GRAMMAR 4

(4.1.2) Object (Noun) + 을/를 위해서 : = in order for + noun = for the sake of + noun

너를 위해서 "for you = for the sake of you" 회사를 위해서 "for the company = for the sake of company" 부모님을 위해서 "for the parents = for the sake of parents" 친구를 위해서 "for the friends = for the sake of friends" 건강을 위해서 = for health; for the sake of health; in order to be healthy 부모님을 위해서 돈을 모았어요. = I saved up money for my parents. 건강을 위해서 매일 운동하고 있어요. = I am exercising everyday for my health.

(13.2) ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다 * It seems that' 'I think...' (week guess) VS ~(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 ( stronger guess than ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다)

~을 것 같다 ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다 is used to express a weak guess ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다 can only be used to express something the speaker has not yet experienced or happened ~(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 ~(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 is used to express a stronger guess than ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다 ~(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 can only be used to express something the speaker has/had already experienced or happened 1a. ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다 is used to express a weak guess. ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다 shows a very weak and soft guess, sometimes to be polite. Often times, this is because there is either little or no evidence to support the guess 먹을 것 같다 = I think (someone) will probably eat 지금은 배고 안 파서 이따가 먹을 것 같아요. I'm not hungry now so I think I will probably eat later. 좋을 것 같다 = I think it will probably be good 이번 주말에 시간이 돼서 같이 먹으면 좋을 것 같아요. I am free this week so I think it will probably be good if we eat together. 1b. ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다 can only be used to express something the speaker has not yet experienced or happened. Because this grammar particle is using ~(으)ㄹ which is indicating something in the future, therefore it's always only used when it's something that hasn't happened yet or something the speaker has not yet experienced. 먹을 것 같다 = I think (someone) will probably eat 지금은 배가 안 고파서 이따가 먹을 것 같아요. (O) I'm not hungry now so I think I will probably eat later. 좋을 것 같다 = I think it will probably be good 이번 주말에 시간이 돼서 같이 먹으면 좋을 것 같아요. (O) I am free this weekend so I think it will probably be good if we eat together. ___ 2a. ~(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 is used to express a stronger guess than ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다. When the speaker is more certain of the facts and is able to gather some substantial evidence, he or she would use ~(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다. In most cases, it's usually something the speaker knows already but doesn't want to make certain statements to be polite, tactful or just to soften the tone. In some cases, the speaker is certain of the fact but do not wish to sound too straightforward. 2b. ~(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 can only be used to express something the speaker has/had already experienced or happened. An extension of the previous point and in contrast to its ~(으)ㄹ counterpart, ~(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 is usually used to describe things that have/had happened. That's also why the speaker would know of some partial facts or pieces of evidence to support his or her guess/claim/statement. In almost all cases, using ~(으)ㄴ 것 같다 indicates past tense for verbs and ~았/었/였/했는 것 같다 for adjectives, while ~는 것 같다 indicates present tense for verbs and ~(으)ㄴ 것 같다 for adjectives. They all weight the same on the certainty scale (if there is even such a thing), though. 맛있는 것 같다 = I think it is probably delicious 맛있었는 것 같다 = I think it was probably delicious 그 사람들은 정말 빨리 먹어서 음식이 맛있는 것 같아요. (O) Those people are eating really fast so I think it is probably delicious. 그 사람들은 정말 빨리 먹어서 음식이 맛있었던 것 같아요. (O) Those people were eating really fast so I think it was probably delicious. Grammar notes Verbs: ~(으)ㄴ 것 같다 (Past); ~는 것 같다 (Present); ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다 (Future) Adjectives: ~았/었/였/했는 것 같다 (Past); ~(으)ㄴ 것 같다 (Present) with the exception of 없는/있는; ~(으)ㄹ 것 같다 (Future) Nouns: ~인 것 같다 (Present); ~일 것 같다 (Future)

(9.1) V-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 'to have ~ before' 'have you ever ~ ?'

- expresses having or not having a particular experience in the past 'have done' This pattern is equivalent to the phrase 'to have ~ before' and can also in the question form can mean 'have you ever ~ ?' It is often combined with the form V + 아/어 보다 to ask someone if they've ever tried something. The opposite pattern is V + (으)ㄴ 적이 없다. O Verb+은 적이 있다: 입은 적이 있다 읽다 먹다 → 먹은 적이 있다 입다 *듣다 X Verb+ㄴ 적이 있다: 간 적이 있다 ; 보다 → 본 적이 있다 타다 다치다 잃어버리다 *살다 마시다 → 마신 적이 있다 그 사람을 만난 적이 있어요. I've met him once. 김치 먹어 본 적이 있어요? Have you tried kimchi before? 일본에 가 본 적이 있습니까? Have you ever been to Japan? 제주도 처음 가요?" "(Is this your) first time going to Jeju Island? "아니요, 가 본 적이 있어요. "No, I've gone (there) before."

