GRE Psychology Important Names
Who created the attribution theory (we all attempt to discover cause and effect)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
Who considered the hierarchy of needs? A. Abraham Maslow B. Dorothea Dix C. Emil Kraepelin D. Carol Gilligan E. Diana Baumrind
a (Abraham Maslow)
Who was a humanist that believed in the notion of free will and the idea that people should be considered as wholes rather than in terms of stimuli and responses (behaviorism) or instincts (psychoanalysis)? A. Abraham Maslow B. Dorothea Dix C. Emil Kraepelin D. Carol Gilligan E. Diana Baumrind
a (Abraham Maslow)
Who coined self-actualization? A. Abraham Maslow B. Dorothea Dix C. Emil Kraepelin D. Carol Gilligan E. Diana Baumrind
a (Abraham Maslow, self-actualization: needs organized hierarchically, need to realize fullest potential, most people don't reach this stage, people have peak experiences at this stage)
Who created rational-emotive therapy (RET)? A. Albert Ellis B. George Kelly C. Carl Rogers D. Victor Frankl E. David McClelland
a (Albert Ellis; RET: people develop irrational ways of thinking; the therapist might challenge an irrational belief that the client has, helping him to recognize these beliefs and change them to more rational ones)
Who created the dual-code hypothesis (information can be store or encoded in 2 ways: visually and verbally; abstract info tends to be encoded verbally where concrete info tends to be encoded visually and verbally)? A. Allan Paivio B. Sir Frederick Bartlett C. Zeigarnik D. Luchins E. Guilford
a (Allan Paivio; i.e. virtue is encoded verbally, "elephant" is encoded visually and verbally)
Who created the empathy-altrusim model (an explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behavior when faced with situations in which others may need help, people may feel distress and/or empathy)? A. Batson B. Irving Janis C. Soloman Asch D. Stanley Milgram E. M.J. Lerner
a (Batson)
Who created the experiment where subjects watch a TV film where people were shocked by electric pulses? Some were given the choice to leave after 2 shocks (easy way out) or asked to stay to watch 10 shocks. Given the chance to replace person to receive the remaining 8 shocks. Subjects in easy-escape condition who reported more stress, tended to leave rather than help. Subjects who reported more empathy than distress were more likely to help regardless. A. Batson B. Irving Janis C. Soloman Asch D. Stanley Milgram E. M.J. Lerner
a (Batson; part of the empathy-altruism model)
Who created the role theory (the perspective that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill, and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
a (Bindle)
Who described H.M.'s memory problems (H.M. removed his amygdala and hippocampus to control for epileptic seizures and suffered anterograde amnesia)? A. Brenda Milner B. Eric Kandel C. Wilder Penfield D. A.R. Luria E. Sir Francis Galton
a (Brenda Milner)
Who found a second factor to describe individual differences in ability in performing specific tasks (s)? A. Charles Spearman B. Louis Thurstone C. Robert Sternberg D. Howard Gardner E. Raymond Cattell
a (Charles Spearman)
Who found that individual differences in intelligence are largely due to variations in the amount of a general, unitary factor (g)? A. Charles Spearman B. Louis Thurstone C. Robert Sternberg D. Howard Gardner E. Raymond Cattell
a (Charles Spearman)
Who studied learning and the objective behavior in animals then developed the law of effect? A. Edward Thorndike B. John Watson C. Clark Hull D. Konrad Lorenz E. Ivan Pavlov
a (Edward Thorndike; law of effect: responses that produce a satisfying effect will be more likely to happen again where a response that produces a negative response will be less likely to happen again)
Who conducted experiments with rats in mazes to show that behavior isn't always simply a stimulus-response reinforcement learning? A. Edward Tolman B. John Garcia C. Niko Tinbergen D. Karl von Frisch E. E. O. Wilson
a (Edward Tolman)
Who created the cognitive map (a mental representation of a physical space; able to show that rats were able to form cognitive maps of various mazes; if a familiar path through the maze was blocked, the rats were able to utilize their cognitive map to adopt an alternative route)? A. Edward Tolman B. John Garcia C. Niko Tinbergen D. Karl von Frisch E. E. O. Wilson
a (Edward Tolman)
Who conducted a study on infant depth perception using a "visual cliff"? A. Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk B. Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall C. Keller and Marion Breland D. Collins and Loftus E. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
a (Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk; "visual cliff": a table set up to create the illusion that half of the table is much lower than the right half so that it looks like there is a cliff. The table is covered by a leveled clear glass, even at 6 months infants will not attempt to cross the cliff)
