialism, racism, etc. probs r relevant to them -looking at christianity as a global phenomenon rather than a western one changes things a lot -regards persecution and poverty as every day ways of life but there are also many christians who are not suffering

global diseases: location

-Communicable diseases kill much more ppl in africa -Non communicable diseases kill much more ppl in europe, cancer, cardiovascular. Lifestyle diseases -Poorer ppl dont have access to health care, cant afford the things we can, dont have education on transmittable diseases, water supply, hygiene, how human waste is disposed -Theory tht if ppl in poor countries had longer life expectancies, then they could have cancer/heart attack signif: shows global inequality issues

actors in HIV/aids epidemic

-Countries: US, EU, South Africa -MNCs: pharma companies -Institutes and foundations: bill and melinda gates foundat., global fund to fight AIDS, Tb, and malaria (GFATM) -IGOs: world health org, joint UN programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), UN children's fund (UNICEF)

environmental trade-offs

-Environment is global, but not everyone is equally responsible for its problems -Each region has different perspective on different environmental problems -Rich vs poor countries -Economic vs environmental differences DEFN: when environmental protection is sacrified for economic gains ex: china's economy is growing quickly, but at the expense of the environment as they put out the most fossil fuels emissions. globally this is imp bc china does this and isnt held accountable but it threatens the global environment.

Reasons for resistance (some left wing, some right wing)

-Exploitation of labor Degradation of the environment Loss of political sovereignty Loss of national identity Too much corporate control Too little financial regulation

why states belong to IGOs

-If u contrib u get to vote and have a say in economic affairs -Realists like UN to increase US influence. If u are not making changes in UN, someone else is. "If ur not at the table, u r on the menu" -Self interest -Shared costs -Humanitarian objectives -Technological changes We provide .15% of GDP to needy nats whereas scandanavian nats prov 1% of GDP out of humanitarian interests

carbon trade and swap

-Innovative ways to mitigate environ probs -Ecological modernization: idea of combining econ values and the environment. Tradit, u either protect the econom and hurt the environment and vice versa. -These companies hv economic incentives to protect environment. Lower pollution tax -Grand canyon want coal companies to pollute less so the view of tourists isnt ruined (part of global solutions to climate change) Carbon Trade Carbon emissions trading was to be the economic environmental solution to climate change. Original impetus of the Copenhagen Treaty in 2010 was to mitigate rising global average temperature by allowing nations that reduced their carbon emissions to trade with other nations and so motivate all nations to find ways of cutting pollution. Carbon Swap Allows direct deposits of sequestered carbon to be added and withdrawals of emission rights to be made. The process be facilitated by direct swap arrangements between a supplier of carbon sequestering technologies and methods, and those of the carbon polluter.

NGOs

-Ngo: non govt org, ex docs w/o borders -which was the 1st NGO to speak oout on Ebola and advocate for a quicker response and for gov'ts and IGOs Membership: cuts across national boundaries Features Global and Regional Geography General and Specialized Purposes

cultural backlash against globaliz

-Realists: hv clear sense of nat identity SIGNIF: -Serious backlash against convergence and hybridization (ex. terrorists) DEFN: *Great social disruption brot ab by economic globalization: ---Nationalist backlash ---Market place vs cultural context: -----Its the economy, stupid vs. its my identity, stupid *Can culture survive globaliz?: ---Localized culture less or more imp than global citizenship? ---Issues of gender, environment, human rites more imp than culture? ---Is culture too local for globaliz? *Politics of culture ---Who controls culture? *Trump's view on european culture ---Are immigrants a threat to culture?

explanations for economic inequality

-Slow wage growth -Different educational levels -Technological advancements -Gender plays a role -Different levels of development: political, social, economic data: Inequality between developed and developing countries Life expectancy of 60 years vs 71 in developing nations High infant mortality: US: 6/1000 births vs developed countries: 3/1000 births vs developing of 53/1000 births Malnutrition: of bottom billion in Africa examples/significance: -rich ppl make investments like stocks -get large tax cuts

cultural convergence

-Smoothie analogy -When cultures r subject 2 many of the same global flows and tend 2 gro more alike Mcdonaldization ---Characteristics and standards thruout the world -Global culture? -Globaliz of nothing? -What r implics of global cult --backlash from terrorists --EU is good example of convergence of 20 something countries

reasons for aid spread

-Transportation -Migration, conflict (using rape as a weapon) -Education -Culture (myths spread tht u can get rid of aids by giving it to someone else) (polygamy) -Incompetent gov't policy -President of south africa charged w rape and asked if he used protection, he said he didnt need to bc he took a shwr after (10 yrs ago).