(11.1) N-같이 / 처럼 ((Noun + 같이 + A/V)) 'like' or 'as ... as' 'like + N' , 'as + N'

- expresses that some action or thing appears the same or very similar to the preceding noun. 'like' or 'as ... as' - Express that some action/thing appears the same or similar to something = 'like' or 'as...as' - 처럼 and 같이 are interchangeable. "like + N". When you use -같이 or -처럼 after a word, the word group works like an adverb in a sentence. (i.e. "like a robot", "like a Korean girl", etc.) - 토끼처럼 귀엽다 = someone is cute (like a rabbit). 아이가 인형처럼/같이 예뻐요. The child is pretty like a doll. 가수처럼 노래를 잘 불러요. He sings like a singer. 토니 씨는 영화배우같이 잘생겼어요. Tony is as handsome as a movie actor. 슬퍼서 아이처럼 울었어요. When she is sad, she cries like a baby. 하늘처럼/같이 높아요. It is as wide as the sky. 나는 주드로같이 섹시한 남자가 좋아. I like a sexy man like Jude Law. 로봇처럼 걷다 = to walk like a robot 저처럼 해 보세요. = Try doing it like I do. 천사같이 like an angel 배우같이 like an actor 별같이 like a star 물고기같이 like a fish 토끼같이 like a rabbit 엄마같이 like a mother 바다같이 like the sea _____ 같이 and -같이 Even though they are basically the same word, there is a difference in the meaning between when you say -같이 after a noun and 같이 independently. When 같이 is used independently as an adverb, it means "together". In this case, you would often need the particle -와 or -(이)랑 that means "with". 저 사람같이 하세요 = Do like that person does. 저 사람이랑 같이 하세요. = Do it together with that person. ___ -같이 and 같은 When you add -같이 after a noun, it works as an adverb. And when you want to make the expression work as an adjective, you can add 같은 instead of -같이. This does not apply to -처럼. 저 같은 사람 = a person like me = somebody like me

(10.2) V-고 나서 'and then' 'after I do and then' 'after doing'

- expresses the finishing of one action followed by the beginning of a subsequent action. 'and then'. express sequence of two actions -고 나서 after I do and then The inclusion of -나서 simply clarifies that the 1st event has completed. 텔레비전을 보고 나서 자요. I slept after watching TV. 수업이 끝나고 나서 주세요. Please give them to me after the class. 숙제를 다 하고 나서 밖에 친구를 만나러 가요. After doing all the homework, I go out to meet my friend. 밥을 먹고 나서 숙제를 하려고 해요. After I eat, then I will do my homework. 몸이 다 낫고 나서 공부를 다시 시작할 거예요. After I get better, I will start studying again. 밥을 먹고 나서 식탁을 깨끗하게 치웠어요. After I ate, I cleaned the table. 저녁을 먹고 나서. 친구를 만나러 밖에 나갔다. NB! 나는 학교에 가고 나서 공부해요. (wrong) → 나는 학교에 가서 공부해요. I go to school and study. 한라산에 올라가고 나서 사진을 찍었어요. (wrong) → 한라산에 올라가서 사진을 찍었어요. I climbed Hallasan and took the pictures.

(9.2) N 동안, V-는 동안 'during' or 'while'

- expresses the length of time starting when a certain action begins and lasts utill it ends. 'during' or 'while' 동안 is a very useful word that can be used to indicate how long an action occurs. It is typically placed after a duration of time, for example: 10분 = 10 minutes 10분 동안 = for 10 minutes 이틀 = two days 이틀 동안 = for two days * "for", in essence, what you are doing is stating "for that period of time." 저는 30분 동안 공부했어요 = I studied for (a period of) 30 minutes. 저는 이틀 동안 안 잤어요 = I didn't sleep for two days 저는 세 시간 동안 잤어요 = I slept for 3 hours 저는 어제 두 시간 동안 TV를 봤어요* = I watched TV for two hours yesterday 2초 동안 = for 2 seconds 이 초 동안 = for two seconds 나는 3일 동안 공부했어 = I studied for 3 days 우리는 10일 동안 한국에 있을 거예요 = We will be in Korea for ten days WHILE the second action occurs "during" the duration of the first action. This usually translates to "while ..." For example: 저는 집에 가는 동안 친구랑 얘기했어요 = I talked with a friend while I walked home. 영화를 보는 동안 다른 사람들이 너무 시끄러웠어요 = While I was watching the movie, the other people were really loud

(10.1) N-(으)로 Particles For Method, Way

- indicates 'a noun' is an ingredient of food or a raw material of a product. -(으)로 can mark the ingredients that an object is made of, the cause of a disease or something that happened, the direction in which someone is going, or the status or identity of a person that is doing something. By using -(으)로, we know that something is used as a channel, as a tool, as a device, or a method. 나무 (wood) + -로 + 만들다 (to make) = to make (something) with wood Someone made this table with wood. = 누가 이 테이블을 나무로 만들었어요. 왼쪽 (left side) + -으로 + 가다 (to go) = to go to the left = to go through the left side 이 (this) 길 (street / road) + -로 + 가다 (to go) = to go down this path = to go down this road 펜 (pen) + -으로 + 쓰다 (to write) = to write with a pen 한국어 (Korean) + 로 + 말하다 (to speak / to talk) = to speak in Korean 사고 (accident) + 로 + 다치다 (to get hurt) = to get hurt in (from) an accident 2) 이거 뭐로 만들었어요? = What did you make this with? = What is this made of? 오늘 택시로 왔어요? = Did you come by taxi today? 버스로 갈 거예요. = I'm going to go by bus. 저를 친구로 생각해요? = Do you think of me as a friend? 저는 TalkToMeInKorean으로 한국어 공부해요. = I study Korean through TalkToMeInKorean.