Who coined schizophrenia? A. Eugen Bleuler B. David Rosenhan C. Thomas Szasz D. Franz Gall E. Pierre Flourens
a (Eugen Bleuler, means "split mint", and that the mind is split off from reality)
Who coined interposition (overlap) which refers to cue for depth perception when one object A covers or overlaps with another object B and we see object A as being in front? A. George Berkeley B. J. J. Gibson C. Wolfgang Kohler D. Von Bekesy E. Donald Broadbent
a (George Berkeley)
Who coined linear perspective which refers to the convergence of parallel lines in the distance? A. George Berkeley B. J. J. Gibson C. Wolfgang Kohler D. Von Bekesy E. Donald Broadbent
a (George Berkeley)
Who coined relative size which explains depth perception and as an object gets father away, its image on the retina gets smaller? A. George Berkeley B. J. J. Gibson C. Wolfgang Kohler D. Von Bekesy E. Donald Broadbent
a (George Berkeley)
Who listed various cues for depth? A. George Berkeley B. J. J. Gibson C. Wolfgang Kohler D. Von Bekesy E. Donald Broadbent
a (George Berkeley; seeing in 3D)`
Who initiated the study of genetics by observing the inheritance of traits in pea plants? A. Gregor Mendel B. Lev Vygotsky C. R.C. Tryon D. Lewis Terman E. Noam Chomsky
a (Gregor Mendel)
Who used factor analysis to develop a theory of personality and determined that the broad dimensions of personality were types (traits) as introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neurotiscism? A. Hans J. Eysenck B. Gordon Allport C. Arthur Jensen D. William Wundt E. Oswald Kulpe
a (Hans J. Eysenck; he lated indicated another dimension that indicated psychoticism)
Who studied relationships between an individual's personality and her perception of the world? A. Herman Witkin B. Julian Rotter C. Niccolo Machiavelli D. Sandra Ben E. Walter Mischel
a (Herman Witkin)
Who discovered field dependence (one side is the capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli, field independence, on the other side is a diffused response to a perceived mass of somewhat undifferentiated stimuli, field dependence)? A. Herman Witkin B. Julian Rotter C. Niccolo Machiavelli D. Sandra Ben E. Walter Mischel
a (Herman Witkin, i.e. people who are highly field dependent will be more influenced by the opinions of others because they respond in a diffuse manner, not distinguishing separate ideas or even distinguishing their own ideas from those of others)
Who showed (with nonsense syllables) that at at least one of the higher mental processes could be studied empirically using good experimental methodology? A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Elizabeth Loftus E. Benjamin Whorf
a (Hermann Ebbinghaus)
Who used meaningless strings of letters to study the capacity of our memory system and would memorize the items in the list then distract himself by trying to remember other lists? A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Elizabeth Loftus E. Benjamin Whorf
a (Hermann Ebbinghaus)
Who created the forgetting curve? A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Elizabeth Loftus E. Benjamin Whorf
a (Hermann Ebbinghaus; forgetting curve: horizontal indicates number of days between the time the list was originally learned and time relearned, vertical is the % savings; % savings originally decreases rapidly but then plateaus without practice)
Who created the method of savings? A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Elizabeth Loftus E. Benjamin Whorf
a (Hermann Ebbinghaus; method of savings: measured how much of the original list he remembered; after memorizing the initial list, he compared the number of times he had to read the list in order to remember it and subtracted the number of trials it took to rememorize the list from the number of trials it originally took to memorize the list; then divided this quantity by the original number of trials and multiplied every by 100 to come up with a %)
Who was the first to measure speed of a nerve impulse and is often credited with the transition of psychology into the field of natural sciences? A. Hermann von Helmholtz B. Sir Charles Sherrington C. Walter Cannon D. Ernst Weber E. Gustav Fechner
a (Hermann von Helmholtz)
Who developed the place-resonance theory (it is the movement of the basilar membrane that determines our perception of pitch; each different pitch causes a different place on the basilar membrane to vibrate)? A. Hermann von Helmholtz B. Sir Charles Sherrington C. Walter Cannon D. Ernst Weber E. Gustav Fechner
a (Hermann von Helmholz; pitch causes the hair cells to bend)
Who studied under Wundt and introduced mental testing to the U.S.? A. James McKeen Cattell B. Alfred Binet C. William Stern D. Lewis Terman
a (James McKeen Cattell)
Who studied human development and created a longitudinal study on children's behavior and if early signs of inhibited or uninhibited behavior in infancy predicted temperament profiles? A. Jerome Kagan B. Peter Wolff C. Harry Harlow D. John Bowlby E. Mary Ainsworth