Al Qaeda

-Wanted US to get out of middle east -Isis started creating a state -Even had their own flag -Gov't aspect of isis has been destroyed.. Never recognized as a st8 -Not enuf terrorists to go to war w an actual gov't. -So they make civilians upset and tell their gov't to do something ab the terrorists/give them what they want

globalization of nothing

-cultural convergence -if everything is very globalized everything is going to b very similar and standardized. Not much diversity, every1 speaks the same lang. Arg tht nothing exists bc it is all the same. Critical take on globaliz DEFN: implies growing convergence as more and more nations around the world are increasingly characterized by various forms of nothing EXAMPLE/signif: A good example of nothing in these terms is the shopping mall (especially chains of malls) which is an empty (largely) structure that is easily replicated around the world. These malls could be fi lled with an endless array of specifi c content (e.g. local shops, local foods, etc. - something!) that could vary enormously from one locale in the world to another. However, increasingly they are fi lled with chain stores, themselves meeting the defi nition of nothing, carrying a wide range of various types of ... nothing! That is, chain stores throughout the world sell goods that are more or less the same everywhere they are sold.

leapfrogging

-devel countries are not following our model of technol advancement. They leap stages. example: In africa they skipped landlines and moved onto cellphones

cultural hybridization

-distinct cultural values but some overlap -Mixing of cultures and integration of global and local leading 2 unique combos -Glocalization; global and local resulting in unique outcomes in diff geographic areas -What r implications of cultural hybrids? Ex fusion restaurants ---salad analogy -backlash by terrorists

role of nuclear power

-environmental impact -Connect it to climate change -We need to move away from fossil fuels, will nuclear power replace it asap? -Seems to b the likely source to replace fossil fuels. -Dire warning ab climate change and its devastating impacts, saying the economy could lose hundreds of billions of dollars-- or, in the worst-case scenario, more than 10% of its GDP-- by the end of the century -Study concluded tht there is "no convincing alternative explanation" for the changing climate other than "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases." -w/o significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, the annual ave global temp cud increase 9 degrees Farenheit (5 Celsius) or more by the end of this century, compared w preindustrial temps. -UN and US both say climate change is mostly caused by humans -This report was concluded last december and it was not uncovered until this black friday. He dismissed this report and says he does not believe it -Fossil fuels=greenhouse gases SIGNIF TO GLOBALIz: disasters hv large consequences. after the reactor meltdowns at cheronobyl soviet union, ppl very hesistant to adopt these plants. however, could be the solution to fossil fuels emissions.

how has globalization transformed terrorism?

-global governance now unites to work against terrorist orgs -Attacks hv become more lethal -Now occur in developed nats -More efficient infrastructure 4 terrorist networks ---Ex: electron $ laundering; funding via illegal activities; internet recruiting -Wider range of groups: nationalist, radical religious, neo-Nazi, left-wing and rite-wing -Ability to communic 2 broad audiences via social media -New tactic is to be trained as foreign terrorists in middle east. Recruit ppl from europe. -U can kill the terrorists, but other terrorists will pop up -U hv to look at complex social issues tht make ppl terrorists and fix those

debates around global warming

-is it real? -What is causing it? More controversial -How this issue relates to globalization: global environment, harms economy of businesses Questions about Climate Change Is the climate actually warming? Natural cycle or human caused? If it is, what effects will be felt, and when? How can states reduce the use of fossil fuels yet still grow economically? Who pays for limiting climate change? Changes due to people? How do people affect change in global climate?Why skeptical response to climate change? Costs over time Change in lifestyle Who pays? Lack of faith in science Polluter pays? Equal share? Support the worse off?

internat law

-part of global capitalism -institutionaliz of global politics: DEFN: Thickening web of multilateral agreements, global and regional instits, and transnational gov't networks ---Exists only 2 the extent 2 which most powerful st8s conceive it as being in their nat interests -Deinstitutionalization? ---US pulling out of multilateral and bilateral treaties and orgs ---Yesterday: INF treaty -Reasons 4 global governance: ---Declining power of nat-st8s ---Continuous global flow of capital, goods, diseases, ppl, ideas running thru nat-st8s ---Nat-st8s unable 2 manage numerous domestic crises and nat catastrophes ---Internat governmental orgs ---Non-governmental orgs ---Interest of the US bc probs of other nats can come back 2 u like terrorism From study session: What is global governance? Internat orgs. Nongov't orgs. What makes up the governance? These all contribute to global governance. It is important so tht they can work together to solve problems. Why: mechanism for settling disputes, etc. 194 nation states. Dont hv a world gov't nats hv learned thru a struct of global governance. Semi- world government. More thn states being sep and individ but not entirely united. SIGNIFICANCE: INF (The intermediate-range nuclear forces treaty) trump recently pulled out. arms agreement b/w soviet union and US. trump claims it puts us in a military disadvantage w china.