(8.1) V-(으)시겠습니까? / -(으)시겠어요? / -(으)ㄹ래요? 'Would you ... ?' or 'Why not ... ?'

- is used when politely suggesting something to the listener or when asking about the listener's preference or intention. 'Would you ... ?' or 'Why not ... ?' 1. -시겠어요? / -시겠습니까? = "Would you ...?" "Would you like to ...?" This usage is only used in very formal Korean. In more casual Korean, you would use -(으)ㄹ래(요)? The honorific suffix -시- is always used with -겠- in this usage. 어디로 가시겠어요? = Where would you like to go? Similar: 어디로 갈래(요)? o 앉다 받다 입다 *듣다 x 오다 만나다 구경하다 *만들다

(11.2) A,V, N (명사)+이다 -잖아요 You know, Isn't it, You see..., Come on...

- is used when the speaker wants to state a reason that the listener should also be aware of or to remind the listener. The meaning can vary, but -잖아요 is most commonly used when asking the other person to agree with you or when correcting the other person's remark. 어제 말했잖아요. = I told you yesterday! (Don't you remember?) = Come on, I told you yesterday (already). 귀엽잖아요. = Because it's cute! = You see? It's cute! = Isn't it obvious? It's cute! 오늘 일요일이잖아요. = Come on, it's Sunday today. = It's because it's Sunday today! 알잖아요. = Come on...you know. = You know exactly (what I am talking about). 하다 = to do 하잖아요. = As you see, I'm doing it now. = No, that's not correct. I'll do (it). = I'm doing it now. Give me a break.

(7.2) V (동사) -(으)려면 'if you want to' if one wants to be able to" or "if one intends to."

- the shortened form of 'V -(으)려고 하면'. Is used with verbs to express a plan or intention to do something in the first clause, with the condition required to fulfill that plan or intention given in the second clause. 'if you want to' ~려 in '~(으)려면' signifies that the desired action requires a certain amount of effort to be completed. O V + - 으려면 먹다 → 먹으려면 X V + - 려면 가다 → 가려면 경복궁에 가려면 어디로 가야 하나요? How can I get to Kyoung Bok Palace? 돈을 벌려면 일을 해야 합니다. If you want to earn money, you have to work. 한국말을 잘 하려면 어떻게 해야 할까요? What should I do to speak good Korean? 제 시간에 도착하려면 지금 출발해야 돼. If we want to arrive in time, we have to leave now. 외국에 가려면 여권이 필요해요. If you intend to go abroad, you need a passport. 받다 돕다 듣다 낫다 만들다 교환하다 맡기다 찾다 사용하다 이용하다 "" 할인을 받다. 학생증이 필요하다. 공연을 보다. 공연 시작 10분전까지는 와야 하다. KTX 기차를 타다. 계단으로 내려가야 하다. 예매한 표를 받다. 영수증이 필요하다. 박물관 관람을 하다. 미리 예약을 해야 하다. ""

(6.1) N+덕분에, (누구)이/가 V-은/ㄴ 덕분에 "thanks to..." "because of..." 'thanks to A/V/N... that (positive thing) happened...':

-indicates that something is done well thanks to N or V. This is used with a noun or a verb to indicate a reason. It can only used when the content in the second clause has a positive result, so it can be translated into 'thanks to ...'. N+덕분에: 너 - 네 덕분에; 선생님 - 덕분에; 부모님 - 덕분에, 친구 - 덕분에 O V-은 덕분에: 먹다 - 먹은 덕분에; 듣다 - 들은 덕분에; 줍다 - 주운 덕분에; 짓다 - 지은 덕분에 X V-ㄴ 덕분에: 도와주다 - 도와준 덕분에; 준비하다 - 준비한 덕분에; 신경쓰다 - 신경쓴 덕분에; 만들다 - 만든 덕분에 당신 덕분에 제가 성공했습니다. I succeeded thanks to you. 엄마 덕분에 문제는 해결되었어요. The problem was solved thanks to my mom. 고양이 덕분에 행복해. I am happy thanks to the cat. 열심히 공부를 한 덕분에 TOPIK 시험에 합격했어요. I passed my TOPIK exam because I studied hard.

