Goode Sociology Final
7) A majority of the American population: (a) favors allowing legal marijuana for medical purposes. (b) opposes allowing legal marijuana for medical purposes. (c) has no opinion on allowing legal marijuana for medical purposes. (d) has not expressed its opinion about legal medical marijuana, since polls have not asked this question. (e) none of the above
A
7. According to polls, believers in evolution tend to: (a) be more well-educated than believers in creationism. (b) live in ""red"" states. (c) live in ""retro"" states. (d) be more politically conservative than believers in creationism. (e) none of the above
A
7. According to the typology spelled out in Erving Goffman's book Stigma--and according to most sociologists of deviance as well--in contemporary America, blemishes of individual character include: a. alcoholism b. physical deformities c. blindness d. being Jewish e. none of the above
A
8. With respect to criminal homicide, when: (a) African Americans kill, they tend to kill an African American; when whites kill, they tend to kill a white person. (b) African Americans kill, they tend to kill a white person; when whites kill, they tend to kill a white person. (c) African Americans kill, they tend to kill an African American; when whites kill, they tend to kill an African American. (d) African Americans kill, they tend to kill a white person; when whites kill, kill, they tend to kill an African American. (e) none of the above
A
9. Being under the influence of alcohol___________ the likelihood of being victimized by criminal violence. (a) increases (b) decreases (c) is unrelated to (d) is related in an unknown fashion with (e) none of the above
A
6. Gottfredson and Hirschi state that their theory demolishes all other explanations of deviance and crime, except for two. One is routine activities theory; the other is: (a) social disorganization theory, which argues that a neighborhood unable or unwilling to monitor and control the deviance of its residents will have high rates of deviance. (b) differential association theory, which states that we deviate to the extent that we are exposed to norms among intimate others that are consistent with violating the law (c) anomie theory, which argues that deviance and crime are caused by a disjunction between a society's culture (success values) and its social and economic structure (the allocation of positions). (d) subculture theory, which states that norms consistent with violating the law are learned by members of the lower class. (e) none of the above; all of the above, say Gottfredson and Hirschi, are demolished by their theory
A
8. The least common of the following crimes is: (a) robbery (b) burglary (c) forcible rape (d) aggravated assault (e) murder
E
8. Which of the following is not a ""necessary ingredient"" that defines deviance? a. the existence of a rule or a norm b. someone who violates--or who is thought to violate--a norm c. an "audience"- one or more persons who evaluate something to be a normative violation d. a certain likelihood that one or more audiences will react negatively to a perceived normative violation e. none of the above; all are necessary ingredients that define what is deviant
E
9) The drug that is most likely to lead to a lethal overdose on a dose-by-dose, user-by-user basis is: (a) crack cocaine (b) power cocaine (c) marijuana (d) alcohol (e) heroin
E
1. According to the majority of sociologists, today, deviance no longer exists.
F
1. Half the American adult population drinks alcohol regularly; this means that we cannot consider alcohol consumption a form of deviance.
F
1. The Bible contains very few norms outlawing variant sexual behavior.
F
1. To maximize validity, in most surveys on deviance and crime, researchers interview every person in the population.
F
2. All white collar criminals are rich and powerful.
F
2. The designation of sexual disorders and dysfunctions is exactly the same as what sociologists mean by sexual deviance.
F
2. The taking of human life is universally deviant and criminal everywhere and during all periods of history.
F
3) Research indicates that illegal drug use kills more Americans than legal drug use.
F
3. As a general rule, the higher the SES, the greater the likelihood of binge drinking.
F
3. Rape is an exception to the rule that behavior is socially constructed; rape is not socially constructed.
F
3. Religious views are off-limits for the sociologist of deviance.
F
3. To the sociologist, beliefs are deviant insofar as they are empirically, scientifically, and objectively wrong.
F
4) With respect to the percentage of the population who used it, marijuana reached a peak in the 1960s.
F
4. A correlation between two variables definitively proves causality.
F
4. Most of the New York Police Department believed that the torture and humiliation of Abner Louima was not a crime and was not a deviant act.