a (Jerome Kagan)
Who blended some psychoanalytic concepts in a behavioral stimulus-response reinforcement learning theory approach and focused on conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies in the development of personality? A. John Dollard and Neal Miller B. James McClelland and David Rumelhart C. William James and Carl Lange D. Stanley Schachter and J.E. Singer E. Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz
a (John Dollard and Neal Miller)
Who postulated that the neurotic personality is governed by one of ten needs (i.e. need for affection and approval, need to exploit others, need for sufficiency and independence)? A. Karen Horney B. Anna Freud C. Melanie Klein D. Martin Seligman E. Aaron Beck
a (Karen Horney)
Who found that a child's early perception of the self is important and to overcome basic anxiety and attain security, the child does 3 things (moves toward people to obtain the good will of people who provide security, move against people or fight to obtain upper hand, move away or withdraw from people)? A. Karen Horney B. Anna Freud C. Melanie Klein D. Martin Seligman E. Aaron Beck
a (Karen Horney, healthy people use all 3 strategies, a highly threatened child will use one of the strategies exclusively)
Who conducted a study where he imitated the strut of a jackdaw and the baby jackdaw became attached (imprinted) and followed him and preferred humans more than its own species? A. Konrad Lorenz B. Lawrence Kolberg C. E.G. Boring D. Edward Titchener E. Philippe Pinel
a (Konrad Lorenz)
Who studied imprinting? A. Konrad Lorenz B. Lawrence Kolberg C. E.G. Boring D. Edward Titchener E. Philippe Pinel
a (Konrad Lorenz)
Who created the study that showed that the age babbling begins is about the same for hearing children with hearing parents, hearing children with deaf parents, and deaf children and that deaf children soon stop to babble after they begin? A. Lenneburg, Rebelsky, Nichols B. Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess C. Cerletti and Bini D. Martin and Halverson E. John Dollard and Neal Miller
a (Lenneburg, Rebelsky, Nichols)
Who found the phi phenomenon (visual illusion) and concluded that the experience of this visual illusion has a wholeness about it that is different from the sum of its parts A. Max Wertheimer B. S. S. Stevens C. John A. Swets D. Ewald Hering E. Thomas Young
a (Max Wertheimer; phi phenomenon: the optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion)
Who created the social facilitation effect? For exampled, cyclists tend to have faster times when riding in the presence of a counterpart as opposed to riding alone? A. Norman Triplett B. William McDougall C. E.H. Ross D. Verplank E. Pavlov
a (Norman Triplett)
Who studied the effect of competition on performance and found that people perform better on familiar tasks when in the presence of other than when alone? A. Norman Triplett B. William McDougall C. E.H. Ross D. Verplank E. Pavlov
a (Norman Triplett)
Who developed the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (2 routes to persuasion, central route and peripheral route)? A. Petty and Covland B Hovland and Weiss C. Aronson and Linder D. Darley and Latane E. Clark and Clark
a (Petty and Covland)
Who coined deindividuation? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
a (Philip Zimbardo; deindividuation: loss of self-awareness and personal identity, from the prison simulation)
Who conducted the prison stimulation where half were randomly assigned to be guards and half were prisoners? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
a (Philip Zimbardo; prison simulation: people are more likely to commit antisocial acts if they believe they are anonymous)
Who created the semantic feature-comparison model that suggested that concepts are represented by sets of features, some required, some typical? A. Smith, Shoben, and Rips B. Craik and Lockhart C. Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin D. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon E. Hathaway and McKinley
a (Smith, Shoben, and Rips)
Who developed the semantic verification task (i.e. a robin is a bird. compare characteristics of robs with birds would use semantic memory and be quick and automatic)? A. Smith, Shoben, and Rips B. Craik and Lockhart C. Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin D. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon E. Hathaway and McKinley
a (Smith, Shoben, and Rips; you will respond true/false quickly with lots of overlap or no overlap. You will take longer if there is some overlap)
Who did the study on influence of group norms with small women colleges that had a liberal community but conservative backgrounds? A. Theodore Newcomb B. Edward Hall C. John Locke D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau E. Charles Darwin
