GMS6530: Med Pharm Cardio

A patient is prescribed a loading dose of theophylline sufficient to result in 10ug/mL plasma concentrations. Assuming a linear increase in plasma concentration, how many of these loading doses would be required to give side effects?

2

Which class of drugs has the most direct effect on cardiac hypertrophy itself?

ACE inhibitors

Which andogenous ligand does Atrovent block?

ACh

Which K+ channel blocker is less selective, leading to wide-ranging side-effects?

Amiodarone

Which of these is a vasoconstrictor?

Angiotensin II

Which drug has irreversible effects on cells?

Aspirin

Which type of arrhythmia would appear on an ECG as a repeated pattern of small, irregular P waves (sometimes not even considered to be true p waves) with interspersed QRS waves?

Atrial fibrillation

If you were to drink a liter of cola, the increased blood pressure due to increased blood volume would be detected by:

Baroreceptors

Which class of drugs has 0% bioavailability?

Bile acid binding agents

Heparin inhibits which clotting pathway?

Both intrinsic and extrinsic

The majority of warfarin in the body is located where after administration?

Bound to plasma proteins

Altered levels of the following ions can lead to toxicity in patients receiving digitalis. Which one must be low prior to beginning digitalis treatment?

Ca2+

Which drug is known to cause kidney damage to a developing fetus with standard doping?

Captopril

The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers?

Central chemoreceptors

Does spironolactone increase or decrease blood volume?

Decrease

Is Lipitor used to increase or decrease the LDL:HDL ratio?

Decrease

Would Alteplase be expected to increase or decrease the presence of fibrin at blood clots?

Decrease

Beta-blockers have which of the following effects in the heart?

Decreased oxygen consumption

Amlodipine has which of the following effects in the heart?

Decreased oxygen consumption and increased oxygen supply

Nitrates have which of the following effects in the heart when given at low to moderate doses?

Decreased oxygen consumption and increased oxygen supply

A Ca2+ channel blocker would be expected to alleviate which mechanism of arrhythmia?

Delayed after depolarizations

Does nitroglycerin lead to the phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of myosin light chain?

Dephosphorylation

Which of the following is a biologic drug that can be used to treat digoxin overdose?

Digibind

Which antiarrhythmic drug works by increasing parasympathetic activity?

Digoxin

Pathologic examination of cardiac muscle from a patient with cardiac hypertrophy shows narrowed cardiomyocytes. What type of hypertrophy does this patient have?

Eccentric hypertrophy

Which mechanism of arrhythmia is triggered by the ANS?

Enhanced normal automaticity

Which type of arrhythmia features the least control of heart contractions?

Fibrillation

Lovaza is most closely related to which nutritional supplement?

Fish oil

Commercials for cholesterol medications often mention "good cholesterol" and "bad cholesterol." What are they referring to as "good cholesterol?"

HDL

A patient with what type of medical history would be most likely to already be on a therapy that would impact the chosen therapy for a new asthma diagnosis?

Heart disease

Which drug could be used to inhibit clotting of a blood sample in a test tube?

Heparin

The release of which molecule is inhibited by Cromolyn?

Histamine

_______ pressure must be greater on the capillary side of the filtration membrane to achieve filtration.

Hydrostatic

Fenofibrate would be least likely to be used to treat which condition?

Hypercholesterolemia

By blocking the Na+/K+ pump, does digoxin increase or decrease cardiac output?

Increase

Would Amicar be expected to increase or decrease the presence of fibrin at blood clots?

Increase

What is the primary difference between inhalation and oral therapy for asthma?

Inhalation therapy is used to treat acute asthma attacks

Patients suffering from hemophilia A lack Factor VIII. Which clotting pathway is nonfunctional in these patients?

Intrinsic pathway

In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm?

It decreases

Which of the following is a negative inotrope?

K+

Which type of antiarrhythmic would extend the length of an action potential?

K+ channel blocker

Which class of lipoproteins has the largest proportion of cholesterol?