(13.1) A -아/어/여 보이다 looks like, seems like, to look like

A (Verb stem) + -아/어/여 보이다 * 보이다 is originally the passive voice of 보다, to see. Indicates that the subject seems or appears the way as conveyed by the adjective. 재미있다 = to be fun 재미있 + -어 보이다 = 재미있어 보이다 = to look fun, to look interesting 피곤해 보여요. = You look tired. 이 영화는 재미없어 보여요. = This movie looks boring. 이거 매워 보이는데, 사실은 하나도 안 매워요. = This looks spicy, but it's not spicy at all. N 보이다 With nouns, instead of using -아/어/여 after a verb stem, you add -처럼 after a noun. With nouns, the above mentioned difference is also applied to 보이다 and 같다. 학생 = student 학생처럼 보여요. = He looks like a student. 학생 같아요. = He looks like a student, so I think he's a student. 멀어서 잘 안 보이지만, "3"처럼 보이네요. = I can't see clearly because it's far, but it looks like a "3". 경찰처럼 보이는 사람이 그 여자를 데려갔어요. = Someone who looks like a cop took her.

(1.2) A + -게 in order to, to make adjectives into adverbs; -ly, adverb suffix

Adjective + 게 : Adding 게 to a Korean adjective makes it function as an adverb. The adverbs should be placed immediately before whatever it modifies. x A + 게: 크다 → 크게 O A + 게: 늦다 → 늦게 맛있게 드세요. Enjoy the food. (deliciously) 재미있게 보내세요. Hope you have a good time. (joyfully) 더 크게 말하세요. Please speak louder. 영희는 예쁘게 생겼어요. Young Hee looks pretty.

(3.2) A/V + -거든(요) let me tell you... (an explenation for backround)

Adjective/Verb + 거든요 : 1 Used for giving an explanation. backround 2 Used to introduce information you are going to elaborate more about. 3 Letting something be known, denying something, used for setting some fact straight, possibly in a slightly rude way. This is sometimes used when someone is being defensive, or in a 'for your information' way. X A/V + 거든요: 가다 - 가거든요 O A/V + 거든요: 먹다 - 먹거든요 Why don't you want to go now? 저는 밥을 먹고 있거든요 = Because I am eating Why are you wearing slippers? 바닥이 춥거든 = ... Because the floor is cold 왜 아직 퇴근 안하셨어요?" Why haven't you gone home yet" "아직 할 일이 많거든요."(Because)I still have a lot of work. 1 ) 저도 모르겠어요. 저 방금 왔거든요. = I don't know either. I just got here. 2) 제가 지금 돈이 없거든요. 만 원만 빌려주세요. = I don't have any money now. (So...) Please lend me just 10,000 won. 3) Sometimes when you are upset, you can use -거든요 as the sentence ending to express the reason that supports or explains your anger. 필요 없거든요! = I don't need it! 이미 늦었거든요! = It's already too late! 됐거든요! = It's over. / I don't need that.

(12.1) -에다가 'on top of it...' 'lisaks sellele...'

Express that the following noun is added to the pervious noun. When used to indicate the specific location of something, -에다가 is attached to an adverb. When used to provide additional information, it attaches to nouns. Specific location: 종이 밑에다가 사인해 주세요. (Please sign the bottom of the paper.) 가방을 책상 위에다가 놓았어요. (I put my bag on top of the table.) 어디에다 둘까요? (Where should I put it?) 책을 책상 위에다가 놓았어요. (I put the book on the top of the table.) Additional information: 김밥을 만들었어요. 게다가(그에다가) 음료수도 준비해 놨어요. (I made kimbap. In addition to that, I also prepared drinks.) 소윤 씨는 알바하는 데다가 봉사 활동도 해요. (In addition to working a part-time job, Soyun also does volunteer activities.) 이번 주 가스요금에다가 전기요금도 내야 돼요. (This week I must pay my electricity bill in addition to my gas bill.) 셔츠 에다가 넥타이 Shirt and tie 자켓 에다가청바지 Jacket in jeans 피자 에다가 콜라 Coke on pizza 언니 에다가 오빠 Sister and brother 노랑색 에다가 파란색 Yellow to blue 아니요, 밥 에다가 후식까지 멋어써요 No, I ate rice and dessert 스웨터 에다가 청바지를 입고 있어요. I'm wearing a sweater and jeans. 귀거리 에다가 반지를 끼웠어요(siia läheb viimase oma). I wear earrings and ring.