a (Theodore Newcomb; every year, students increasingly became more liberal and accustomed to her environment)
Who argued that subjective experience of emotion must affect specific neural circuits in the brain, and that different circuits correspond to different emotions? A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard B. James Olds and Peter Milner C. Heinrick Luver and Paul Bucy D. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel E. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
a (Walter Cannon and Philip Bard)
Who created the theory that emotions reflect our physiological arousal and our cognitive experience of emotion (bodily changes and emotional feelings occur simultaneously)? A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard B. Heinrick Luver and Paul Bucy C. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel D. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga E. Eleanor GIbson and Ricard Walk
a (Walter Cannon and Philip Bard; give s the brain a more central role to our subjective experience of emotion)
Who studied functionalism (how the mind functioned in adapting to the environment)? A. William James B. John Dewey C. Paul Broca D. Phineas Gage E. Johannes Muller
a (William James)
Who coined cultural truisms (beliefs that are seldom questioned)? A. William McGuire B. Stanley Schachter C. Robert Zajonc D. Muzafer Sherif E. Kurt Lewin
a (William McGuire)
Who discovered the analogy of inoculation (people can be inoculated against attack of persuasive communications; analogous to pathogens that form resistance when exposed to a strain multiple times)? A. William McGuire B. Stanley Schachter C. Robert Zajonc D. Muzafer Sherif E. Kurt Lewin
a (William McGuire)
Who created the theory of personality (characterized people by body type and related them to personality, endomorphy: soft and spherical, mesomorphy: hard, muscular, rectangular, ectomorphy: thin, fragile, lightly muscled) A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
a (William Sheldon)
Who created a longitudinal study to examine temperament and proposed 3 categories (easy, slow to warm up, and difficult) of infant emotional and behavioral styles? A. Lenneburg, Rebelsky, Nichols B. Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess C. Cerletti and Bini D. Martin and Halverson E. John Dollard and Neal Miller
b (Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess)
Who introduced the concept of mental age, the age level at which a person functions intellectually, regardless of actual chronological age? A. James McKeen Cattell B. Alfred Binet C. William Stern D. Lewis Terman
b (Alfred Binet)
Who studied psychotherapy with children and is the founder of ego psychology? A. Karen Horney B. Anna Freud C. Melanie Klein D. Martin Seligman E. Aaron Beck
b (Anna Freud, ego psychology: could profit from more direct investigation of the conscious ego and its relation to the world, to the unconscious, and the superego)
Who coined extinction (behavior that used to bring reward no longer does)? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
b (B.F. Skinner)
Who coined negative reinforcement (desired response will be performed by taking away or preventing something undesirable whenever the desired response is made)? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
b (B.F. Skinner)
Who coined positive reinforcement (the case where you reward someone in order to increase the frequency of a behavior)? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
b (B.F. Skinner)
Who coined punishment (giving organisms something undesirable whenever the response is made)? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
b (B.F. Skinner)
Who considered personality to be a collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist, and the result of behavioral development of an organism? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
b (B.F. Skinner)
Who developed the levels-of-processing theory (depth-of-processing) theory that suggested that the way that you process material determines how long you will remember material? A. Smith, Shoben, and Rips B. Craik and Lockhart C. Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin D. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon E. Hathaway and McKinley
b (Craik and Lockhart)
Who found that there were 3 ways/levels which info can be processed (physical/visual: focusing on appearance, size, and shape of information, acoustical: sound combinations words have, semantic: focus on the meaning of the word)? A. Smith, Shoben, and Rips B. Craik and Lockhart C. Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin D. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon E. Hathaway and McKinley
b (Craik and Lockhart; physical take the least amount of effort, semantic uses the most effort)