LDL

Is it more common for a patient with heart failure to have a heart that is larger or smaller than expected?

Larger

Which antiarrhythmic drug is a Na+ channel blocker that decreases APD?

Lidocaine

Which antiarrhythmic drug works better in ischemic cardiac tissue than in well-oxygenated tissue?

Lidocaine

Which organ must Ramipril pass through prior to showing cardiac activity, regardless of administration route?

Liver

Would stroke volume be expected to be largest in a patient with high or low blood pressure, everything else being equal?

Low

Which drug causes a short-term decrease in ejection fraction followed by a subsequent increase?

Metoprolol

Fast inactivation of a Na+ channel is accomplished through which mechanism?

Movement of the inactivation gate

Nitroglycerin must be used to produce what molecule before becoming biologically active?

NO

Treatment with an NSAID generally precedes treatment with which category of drug?

Niacin

Nitroglycerin acts as a vasodilator by increasing the levels of what chemical in the blood?

Nitric oxide

Ca2+ channel blockers exert their effects primarily in which part of the heart?

Nodes

Emotional states are integrated by the _______, which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying

PRG

Which of the following is the best definition of angina?

Pain or pressure in the central chest

What type of enzyme does sacubitril inhibit?

Peptidase

Which drug is not given orally?

Praluent

Which type of arrhythmia would appear on an ECG as a large downward peak occurring before any upwards peaks?

Premature ventricular beat

Lisinopril directly blocks which process?

Production of Ang II

Which beta-blocker is more likely to be given to a patient to take long-term for control of chronic arrhythmia?

Propanolol

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?

Pulmonary ventilation

Which of the following is located in the pinky toe?

Respiratory division of the respiratory system

The electrical impulse responsible for cardiac contraction begins in what location?

SA node

Which statement best describes the process of arteriosclerosis?

Stiffening of blood vessels due to loss of elastic fibers.

Which of the following treatments is most effective at controlling most chronic COPD symptoms?

Stopping smoking

Which medication would most likely be prescribed as a single-agent maintenance medication for asthma?

Theophylline

Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?

Tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid (mitral), aortic semilunar

Which type of angina is least likely to be affected by diet?

Variant

Which drug, when administered by itself, can relieve both congestive and low cardiac output symptoms?

Vasodilator

Which drug would be expected to reduce leukotriene levels in the blood?

Zyflo

The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as:

afterload

What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones?

aldosterone

Venoconstriction increases which of the following?

all of the above: blood pressure within the vein, blood flow within the vein, return of blood to the heart

Which portion of the ECG (EKG) corresponds to repolarization of the atria?

atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization

In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult?

atrioventricular septum

Albuterol increases bronchial diameter by increasing the production of:

cAMP

The concentration of what compound in the blood would be expected to increase following administration of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor?

cAMP

When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will _______ to mount a steady rate of filtration.

contract

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system would have what effect on airway resistance in the bronchi?

decrease

Does sympathetic activation increase or decrease urination?

decrease

Renin is released in response to:

decreased blood pressure

Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of:

elastic fibers

A decrease in volume leads to an _______ in pressure

increase

What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone?

increased blood pressure

People who live in cold climates often say that it's so cold outside that it takes their breath away. What system is invoking this response?

irritant receptors

Which of the following is largest in diameter?

main bronchi

The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain?

medulla oblangata

Which layer of the bladder would be in direct contact with urine?

mucosa

Voluntary control of urination comes from which structure?

pons

Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron.

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

What infection would generally be considered the most advanced?

pyelonephritis

The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called:

renal columns

Kidney stones form in what structure?

renal pelvis

Gas flow decreases as ________ increases

resistance

Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?

right atrium

Which process moves materials into the collecting duct?

secretion

What type of muscle tissue controls airway diameter?

smooth muscle

The functional unit of the kidney is called:

the nephron

Which of the following best describes veins?

thin walled, large lumens, low pressure

The endothelium is found in the:

tunica interna