GOV 1301 CHPT 5

In determining that it was unconstitutional to reserve 10 percent of federally funded construction projects for minority-owned firms (Adarand v. Peña), the Supreme Court used what part of the test it applies to affirmative action cases?

"narrowly tailored"

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?

-It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against black voters. -It banned discriminatory voter registration practices.

Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

-It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities. -It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities.

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

-Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men. -The average pay for women workers is only 80 percent of the amount earned by male workers.

Which of the following Hispanic politicians were top contenders for the Republican presidential nomination?

-Marco Rubio -Ted Cruz

Which of the following are among redlining's legacies?

-Segregated neighborhoods still exist. -Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites).

Which is an accurate representation of the Hispanic population in the United States?

-Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. -The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

-Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. -A state requires separate public bathrooms for black and white people.

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

-boycotts -marches in nonviolent protest

Arrange the following items in chronological order starting with the earliest challenge to segregation laws at the top.

-brown vs board of education (1954) -Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat (1955) -Martin Luther King Jr March on Washington speech for jobs and freedom(1963)

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

-discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods -discriminatory practices in housing -discriminatory practices in mortgage lending

Affirmative action policies have been used by ______ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

-employers -educational institutions

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to

-have a high median income. -be college educated.

According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in which of the following areas?

-holding high-level political office -holding the top position in corporations

Which of the following are rights gays and lesbians had to fight for in the U.S.?

-the right to have the same benefits as traditional couples -the right to openly enlist in the military

Which amendment passed at the end of the war granted African American men the right to vote?

15th

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

19th amendment

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely black.

95%

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferraro

What sociologist authored the book An American Dilemma?

Gunnar Myrdal

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

Since the 1950s, how has the federal government responded to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

It passed a series of laws that secured fundamental rights for African Americans.

Which of the following minority groups make up the largest Hispanic population in the United States?

Mexicans

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such things as race, color, and religion.

Which of the following Native American tribes have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Pueblo Navajo

Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, a number of southern congressmen wrote a letter titled the ______, urging state governments to "resist forced integration by any lawful means."

Southern Manifesto

Which of the following is an ongoing struggle between state governments and Native American tribal governments?

States want to control casino gambling on Native American reservations.

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County

True or false: Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, many restaurants, hotels, and other establishments still refused to serve black customers.

True

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

The largest recent Hispanic demonstrations in the U.S. have been in reaction to

a bill passed by the House that would have led to the arrest and deportation of millions of undocumented immigrants.

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

abolitionist movement

Which policy required the federal government to begin implementing measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

In the case of Shelby v. Holder, the majority held that the formula for identifying states and counties subject to federal oversight was

based on obsolete statistics.

Among the laws giving women greater equality in the workplace were laws prohibiting

certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job.

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

What took the heaviest toll on the Native American population after white settlers arrived in what is now the U.S.?

disease

Although many Americans believe that the concept of ______ includes such things as access to jobs and health care, others argue that it means only that people are all treated the same under the law.

equality

What accounts for the fact that Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be predicted based on their education and income levels?

family structure

When white settlers first arrived in what is now the U.S., there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were

fewer than 1 million.

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of _____________ classifications even though such classifications need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

gender classifications

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

less than a quarter

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 classified which of the following as legally protected groups?

minorities women

The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act states that designated states and counties must

obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group.

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

redlining

Which of the following best exemplifies the profound impact of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of

suspect classifications.

What are comparable worth policies?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians

were an inferior people.

(CHPT 5)Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?

women asian americans catholics

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

35; 12

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

Cesar Chavez

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

What president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?

Ronald Reagan

Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

civil rights

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of interest?

compelling

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal-protection clause

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

given moral strength to diverse movements inspired a hope for eventual equality been foundational in legal decisions

Hispanics in the U.S. are generally concentrated

in their states of entry.

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict scrutiny test

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in

winning elective office.

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?

younger adults