F
4. No one could ever be arrested for acting on a religious belief, since that is a matter of one's conscience dictating what is right.
F
4. The "Western" or "Chicago/California" school of the sociology of deviance is inhabited mainly by social constructionists who focus on "hard high consensus" deviance.
F
5. Beliefs are deviant to the extent that they are objectively and empirically wrong.
F
5. In the United States, criminology tends to focus on "soft" or "low consensus" deviance.
F
5. In the research technique known as participant observation, all researchers must engage in the behavior they study.
F
5. Most of the time that women kill, they kill a woman
F
5. The use of illicit drugs contributes five times as many premature years of life lost as the legal drugs.
F
5. When convicted corporate offenders who commit acts that harm many people are sentenced, juries hand down penalties that are commensurate with the crimes.
F
10. Alcohol consumption and illicit drug use are: (a) positively correlated with one another (b) inversely or negatively correlated with one another (c) randomly related to one another (d) related to one another in an unknown fashion (e) none of the above
A
10. In defining what is deviant, sociologists reject the concept of: a. absolutism b. relativism c. "audiences" d. empirical reality e. none of the above
A
10. Prior to 1985, most cases of the sexual abuse of children by Catholic priests resulted in: (a) covering up the crime, transferring the offending priest to another parish, and encouraging him to seek psychological counseling. (b) reporting the crime to the police. (c) doing nothing whatsoever. (d) an unknown reaction by the Church; we simply have no idea what was done in such cases. (e) none of the above
A
10. The central concern or issue in the natural science or positivist model adopted by mainstream criminology is: (a) etiology, or the cause or causes of criminal behavior (b) the consequences of criminal behavior (c) the social construction of crime (d) the public perception of crime (e) the overlap between deviance and crime
A
10. Which of the following perspectives argues that prostitution is a manifestation of class exploitation; since capitalist society offers working-class women few opportunities to earn a living, many are forced to sell themselves to survive. (a) Marxism (b) functionalism (c) conventional morality (d) the social worker approach (e) none of the above
A
4. A sociologist expressing which of the following theories would have written this quote: "Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication." (a) differential association theory (b) social disorganization theory (c) social control theory (d) routine activities theory (e) anomie/strain theory
A
6. According to sociologists of religion: (a) a sect is a religious body that breaks off from an established denomination; a cult is a religious body that is radically different from an established denomination. (b) a sect is a religious body that is radically different from an established denomination; a cult is a religious body that breaks off from an established denomination. (c) both a cult and a sect are religious bodies that break off from an established denomination. (d) both a cult and a sect are religious bodies that are radically different from an established body. (e) none of the above
A
6. Alcohol consumption began: (a) in prehistoric times (b) in ancient Egypt (c) in ancient Greece (d) during the European Middle Ages (e) during the European Renaissance
A
10. The causal or explanatory component of feminism argues that a major cause of crime against women is: (a) anomie (b) patriarchy (c) social disorganization (d) inadequate parenting (e) none of the above
B
2. A sociologist expressing which of the following theories would have written this quote: "Poor, dense, mixed-use neighborhoods have high transience rates. . . . Transience weakens . . . both formal and informal social control, which increases the likelihood of deviant behavior." (a) anomie/strain theory (b) social disorganization theory (c) differential association theory (d) routine activities theory (e) social control theory
B
5. What is the central explanatory factor of social control theory? (a) deviant socialization (b) absence of bonds to conventional society (c) a disjunction between the culture, which stresses success motivation, and Society's social and economic structure (d) inadequate parenting (e) none of the above
B
6. According to criminologists and sociologists of crime, white collar and corporate crime: (a) steals money from the public but causes no physical harm. (b) steals money from the public and causes physical harm as well. (c) does not steal money from the public but causes physical harm. (d) neither steals money from the public nor does it cause physical harm. (e) none of the above