Who studied whether or not you would be treated the same in an "insane" place (went with two other people admitted into different psychiatric hospitals by reporting auditory hallucinations; even though they acted normally, they were seen as mentally ill) and concluded that once labeled as mentally ill, the label doesn't go away? A. Eugen Bleuler B. David Rosenhan C. Thomas Szasz D. Franz Gall E. Pierre Flourens
b (David Rosenhan)
Who was an advocate of treating hospitalized mentally ill in a human way? A. Abraham Maslow B. Dorothea Dix C. Emil Kraepelin D. Carol Gilligan E. Diana Baumrind
b (Dorothea Dix)
Who studied proxemics? A. Theodore Newcomb B. Edward Hall C. John Locke D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau E. Charles Darwin
b (Edward Hall; proxemics: how close we stand from people while speaking)
Who studied simple neural networks in aplysia (sea snails) and found that neurotransmitters and behavior are linked by studying the neural activity associated with reflexes that govern aplysia gills (when touched the gills withdraw automatically and after a few touches the gills no longer withdraw and form habitation)? A. Brenda Milner B. Eric Kandel C. Wilder Penfield D. A.R. Luria E. Sir Francis Galton
b (Eric Kandel; found that aplysia learned to ignore stimulation of gills, the neurons governing the gill-withdrawal reflex released smaller amounts of neurotransmitters than before)
Who created the balance theory (a consistency theory concerned with the way three elements are related. Balance exists when all three fit together harmoniously when there isn't balance, there will be stress, and a tendency to remove the stress by achieving balance)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
b (Fritz Heider)
Who compiled hundreds of questionnaires on the views and opinions of children and compared them by age? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
b (G. Stanley Hall)
Who is considered the father of developmental psychology? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
b (G. Stanley Hall)
Who is the founder of the American Psychology Association (APA)? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
b (G. Stanley Hall)
Who developed the theory of human nature (hypothesized the notion of the individual as a scientist, a person who devises and tests predictions about the behavior of significant people in his or her life)? A. Albert Ellis B. George Kelly C. Carl Rogers D. Victor Frankl E. David McClelland
b (George Kelly; this theory creates a scheme of anticipation of what others will do based on his knowledge, perception, and relationships with other people)
Who found that the capacity of sensory stimuli was about nine items from the partial-report procedure? A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Elizabeth Loftus E. Benjamin Whorf
b (George Sperling)
Who developed the partial-report procedure where a 3x3 matrix of letters was flashed for a fraction of a second following a high, medium, or low tone and asked subjects to report only one row of the array depending on the tone? A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Elizabeth Loftus E. Benjamin Whorf
b (George Sperling; found that regardless of which row was asked for, the subjects' recall was nearly perfect)
Who took an idiographic (focuses on individual case studies) approach to personality rather than a nomothetic (focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between them) approach? A. Hans J. Eysenck B. Gordon Allport C. Arthur Jensen D. William Wundt E. Oswald Kulpe
b (Gordon Allport)
Who was a trait theorist that found 3 basic types of trails: cardinal (traits where a person organizes his life; not everyone develops these traits), central (represent major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer such as honesty or fatalism), secondary (personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrences)? A. Hans J. Eysenck B. Gordon Allport C. Arthur Jensen D. William Wundt E. Oswald Kulpe
b (Gordon Allport)
Who discovered functional autonomy (a given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself, regardless of its original reason for existence such as hunter hunting for food but continuing to hunt for enjoyment)? A. Hans J. Eysenck B. Gordon Allport C. Arthur Jensen D. William Wundt E. Oswald Kulpe
b (Gordon Allport; this theory allows for many types of motives, as well as uniqueness of motives in any individual)
Who coined groupthink? A. Batson B. Irving Janis C. Soloman Asch D. Stanley Milgram E. M.J. Lerner
b (Irving Janis; groupthink: the tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant info)
Who studied texture gradients (the variations in perceived surface texture as a function of the distance from the observer)? A. George Berkeley B. J. J. Gibson C. Wolfgang Kohler D. Von Bekesy E. Donald Broadbent
b (J. J. Gibson; the more distant parts of a scene appear to have smaller, more densely packed elements, sudden changes in texture generally signal a change in distance or direction)