(12.2) -ㄴ/은/는 편이다 "rather + adjective", "somewhat + adjective", "on the + adjective + side" or "tend to be + adjective"

Indicates that something has a certain tendency or is classified as such, instead of being sure of it. If you are saying something, but you want to be less direct, there are several expressions which can "soften" your sentence. You can use the word 편 in the structure "adjective + 편 + - 이다 (to be)" to say that something or someone is "rather + adjective", "somewhat + adjective", "on the + adjective + side" or "tend to be + adjective". -ㄴ/은/는 is simply a way to change a verb into an adjective. When you want to be direct and state that something is big, you can just say "커요" by using the verb 크다. If you use the same verb, but use it in the -ㄴ/은/는 편이다 form, "큰 편이에요", the meaning changes to "It's on the bigger side", "It's rather big", "It's somewhat big", or even "It's not small". Descriptive verbs: X V + -ㄴ 편이다 O V + -은 편이다 Action verbs: Present tense → A + -는 편이다 Past tense → A + -ㄴ/은 편이다 작다 → 작아요 = It's small. → 작은 편이에요. = It's rather small. / It's on the smaller side. / It's not the biggest. / It tends to be small. 비싸다 → 비싸요. = It's expensive. → 비싼 편이에요. = It's rather expensive. / It's not the cheapest. / It's a bit expensive. 피아노를 잘 치다 → 피아노를 잘 쳐요. = I play the piano well. → 피아노를 잘 치는 편이에요. = I play the piano rather well. / I am not too bad at playing the piano.

(14.1) 얼마나 -는지/(으)ㄴ지 모르다 "don't know whether or not..." 'I don't know how much something is.' (in a hypothetical way).

It can be used to exaggerate, or to show that something is a lot. E.G. 'I worked so much, I can't even tell you how tired I am'. Attatched to verb or adjective stems, this expression indicates how great the preceding verb/adjective is. 얼마나 V -는지 모르다, 얼마나 A - (으)ㄴ 지 모르다, 얼마나 - V/A 았/었/였-는지 모르다 아기가 우유를 얼마나 잘 먹는지 몰라요. I don't know how much milk my baby drinks. (It's a lot.) 요즘 물건 값이 얼마나 비싼지 몰라요. Prices these days (are so high), I don't how expensive it is. 그 드라마가 얼마나 재미있는지 몰라요. I don't know how fun that drama is. (It is very fun.) 부산의 바다가 얼마나 예쁜지 몰라요. I don't know how beautiful the sea is in Busan - 이게 값이 얼마나 비싼지 몰라요. I don't know how expensive it is. - 요즘 어린이들은 얼마나 똑똑한지 몰라요. - Kids these days don't know how smart they are. - 책을 사 주면 얼마나 고마운지 이루 말할 수가 없다. - I can't tell you how grateful I am to buy you a book.

(4.2) N + 에 (period) per, at, in, for, to

It means "at", "to" and etc, and it can be used to mark a location, a time, a situation, and many other things. 에 expresses a location where something "is" or "exists" or a direction that you are going to. X N + 에: 학교 → 학교에 O N + 에: 집 → 집에 집에 있어요. = I am at home. 집에 가요. = I'm going home. 일주일에 두 번 = twice a (per) week 한 그릇에 4,000원 입니다. = costs ₩4,000 per bowl. 나는 한 달에 2번 영화를 봅니다. = I see a movie twice a month.

(6.2) N-밖에 negative ending Nothing but / only

N-밖에 - expresses the only thing or option available, with no possibility of anything else. : only or nothing but. A negative form must follow it. Noun + 밖에 negative ending : This pattern basically means 'only.' This pattern requires a negative tense after 밖에 such as 없다 or any other negation (안 ~, 못 ~, etc). 밖에 means outside, so saying N밖에 없다 would mean there is nothing besides N, you don't have anything outside of N, or you only have N. Therefore, when 밖에 is used after numbers/amount, it means 'only this amount of number' which expresses unpleasant meaning: 조금밖에 안 마셨어요. I only drank a little bit. N-밖에 안 (or -지 않다): 사람들이 세 명밖에 안 왔어요. Only three people came. N-밖에 못 (or -지 못하다): 아직 일을 반밖에 못 했어요. I have done only half the work. N-밖에 없다: 표가 한 장밖에 없어요. I only have one ticket. N-밖에 모르다: 이메일 주소밖에 몰라요. I only know your email address. 한국말을 조금밖에 못해요. I only speak a little Korean. 10분 밖에 안 남았어. We have only 10 minutes. 저는 술을 한 잔밖에 못 마셔요. I can drink only a cup of alcohol. 어제 두 시간밖에 못잤어요. I slept only 2 hours last night. 미안해. 하나밖에 없어. Sorry, I have only this one. 친구밖에... = nothing but friend(s) 밥밖에... = nothing but rice 일 년에 한 번밖에 여행을 갈 수 없어요. I only can go travel once a year. A : 한국말 하세요?" A : Do you speak Korean?" "B : 아니요. 영어 밖에 못 해요. "B : No, I can only speak English.

