golgi apparatus

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic:

The golgi bodies are found in both plants and animal cells. This organelle is not found in prokaryotic cells.

Who does it work with:

The golgi body works withe the endoplasmic reticulum. As the endoplasmic reticulum produces proteins (and the SER produces lipids and steroids) a vesicle (pinched off of the endoplasmic reticulum) transitions the proteins to the golgi body. Then the golgi body modifies, packages, transports, distributes or stores the substances of the vesicle. After it does that a secretion vesicle is produced and the contents of the processed proteins from the ER are transported to wherever they are needed. The golgi also imports nucleotides and other substances from the cytosol of the cell to modify proteins.

Golgi Bodies

An organelle that is a component of the cell's endomembrane system. Golgi bodies are present in the cell as structures that are flattened, they also contain many vesicles that have secretory granules. They look similar to sacks.

Diseases/Disorders Associated:

As the golgi body modifies proteins it creates many consequences that can impact the organism. Changes to the proteome in the golgi body have be linked to diseases in an organism. Research has shown that a number of proteins identified can cause diseases that damage organ systems if mutated or depleted. When a change in the proteome in the golgi body occurs it can affect its homeostasis which in turn affects flow of proteins that are transported through it.

Evolution

Golgi bodies have been around since the separation of major eukaryotic lineage has occurred from around 2 billion years ago. Research has proved that even many unicellular eukaryotic organisms have golgi bodies. The ancestral golgi body was inferred to have a stacked golgi body. Although there are many incidents throughout history that the golgi bodies become unstacked, they now form stacks of about 40-100.

Function:

Golgi bodies modify, sort, and package macromolecules that are synthesized by the cell. These macromolecules include proteins and lipids. A crucial role of the golgi bodies is to modify sort and package proteins for secretion Golgi bodies also assist in the transportation of the lipids around the cells. Golgi bodies are also involved in the synthesizing of lysosomes in the cell.

Structure

Made up of many layers of structures that are enclosed by membrane. These structures are called cisternae and a singular cisternae is referred to as dictyosome. Animal cells usually have 40-100 stacks, each stacks have about four to eight cisternae. Cisternae contains an enzyme of the Golgi that assists in modifying and transporting proteins to destinations. Cisternae sacks are bent in a semi-circular shape. The stacks are bound to the membrane and the interior of it is split from the cytoplasm of the cell. The stacks' membranes can vary in composition and thickness to each other. Golgi bodies are polar. Cisternae regions are split into five functional regions which includes the cis-Golgi network, cis-Golgi, medial-Golgi, trans-Golgi, and trans-Golgi network. These regions have specific enzymes that modify substances based on the location in which they're headed. The golgi body receives contents from its cis-Golgi network and ships contents from its trans-Golgi network.

Discovery:

One of the first organelles to be discovered Discovered in 1897 by Camillo Golgi Called it the internal reticular apparatus People started calling it "Golgi Apparatus" after him Many scientists didn't believe that it existed Confirmed by invention of electron microscope