B
6. Courses in deviance and those on crime: (a) study completely separate and distinct phenomena. (b) study different but overlapping phenomena. (c) are identical or coterminous with one another. (d) study unknown and unknowable phenomena. (e) none of the above
B
8. Sociologically, beliefs are deviant to the extent that: (a) they are objectively wrong. (b) their believers are treated as socially unacceptable by relevant audiences. (c) they have stood the empirical test of time. (d) they violate God-given interpretations. (e) none of the above
B
8. When corporate criminals are arrested and go to trial (which is rare), juries: (a) are eager to impose even harsher sentences on them than they would for convicted street criminals. (b) are reluctant to impose harsh penalties on them. (c) make decisions about their penalties that are exactly the same ones they would make for street criminals. (d) The sentences juries impose on corporate criminals is unknown because their trials are almost always secret. (e) none of the above
B
9. According to Susan Estrich, typically, the criminal justice system vigorously: (a) prosecutes simple rape, but does not vigorously prosecute aggravated rape. (b) prosecutes aggravated rape, but does not vigorously prosecute simple rape. (c) prosecutes both simple and aggravated rape. (d) prosecutes neither simple nor aggravated rape. (e) none of the above
B
9. Feminist theorists of deviance have charged that the field, as a general rule and until very recently, has regarded: (a) the deviance of women as deviance in general, while the deviance of men has been seen as specialized deviance. (b) the deviance of men as deviance in general, while the deviance of women has been seen as specialized deviance. (c) both the deviance of women and the deviance of men have been seen as deviance in general. (d) both the deviance of men and the deviance of women have been seen as specialized deviance. (e) none of the above
B
9. In contemporary United States, the reactions that define whether a given religious system is deviant are determined for the most part by: (a) formal agents of social control rather than informal agents of social control. (b) informal agents of social control rather than formal agents of social control. (c) both formal and informal agents of social control. (d) neither formal nor informal agents of social control. (e) none of the above
B
9. Most IRBs (Institutional Review Boards) or human subjects committees: (a) encourage sociologists working at the universities to engage in deviance, crime, and drug use when studying them to ensure the validity of their studies. (b) had they been in place at the time would have forbidden many of the classic participant observation studies on deviance, including Laud Humphreys'' study of tearoom sex and the Adlers study of drug dealing. (c) take no position whatsoever on the participation of sociologists working at their universities in deviance, crime, and drug use. (d) take an unknown and unpredictable position on the issue of sociologists'' participation in deviant behavior. (e) none of the above
B
9. Of the following, the greatest dollar value is lost to which kind of theft? (a) burglary (b) shoplifting plus employee theft (c) robbery (d) motor vehicle theft (e) pickpocketing
B
9. The relationship between education and condemnation of homosexuality is: (a) positive--the greater the education, the greater the likelihood that someone condemns homosexuality. (b) negative--the greater the education, the lower the likelihood that someone condemns homosexuality. (c) random--there is no relationship between education and the likelihood that someone condemns homosexuality. (d) unknown and unknowable. (e) none of the above
B
3. A sociologist expressing which of the following theories would have written this quote: "It is only when a system of cultural values extols [praises, encourages] . . . certain common success goals for the population at large while the social structure rigorously restricts or completely closes access to approved modes of reaching these goals for a considerable part of that same population, that deviant behavior ensues on a large scale." (a) differential association theory (b) social control theory (c) anomie/strain theory (d) routine activities theory (e) social disorganization theory
C