(5.1) -은/는 'comparison' particle // N-은/는 - 'Topic' particle//

N-은/는 -is used when comparing or contrasting two things, and in such cases it can be attached not only to subjects but also objects or other parts of the sentence. X N + 는: 영화 → 영화는 ; 에스토니아 → 에스토니아는 O N + -은: 책 → 책은 사과는 좋아해요. 그런데 수박은 안 좋아해요. I like apples, but I don't like water melons. 제 친구는 영어를 잘해요. 그런데 저는 영어를 못해요. My friend speaks English very well, but I don't. 여름은 덥습니다. 겨울은 춥습니다. It's hot im summer. However, it's cold in winter. 버스가 느립니다. 지하철은 빠릅니다. The bus is slow. However, the subway is fast. //In addition to marking topics, -은/는 has the nuance of "about" something, "as for" something, or even "unlike other things" or "different from other things." Topic particles. 나는 키가 작습니다. I am short. 철수는 커피를 마십니다. Chul Su drinks a cup of coffee. 선생님은 한국 사람이에요. The teacher is Korean.//

(8.2) V-(으)려고 하다, 하려고 하다 It is about to ..., I am planning to ...

The ending -(으)려고 하다 expresses the intention or will to do/want/try something or the state of something in the very near future. * When using -(으)려고 하다 to talk about the state of something or an event which is going to happen, it is usually based on your own assumptions or judgements. 가 + -려고 하다 = 가려고 하다 먹 + -으려고 하다 = 먹으려고 하다 잡 + -으려고 하다 = 잡으려고 하다 하 + -려고 하다 = 하려고 하다 1) - showing intention for action 사다 = to buy 사려고 하다 = to be about to buy; to be intending on buying; to be planning to buy 2) - talking about a state of the near future 떨어지다 = to drop; to fall 떨어지려고 하다 = to be about to drop, to be going to drop 비가 오려고 해요. = It is about to rain (based on your own supposition or what you see) //비가 올 거예요. = It is going to rain. (This is a fact.)// 친구가 울려고 해요. = My friend is going to cry. O V -으려고 하다 받다 씻다 *돕다 *듣다 x V-려고 하다 보다 취직하다 사다 *놀다

(14,2) A/V/N + -기는(요) Really? No way! Expressing habits and attitutes.

This expression is used to politely refute or disagree with the other person's statement. When used in response of compliment , it expresses the speaker's modesty. - Shortened form: -긴요 고맙기는요. No need to thank me 1 ) A/V + 기는(요) is used to emphatically disagree with a previous statement: - 이 책을 다 읽었어요? - Have you finished reading the book? - 끝나기는요? 책을 읽는 것을 시작하지 않았어요! - Finished? I haven't started reading it! - 지금 너무 춥죠? - It's really cold now, right? - 춥기는요. 다음 달에 기온이 더 낮아질 거예요. - Cold?! Next month the temperature will get lower. 2 ) A/V + 기는(요) can also show modesty in accepting a compliment : - 한국말을 잘하시네요. - You speak Korean really well. - 잘하기는요. 아직도 실수를 많이 해요. - Well? I still make lots of mistakes. - 옷을 잘 입어요. - You dress very well. - 잘 입기는요. - Dress well? Oh not at all... (blushing) 3) Noun: N (이)기는요 의사 -- 의사기는요. 학생 -- 학생이기는요. __ 어제 영화 재미있어요? - 재미있기는요. 보다가 졸았어요. Was the movie interesting yesterday? - Interesting? No. I fell asleep when watching it. 기다리게 해서 죄송해요. - 죄송하기는요. 저도 방금 왔어요. I am sorry for letting you wait. - No need to sorry. I also just came. 수지 씨, 오늘 예쁘네요. - 예쁘기는요. 화장을 해서 예뻐 보일 거예요. Suzy, you looks pretty today. - Pretty? It looks pretty since I do some makeups. 지금 너무 춥죠? - 춥기는요. 다음 달에 기온이 더 낮아질 거예요. It's so cold now, right? - Cold? Next month the temperature will be much lower. 한국말을 정말 잘하시네요! - 잘하기는요. 아직도 더 많이 배워야 해요. You speak Korean really well. - No, it's not really that good. I still have got so much to learn. 옷을 잘 어울리네요. - 잘 어울리긴요. 작은 것 같아요. These clothes really fit you well. - No, it doesn't really fit well. It seems a little small to me

(7.1) action V (동사 tegu ) + 는지 , Adjective (형용사 omadus) + ㄴ/은지, N (명사 nimi) + ㄴ/은지 알다/모르다 to know if/whether" , "not to know if/whether"