The Evolution of Debates over Female Genital Cutting by Boyle

-people begged WHO to get involved for yrs and they would not w/o invitation from st8 -1990s all orgs decided to work together to research and put an end to this THE HEALTH COMPROMISE -early yrs of UN: indep and letting a nation do what it wanted was valued. in addition, early attempts to stop FGC did not work -western feminist women played imp role in getting attn and work done in this situation. ppl in these areas were concerned for yrs but no one listened. -some african women were offended ab the discourse on their cultural practices. made african women look like they could not think for themselves -argument tht it is hard to tackle at a local level bc if girls were uncircumsized they were deemed un-marriageable -feminist arguments/tension was so high between women of diff cultures -so when the issue was tackled women's health and science based evidence was used -the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children. -the worldwide adoption of this perspective without debate was a monumental step toward global homogeneity. WOMEN'S RIGHTS AS HUMAN RITES -made procedure medically safer (trained professionals, sterile, etc) -gender equality bcame important again -IGOs started to recognize feminist argument ab violence against women around 1995 -went from health issue 2 hum rites issue -joint st8ment where orgs said that naming this a medical issue was a mistake bc: 1. medical discourse - at least as it was applied locally - was exaggerated and consequently counterproductive. 2. medicalization had been too effective. By making FGC safer, the international Debates over Female Genital Cutting 325 community had undermined the urgency that originally motivated the eradication of the practice.

the general resistance to globaliz: who are they?

-want less globaliz Who is the resistance? Better globaliz Global society proponents Fair, not free trade Moral trade, not just econ liberalism More accountability Greater transparency

global immigration

191 million immigrants Doubling of immigration in last 50 years 115 million immigrants live in developed countries 20% (approximately 38 million) live in the US alone 33% of all immigrants live in Europe 75% live in just 28 countries Women constitute approximately half of all migrants at around 95 million Between 1990 and 2005 36 million migrations (an average of approximately 2.4 million per year) 33 million wound up in industrialized countries 75% of the increases occurred in just 17 countries

pleyers: the global justice movement notes

A BRIEF HISTORY 1. Local and national mobilizations against neoliberalism occupied the first period, with "water and gas wars" in Bolivia and South Korean workers' movements as well as the Zapatista rebellion in Mexico and the Indian farmers struggle against the WTO. 2. second phase, as the movement became organized around Social Forums at the local, national, continental, and global level. These meetings were oriented less towards resistance than to bring- ing together global justice activists (world social forum 2001). grew in size until 2005, then declined. still strong in LA ex Evo Morales Bolivia MOVEMENT AGAINST NEOLIB IDEOLOGY -globaliz has resulted in extreme poverty, but measures can b taken that lessens this impact -world instits embody neolib ideology. want to encourage citizens to not be passive but involved and debate global issues -world bank's poverty reduction strat: free market will red poverty bc that means more resources for devel nats. global justice advocates disagree and use rising inequal levels -to the IMF: the market is no longer self-regulating, it exacerbates instabilities THREE MAJOR TENDENCIES (how to implement alt policies and programs) 1. CITIZENS' AND EXPERTS' ADVOCACY NETWORKS -concrete outcomes can b achieved by single-issue networks -for instance, activists raise the question of global public goods, oppose some activities of global corporations and promote the idea of the long-term efficiency of the public sector. 2. FOCUS ON LOCAL LEVEL -"Relocalization" movements promote a wide range of local experiments aiming to reduce consumption and increase production, while building community resilience in response to climate change and seeking to preserve and promote local knowledge and culture. -ex SLC greenbikes 3. SUPPORT PROGRESSIVE REGIMES -broad social change will occur mainly through progressive policies implemented by key actors: national policy makers, governments and institutions. -citizens working closely w politicians conclusion ab globaliz: they offer concrete guidelines for a global and multidimensional approach to social change and poverty reduction that acknowledges simultaneously the key roles to be played by local communities and grassroots social actors, global citizens' activism, international institutions and national political leaders. By debating rarely discussed issues, the global justice movement has undoubtedly contributed to defining a global public space, stronger global consciousness, multiplication of activities on a global scale and more active citizenship at local, national, continental, and global levels.