6. Perhaps the major difference between the Chicago sex survey and the Kinsey study——the one that influenced the difference between the findings of these two studies——is that the: (a) sample size of the Chicago survey was much larger. (b) sample size of the Kinsey study was much larger. (c) sample of the Chicago survey was representative of the American population as a whole; the sample of the Kinsey study was not. (d) sample of the Kinsey study was representative of the American population as a whole; the sample of the Chicago survey was not. (e) none of the above
C
6. Situational theories argue that the key to explaining rape is: (a) low self-control (b) cultural learning (c) opportunity (d) patriarchy (e) the `proclivity a of some men to sexually aggress against women
C
7. In comparison with whites, African-Americans are: (a) more likely to be victims of murder but less likely to be perpetrators of murder. (b) more likely to be perpetrators of murder, but less likely to be victims of murder. (c) more likely both to be victims and perpetrators of murder. (d) less likely both to be victims and perpetrators of murder. (e) none of the above
C
7. Overall, which is the best research method to study deviance? (a) survey methods (b) participant observation (c) overall, there is no best research method; as to whether survey methods or participant observation is better depends on the phenomenon to be studied (d) neither method is of any value in studying deviance; another method altogether is the best method overall (e) none of the above
C
9. After the police officers who beat Rodney King were acquitted of any crime: (a) The vast majority of Blacks thought the verdict was wrong; the vast majority of whites thought it was correct. (b) The vast majority of Blacks thought the verdict was correct; the vast majority of whites thought it was wrong. (c) The vast majority of both Blacks and whites thought the verdict was wrong. (d) The vast majority of both Blacks and whites thought the verdict was correct. (e) none of the above
C
9. Sociologically: a. Achieved statuses can be the basis for judgments of deviance b. ascribed statuses cannot. Ascribed statuses can be the basis for judgments of deviance; achieved statuses cannot. c. Both achieved and ascribed statuses can be the basis for judgments of deviance d. Neither achieved nor ascribed statuses can be the basis for judgments of deviance. e. none of the above
C
10. According to the argument spelled out in this chapter, atheism: (a) cannot possibly be deviant in any conceivable social context or collectivity. (b) could be "societallydeviant in certain societies, but not "situationally deviant. (c) could be"situationally" deviant in certain contexts, but not"societally" deviant. (d) could be deviant both "societally" and "situationally" depending on the society or the context. (e) none of the above
D
7. According to the author: (a) all white collar crime is corporate crime and vice versa. (b) no white collar crime is corporate crime and vice versa. (c) all white collar crime is corporate crime but not all corporate crime is white collar crime. (d) all corporate crime is white collar crime but not all white collar crime is corporate crime. (e) none of the above
D
7. The `rule of equivalency a states that: (a) level of intoxication automatically translates into a specific form of behavior. (b) mixing different kinds of alcoholic beverages produces more extreme intoxication than sticking with one kind of alcoholic beverage. (c) two different people with the same measureable level of intoxication exhibit different forms of behavior under the influence. (d) alcohol is alcohol is alcohol: what counts in producing alcohol intoxication is the quantity of alcohol consumed (given mitigating factors); drinking different the kinds of drinks is not a factor in this process. (e) none of the above
D
8. On which of the following criteria is the participant observation method of social research superior to survey methods? (a) representativeness of the sample (b) reliability--the assurance that repeat measures will obtain the same results (c) standardization of the questions asked (d) validity--the assurance that the measures used actually measured what they are designed to measure (e) none of the above
D
8. Which of the following theoretical positions on prostitution argues that sex for sale offers many hidden benefits to the society that no other institution or custom can supply? (a) Marxism (b) feminism (c) conventional moralism (d) functionalism (e) none of the above
D
1. Positivistic theories of deviance are centrally concerned with an answer to the question: (a) Why are some rule violators punished while others remain unpunished? (b) Why are rules condemning certain behaviors or beliefs enforced? (c) Why do rules against certain behaviors or beliefs exist? (d) How do people who are stigmatized and punished experience stigmatization and punishment? (e) Why do some people engage in deviance?