This grammar pattern is used to show whether a speaker knows a certain fact or not. When it's a verb, use '-는지'. And when it's an adjective, use '-은지/ㄴ지'. (으)ㄴ/는지 is used in conjunction with interrogative/questioning words like 왜 (why), 어디 (where), 언제 (when), 뭐 (what), 누구 (who), 어떻게(how). ~(으)ㄴ/는지 is often used together with 모르다 as well, which means "don't know whether or not..." ~(으)ㄴ/는지 used together with 알다, which is usually expressing a question like "do you know whether or not..?" can be used in situations where there is a choice between two or more things. ((For verbs, we strictly use ~는지 for present and past tense while ~(으)ㄹ지 for future tense. For adjectives, we will use ~(으)ㄴ지 for present tense, ~는지 for past tense and ~(으)ㄹ지 for future tense.)) 1) action V (동사 tegu ) + 는지 알다/모르다 친구가 오늘 밤에 올지 몰라요. = I don't know whether my friend is coming tonight. 먹다 - 먹는지 ; 사다 - 사는지 눌다 - 노는지 ; 풀다 - 푸는지 도와주다 - 도와주는지 ; 준비하다 - 준비하는지 입다 - 입는지 ; 만들다 - 만드는지 2) Adjective (형용사 omadus) descriptive V + ㄴ/은지 알다/모르다 그 비행기가 얼마나 넓은지 아세요? = Do you know how wide the airplane is? X 크다 - 큰지 ; 예쁘다 - 예쁜지 ; 빠르다 - 빠른지 ; 따뜻하다 - 따뜻한지 O 작다 - 작은지 ; 좁다 - 좁은지 ; 높다 - 높은지 작다 - 작은지 ; 멀다 - 먹지 ; 춥다 - 추운지 3) Noun (명사 nimi) + ㄴ/은지 알다/모르다 + 이다 그 사람이 누군지 알아요? = Do you know who the man is? 그 사람이 학생인지 모르겠어요. = He may be a student. / I don't know if he is a student. * N 명사 + 이다 책이다 - 책인지 ; 친구이다 - 친구인지 누구이다 - 누구인지 ; 가방이다 - 가방인지 ● 용산에 어떻게 가는지 알아요? (Do you know hot to get the Yongsan?) ● 유리 씨가 왜 안 왔는지 몰라요. (I don't know why Yuri didn't come.) 우리 강아지는 어디 가는지 모르겠어. = I don't know where my puppy is going. 비가 언제 그치는지 모르겠어. = I don't know when the rain is stopping. 김치찌개를 어떻게 만드는지 모르겠어. = I don't know how to make kimchi stew. 오늘밤에 잘 잘지 모르겠어. = I don't know whether I will sleep well tonight or not. 아까 고양이 잤는지 알아? Do you know whether the kitten slept or not just now?

(2.1) V + -(으) ㄴ 지 ; (time) 지나다 / 넘다 / 되다 It has been (time) since

Verb + (으)ㄴ 지 + Noun indicating time duration + 되다 : Expressing how long it has been since an action or condition began; to be N since V. x V + ㄴ 지: 오다 → 온 지 O V + 은지: 먹다 → 먹은 지 한국어를 공부한 지 얼마나 됐어요? How long have you been studying Korean? 한국어를 공부한 지 1년 됐어요. I have been studying Korean for one year. 한국에 온 지 얼마나 됐어요? How long have you been in Korea? 한국에 온 지 2년 됐어요. I've been in Korea for 2 years. 기다린 지 얼마나 됐어요? How long have you been waiting?

(3.1) V + -(으)ㄹ까 하다 : to think of doing

Verb + (으)ㄹ까 하다 : This pattern is equivalent to thinking of doing ~, thinking about doing ~ or thinking (I) might ~. This grammar is used when thinking about or considering doing some action in the future. Tenses: 과거 (past): V: ~(으)ㄹ까 했다 현재 (now): V: ~(으)ㄹ까 하다 내일 쇼핑할까 해요. I'm thinking about shopping tomorrow 카메라 살까 해요. I'm thinking about buying a camera 난 일본을 배울까 해요. I'm thinking about learning Japanese 그 영화를 볼까 해요 . I am thinking about watching that movie *** Indicates a vague intention or rough plan that can yet be changed. Equivalent to "I'm thinking about..." or "I had been thinking about..." Cannot be used in the future tense. Usage: ONLY: use with declarative sentences NO: interrogative, propositional, imperative sentences NO: future tense. Negative form: 안 or 지 is OK, not 못 (안 ~(으)ㄹ까 하다 or ~지 말까 하다 but NOT 못 ~(으)ㄹ까 하다) Difference: ~(으)ㄹ 거예요 = a virtually definite plan ("I will...") Difference: ~(으)려고 하다 = a somewhat concrete plan ("I'm planning to...") Difference: ~(으)ㄹ까 하다 = a tentative plan ("I'm thinking about...")

(1.1) V + -(으)면서 while, although

Verb + (으)면서 : Indicating that the preceding and following actions occur simultaneously. x Verb + 면서: 기다리다 → 기다리면서 O Verb + 으면서: 먹다 → 먹으면서 밥을 먹으면서 TV를 봤어요. I watch TV while I was eating. 음악을 들으면서 공부를 해요. I study while I am listen to music. 요리를 하면서 많이 먹어요. I eat a lot during cooking.

(2.2) V + -게 되다 become smth to smth / "to end up doing." "to gradually get to do," "to eventually find oneself doing" or "to end up doing."

