Government Chapter 2 Sections 4, 5
Why are these essays of the Federalist Papers still ready widely today?
for their insights into the Constitution, the federal government, and the nature of representative democracy.
How many delegates did the Constitutional Convention have?
55
Who was a major figure in the movement to replace the Constitution?
James Madison
Who were the Federalists in VA?
James Madison, George Washington, and Alexander Hamilton
What city did the Confederation Congress choose as the temporary capital of the U.S.?
New York City
the person who presides over the United States Senate and is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices, and precedents
Presiding officers
Identify some of the sources from which the Framers of the Constitution drew inspiration.
The sources from which the Framers of the Constitution drew inspiration was the political writings of John Locke, British tradition, and Colonial experiences
At first, What did the Federalists say about a Bill of Rights not being needed?
The state constitutions already protected individual rights and freedoms. The separation of powers among the three branches would keep the new national government from abusing its authority.
Under the Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise what could Congress not do?
Could not tax state exports or interfere with the slave trade until 1808
Why did the Federalists eventually promise to add a Bill of Rights?
Because the Anti-Feds' opposition was so strong that Federalists would add a BoR when the Constitution was ratified
What did southern states want to protect?
Agricultural exports and the slave trade from regulation by Congress
What are The Bill of Rights/The First 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution?
1. Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition 2. Right to bear arms 3. Quartering of soldiers 4. Arrests and searches (unlawful searches and seizures right to privacy) [ex. Warrant] 5. Rights of persons accused of crimes (protection of life, liberty, and property) Eminent Domain - gov't can conceive personal property if it benefits the community Gov't has to give compensation for their property 6. Rights of persons on trial for crimes (rights to a speedy and public trial) 7. Jury trials in civil cases 8. Limitations on bail and punishments (cruel and unusual punishments) 9. Rights kept by the people 10. Powers kept by the states or the people (whatever powers that the federal gov't does not claim, reserve powers for the states)
How many states at the Constitutional Convention could be ratified?
9 of 13
What procedural rules did the Framers set up for the Convention?
A majority of state delegations would need to be present to conduct business, Each delegation would have one vote, a majority vote would carry a proposal.
The Articles of Confederation could only be amended by what?
A unanimous cite of all 13 states
Who was a leader among the Federalists?
Alexander Hamilton
Who were the Federalist Papers written by?
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, all using the pen name, Publius
a person opposing ratification of the proposed U.S. Constitution
Anti-Federalist
What were opponents of the ratification called?
Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalists Write many of what?
Anti-Federalists also wrote many essays, pamphlets, and letters
When did he take office and who was his vp?
April 30; John Adams
Describe the delegates' reactions to the Constitution as they completed their work in Philadelphia.
Benjamin Franklin felt the Constitution was imperfect and none better could be framed.
Compare and Contrast the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for the new constitution.
Both plans called for a federal executive branch. They were different in how the States would be represented in Congress. VA Plan - Congress is bicameral having HoR and Senate, favors a large government, favors strong central government. NJ Plan - unicameral Congress with each state equally represented, favoring small states, weak central government
an agreement forbidding Congress from taxing state exports or interfering with the slave trade for at least 20 years
Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
Small states feared that larger states would dominate them under the Virginia Plan. This Compromise, also called the Great Compromise, solved this dispute over representation. In the House of Representatives, each state would be represented according to its population. In the Senate, each state would have equal representation.
Connecticut Compromise
an agreement to divide Congress into two houses, one with representation based on state population and one with equal representation for all states
Connecticut Compromise
What happened eventually with the states and the Constitution?
Eventually all 13 states ratified the Constitution.
a person favoring ratification of the proposed U.S. Constitution
Federalist
What were supporters of the ratification called?
Federalists
Identify the opposing sides in the fight for ratification and describe the major arguments for and against the Constitution. (Anti-Federalist and the Federalists)
Federalists thought the Articles were too weak, think that only a strong national government can overcome the difficulties of the Republic faces, liberties that could be included in a Bill of Rights are covered in the States Constitutions. Anti-Federalists thought there should be a Bill of Rights, the national government would be given too much power, the States would no longer have the power to print money.
the individuals who attended the Philadelphia Convention
Framers
Identify the Framers of the Constitution and discuss how the delegates organized the proceedings at the Philadelphia Convention.
Framers of the Constitution were group delegates who attended the Philadelphia Convention in 1787. Organization and Procedures. The delegates organized the proceedings at the Philadelphia convention by rule of secrecy and write a new constitution instead of revising the Articles of Confederation.
felt it would be unfair to count slaves for the purposes of representation because it would give an unfair advantage in representation to the Southern states.
Free states
Who did the Framers elect as president of the convention?
George Washington
Who was chosen as the first President by a unanimous vote of electors?
George Washington
When did New Hampshire become the ninth ratifying state?
June 21, 1788
What backgrounds did the Framers come from?
Many had fought in the Revolutionary War; eight had signed the Declaration of Independence; 34 had attended college at a time when it was a rare achievement; two would become president, one a Vice President, nineteen a U.S. senator, and thirteen a member of the HoR
When and where did the new U.S. Congress meet?