E
10) Which of the following drugs is mismatched with respect to the era in which a "panic" took place: (a) LSD/1960s (b) marijuana/1930s (c) crack cocaine/late 1980s (d) cocaine/early 1900s (e) all of the above drugs are appropriately matched with the appropriate era
E
10. Murder tends to be: (a) premeditated (b) inter-racial (c) unrelated to or random with respect to social class or socioeconomic status (d) committed by people who are strangers to their victims (e) none of the above
E
10. The research technique most sociologists of deviance who publish in the journal Deviant Behavior use is: (a) field experiments (b) laboratory experiments (c) survey research (d) the use of personal narratives (e) participant observation
E
6) According to the classification provided in this chapter, marijuana is categorized as a: (a) psychedelic (b) hallucinogen (c) sedative (d) stimulant (e) none of the above
E
6. Sociologically, sexual deviance is defined by: (a) mental disorder (b) psychological dysfunction (c) self-destructiveness (d) sexual narcissism (e) a violation of social norms that is likely to generate condemnation
E
7. Criminologists refer to legislature-created law as: (a) primal crime (b) common law (c) deviance (d) street crime (e) statutory law
E
7. Which of the following is not a dimension that defines a sex act as deviant? The: (a) degree of consent (b) nature of the sex object (c) nature of the sex act (d) setting in which the act occurs (e) none of the above; all are dimensions that can make a sex act deviant
E
7. Which of the following questions would a labeling or interactionist theorist be most likely to ask? (a) Why are rates of deviance higher in some societies than in others? (b) Why do some people engage in deviant behavior while others don't? (c) Why don't some people engage in deviant behavior? (d) What is the social class distribution of deviant behavior? (e) What happens when after someone is condemned or stigmatized as a deviant?
E
8) Of the following drugs, which one is the highest proportion of at-least-one-time users most likely to `stick with or continue using? (a) heroin (b) cocaine (c) marijuana (d) LSD (e) alcohol
E
8. As a type of drug, alcohol is a: (a) stimulant (b) hallucinogen (c) psychedelic (d) psychotomimetic (e) depressant
E
8. The central question/s among social constructionists is: (a) Why do they do it? (b) What is the cause of deviant behavior? (c) Why don't people engage in deviant behavior? (d) In what ways does deviance harm the society in which it takes place? (e) Why are rules created and enforced, and with what consequences?
E
1) From a positivistic perspective, a consideration of drug use has as its mission answering the question: Why do some people use illegal drugs?
T
1. Everywhere, men are more likely to commit murder than women
T
1. In most corporate crime, victimization tends to be diffuse, or spread out among the population.
T
1. In the United States, atheism is a form of cognitive deviance.
T
1. There are many acts that are deviant but not criminal.
T
2) With respect to the constructionist perspective, a consideration of drug use has as its mission answering the question: Why is the use of certain substances regarded as deviant?
T
2. ADAM's data indicate that arrestees are much more likely to use drugs than is true of the population at large.
T
2. As a general rule, the higher the social class or SES (socioeconomic status), the greater the likelihood of drinking.
T
2. Holding unconventional beliefs is an important form of deviance.
T
2. The legal system of the United States is based on the English common law.
T
2. To many sociologists, what defines deviance is an "audience"--a collectivity of persons who evaluate whether a given act, belief, or trait is acceptable or unacceptable.
T
3. As age increases, the likelihood of illicit drug use declines; this is a negative relationship.
T
3. Corporate crime, unlike the typical street crime, tends to be intermingled with legitimate behavior.
T
3. In Western society, homosexuality is decreasingly regarded as a form of deviance; it is in fact, "departing from deviance."
T
3. The positivist criminologist's mission is typically the study of the classic street crimes, or what are known to the police as "street or Index Crimes
T
4. Age is strongly correlated with drinking; another variable that is most strongly correlated with alcohol consumption is gender.
T
4. It is impossible to understand the nature of heterosexuality without taking men's and women's gender roles into account.
T
4. Most of the time that men kill, they kill a man.
T
4. One necessary component of what is deviant is the existence of a rule or a norm.
T
5) Evidence now suggests that public fear and concern over the "crack babies" issue that erupted in the late 1980s was exaggerated, an example of a "moral panic."
T
5. To the constructionist, the most important issue about human sexuality is the meaning we infuse into sex.
T
5. Unlike Karl Marx, Max Weber saw a two-way street between the world of beliefs and ideas and the material conditions of people's lives.
T
6. Some deviant beliefs are factually correct.
T