Verb + 게 되다 : Sometimes, even if you hated something at one point, you might "start" liking it. Sometimes, even if you weren't planning on doing something, you "get to" do it or you "end up" doing it. In Korean, the structure -게 되다 is used to express these meanings. x V + 게 되다: 가다 → 가게 되다 O V + 게 되다: 받다 → 받게 되다 드디어 지은씨를 만나게 되었어요. I finally met Ji En. 1. When you don't want to do something, but you have to, and you eventually end up doing something. 안 먹고 싶어요. 그런데 먹게 돼요. = I don't want to eat it, but I keep eating it anyway. 2. When you didn't expect or intend to do something, but you got into a situation where you ended up doing it, you can use the -게 되다 structure. 지난 주에 영화를 보게 됐어요. = I wasn't planning to in the first place, but I got to see a movie last week. 3. When talking about the future, if you want to say that someone or you will eventually do something whether or not that person wants to, you can use -게 되다. 그렇게 하게 될 거예요. = You will eventually end up doing it that way. 오게 될 거예요. = He will eventually come here.

(4.1.1) Verb Stem + 기 위해(서) : = "in order to verb" for the sake of, benefit of, or in order to

X Verb Stem + 기 위해(서): 보다 → 보기 위해서 O Verb Stem + 기 위해(서): 먹다 → 먹기 위해서 살기 위해서 = "in order to live or in order to survive" (살다 "to live" - 살 is VERB-STEM) 먹기 위해서 = "in order to eat" (먹다 "to eat" - 먹 is VERB-STEM) 놀기 위해서 = "in order to play" (놀다 "to play" - 놀 is VERB-STEM) 회사를 가기 위해서 = "in order to go to the company" (가다 "to go" - 가 is VERB-STEM) 저는 한국에 가기 위해서 열심히 공부했어요. = I studied hard in order to go to Korea. 일본어를 배우기 위해서. = in order to learn Japanese 한국에 가기 위해서 = in order to go to Korea *** Please note that using 위해/위해서 in a sentence makes your sentence sound very formal. You will hear/see this a lot in song lyrics, books, and new articles, but not in casual spoken conversations.

(5.2) A - (으)ㄴ데 / V-는데 / N인데 'but' / "even though." /

is used to express opposition to what is mentioned before. O A-은데: 작다 - 작은데; 덥다 더운데; 낫다 - 나은데 X A-ㄴ데: 크다 - 큰데; 예쁘다 - 예쁜데; 노랗다 - 노란데 V-는데: 먹다 먹는데; 입다 입는데; 살다 사는데 N인데: 겨울이다 - 겨울인데; 선생님이다 - 선생님인데, 책이다 - 책인데 그 여자가 예쁜데 내 스타일이 아니야 = That girl is pretty, but she is not my style 토론토는 되게 큰 도시인데 진짜 할 것이 없어요 = Toronto is a big city, but there is nothing to do there 여기가 너무 더운데 그늘이 있는 데로 가도 돼요? = It is too hot here, can we go to a place where there is shade 제 동생은 키가 큰데 저는 키가 작아요 = My sister is tall but I'm short 제가 고기를 안 좋아하는데 먹어볼 거예요 = Even though I don't like meat, I will try some 1. V -는데 is used after action verbs, after 있다 and 없다, and after -았 or -겠. 2. A -은데 is used after descriptive verbs that have a last consonant in the verb stem, except for the consonant ㄹ. 3. A -ㄴ데 is used after descriptive verbs that end in a vowel or the consonant ㄹ(in this case, ㄹ is dropped), and after 이다 and 아니다. 1. 하다 --> 하는데 2. 있다 --> 있는데 3. 먹다 --> 먹는데 4. 작다 --> 작은데 5. 좁다 → 좁은데 6. 예쁘다 --> 예쁜데 7. 멀다 → 먼데 1. Explaining the background or the situation before making a suggestion, a request, or a question. 내일 일요일인데, 뭐 할 거예요? = It's Sunday tomorrow + (-ㄴ데) + what are you going to do? 2. Explaining the situation before explaining what happened. 어제 자고 있었는데, 한국에서 전화가 왔어요. = I was sleeping yesterday + (-는데) + I got a phone call from Korea. 3. Showing a result or situation that is contrasted from the previous action or situation. 아직 9시인데 벌써 졸려요. = It's still 9 o'clock but I am already sleepy. 4. Showing surprise or exclamation. 멋있는데(요)! = Oh, that's cool! 5. Asking a question (expecting some explanation about a situation or behavior.) 지금 어디에 있는데(요)? = So where are you now? 6. Expecting an answer or a response. 지금(요)? 지금 바쁜데(요). = Now? I'm busy now, so... 내일 친구 생일인데, 선물을 아직 못 샀어요. = It's my friend's birthday tomorrow, but I haven't been able to buy a present. 이거 일본에서 샀는데, 선물이에요. = I bought this in Japan, and it's a present for you. 오늘 뉴스에서 봤는데, 그거 진짜예요? = I saw it in the news today. Is that for real? 이거 좋은데요! = I like this! / This is good! 어? 여기 있었는데. = Huh? It was here... 영화 재미있었는데, 무서웠어요. = The movie was interesting, but it was scary. 영화 봤는데, 무서웠어요. = I saw a movie, and it was scary. 저 지금 학생인데, 일도 하고 있어요. = I am a student now, but I'm working too.