March 4, 1789; Federal Hall in NYC
What state was slavery illegal in?
Massachusetts
When did the Constitutional Convention begin?
May 25, 1787
a plan calling for a central government with a unicameral legislature and equal representation of all the states.
New Jersey Plan
Civil War and the 13th Amendment was passed
Nullification
Who was a big anti-fed?
Patrick Henry
Anti-Feds in VA?
Patrick Henry, James Monroe, and George Mason.
The minimum number of voting members that must be in attendance at a meeting of an organization for that meeting to be regularly constituted.
Quorum
The approval from the legislative branch required to validate government agreements. In the United States, amendments to the Constitution require the ratification of state legislatures, and international treaties require the ratification of the Senate
Ratification
What did approval of the constitution require?
Ratification by nine states
How was ratification in the states?
Ratification was swift in some states and bitterly contested in others
Southern states were afraid that Northern states would push through legislation limiting the importation of slaves, and possibly even outlawing slavery. As a compromise, the delegates agreed that the new government could not outlaw the importation of slaves until at least 20 years after the institution of the new constitution.
Regulation of Slavery
Who wrote a number of pamphlets and letters using the name "The Federal Farmer"?
Richard Henry Lee
Who were the essays by Brutus most likely written by and where were they published?
Robert Yates, New York
When was the Constitution approved?
September 17, 1787
When were the copies of the new Constitution sent out to the states?
September 18, 1787
feared that if slaves were not counted as people for representation, the Northern states would have a significant advantage in representation and could use that advantage to limit or even abolish slavery.
Slaves states
Why didn't the Constitution have a Bill of Rights, and was one really necessary?
States had their own constitutions and Bill of Rights, therefore one was not needed
What else did the Anti-Feds argue about?
That the Constitution needed a Bill of Rights to protect the people
What compromise addressed northern and southern disagreements about foreign trade?
The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
The delegates reached an agreement that slaves would count as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of determining representation. For example, 100 slaves would be equivalent to 60 people.
The Compromise
What compromise dealt with how to determine the representation of states in the national legislature?
The Connecticut Compromise
What compromises enabled the Framers to create the Constitution?
The Connecticut Compromise, The Three-Fifths Compromise, The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
Even though 9 states had ratified the Constitution, without the support of they key states of NY and VA, what would happen?
The Constitution would fail
What influenced many Americans to support the Constitution?
The Federalist Papers
This plan proposed a much different organization of the three branches. Congress would have a single house with equal representation for each state. (unicameral) This Congress would have more limited powers than under the Virginia Plan. There would be an executive committee of several people, chosen by Congress. At the request of a majority of state governors, Congress could remove members of this committee. The executive committee would appoint a supreme tribunal to be the federal judiciary.
The New Jersey Plan
Southern states wanted to count slaves as part of the state population. Northern states did not. Problem of Apportionment or how House of Representatives should be allocated to each state. delegates agreed to one house Congress, be based on population, but question on how population was totaled for determining the representation or on how to count slaves for the purposes of representation.
The Three-Fifths Compromise
What compromise dealt with issues arising from slavery?
The Three-Fifths Compromise
This plan called for a government with a legislative, executive, and judicial branch. Congress would have two houses, with representation based on state population or the money given to the central government. Congress would have more power than it had under the Articles. It would be able to force states to obey federal law. The members of Congress would elect a national executive and judiciary. These two branches would form a council that could veto acts passed by Congress.
The Virginia Plan
What did the Anti-Feds oppose?
The new ratification process
What disputes did the Framers resolve?
The exact structure of the new government, Regional differences among the states, The method of choosing the President, How to amend the Constitution, The limits on federal powers
What issues aroused the vigorous debate over the ratification of the Constitution?
The fact that the government gained more power. They were afraid of a strong and central government taking away their rights. Slavery, Representation, Bill of Rights
What did the delegates feel about the Convention?
They felt that a unanimous vote would be too difficult to achieve, and that the Articles were being replaced rather than amended.
an agreement to count each slave as three fifths of a person when determining state population
Three-Fifths Compromise
What was debate over ratification fed by around the country?
fed by these various written essays expressing strong views on both sides.
What big decision did the Framers make on May 30th?
To replace the Articles of Confederation rather than amend them
What did the Anti Feds think of the new central government?
Too strong
a plan offered at the Convention that called for a central government with three branches, with each state's representation in a bicameral legislature based mainly on population
Virginia Plan
When was success finally ensured?
When Virginia and New York ratified the Constitution by narrow votes
Why did disputes over slavery arise during the Convention?
because slavery was far more common in the agricultural South than in the more industrial North.
What was the Constitution called?
bundle of compromises
What did the Federalist Papers consist of?
consisted of 85 political essays, written between 1787 and 1788, and were soon published across the nation.
What did the Federalists argue about?
that the Articles of Confederation were weak and needed to be replaced.
NY was deadlocked until what?
until Alexander Hamilton helped turn the tide for the Federalists. Passed (or ratified) by only 3 votes)