Which two psychologists found PDP (parallel distributed processes), proposing that info processing is distributed across the brain and is done in a parallel fashion? A. John Dollard and Neal Miller B. James McClelland and David Rumelhart C. William James and Carl Lange D. Stanley Schachter and J.E. Singer E. Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz
b (James McClelland and David Rumelhart)
Who demonstrated that rats could stimulate their septal nuclei at will and found it so pleasurable that they preferred it to eating? A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard B. James Olds and Peter Milner C. Heinrick Luver and Paul Bucy D. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel E. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
b (James Olds and Peter Milner)
Who discovered that the septal nuclei stimulates intensely pleasurable and sexually arousing states even with mild stimulation? A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard B. James Olds and Peter Milner C. Heinrick Luver and Paul Bucy D. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel E. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
b (James Olds; septal nuclei is a primary pleasure center in the brain)
Who wrote an article that criticized the concept of the reflex arc (breaks process of reacting to stimulus into discrete parts) and believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole as it functioned to adapt to the environment? A. William James B. John Dewey C. Paul Broca D. Phineas Gage E. Johannes Muller
b (John Dewey)
Who coined preparedness (the tendency to associate illness with something ingested or pain with an external cause)? A. Edward Tolman B. John Garcia C. Niko Tinbergen D. Karl von Frisch E. E. O. Wilson
b (John Garcia)
Who created the effect that illustrated a classical conditioning experiment with thirsty rats and found that conditioning was successful for only rats that drank sweet-water and then got nauseating meds and rats that had bright-noisy water and received a shock? A. Edward Tolman B. John Garcia C. Niko Tinbergen D. Karl von Frisch E. E. O. Wilson
b (John Garcia)
Who completed the classical conditioning experiment with 11-month-old Albert by presenting him with a lab rat and then giving a startling loud noise behind his head? A. Edward Thorndike B. John Watson C. Clark Hull D. Konrad Lorenz E. Ivan Pavlov
b (John Watson; Albert began to fear rats, rabbits, and even a mink coat)`
Who found the internal and external locus of control? A. Herman Witkin B. Julian Rotter C. Niccolo Machiavelli D. Sandra Ben E. Walter Mischel
b (Julian Rotter; internal: tend to believe that they can control their own destiny, external: tend to believe that outside events and chance control their destiny)
Who developed the theory of self-socialization (stage 1. gender labeling, stage 2. gender stability, stage 3. gender consistency)? A. Konrad Lorenz B. Lawrence Kolberg C. E.G. Boring D. Edward Titchener E. Philippe Pinel
b (Larence Kolberg)
Who created the Heinz Dilemma? A. Konrad Lorenz B. Lawrence Kolberg C. E.G. Boring D. Edward Titchener E. Philippe Pinel
b (Lawrence Kohlerg; Heinz Dilemma: test that consists of a series of hypothetical moral dilemmas, i.e. man had dying wife and needed to get the cure but it was too expensive so he stole it)
Who studied moral though and behavior and believed there were 3 phases of moral thought (preconventional morality, conventional phase of morality, and post conventional morality)? A. Konrad Lorenz B. Lawrence Kolberg C. E.G. Boring D. Edward Titchener E. Philippe Pinel
b (Lawrence Kolberg; each phase had 2 stages. stage 1. punishment v. reward, stage 2. "I'll scratch your back, you scratch mine, stage 3. seeking approval, stage 4. law-and-order, stage 5. social contract, for the greater good, stage 6. acting according to a set of universal ethical principles)
Who believed that cognitive development is driven by a child's internalization of various aspects of culture (rules, symbols, language, etc.)? A. Gregor Mendel B. Lev Vygotsky C. R.C. Tryon D. Lewis Terman E. Noam Chomsky
b (Lev Vygotsky)
Who discovered the zone of proximal development (skills and abilities that have not fully developed but are developing)? A. Gregor Mendel B. Lev Vygotsky C. R.C. Tryon D. Lewis Terman E. Noam Chomsky
b (Lev Vygotsky)
Who developed the primary mental abilities (seven abilities and used factor analysis with factors more specific than g but more general than s) A. Charles Spearman B. Louis Thurstone C. Robert Sternberg D. Howard Gardner E. Raymond Cattell
b (Louis Thurstone; seven abilities: i.e. verbal comprehension, number ability, perceptual speed, general reasoning/ compared to Spearman)
Who did a study on crying babies and identified 3 different patterns of crying (basic/hunger, angry/frustration, and pain)? A. Jerome Kagan B. Peter Wolff C. Harry Harlow D. John Bowlby E. Mary Ainsworth
b (Peter Wolff)
Who created the gat theory of pain (proposes that there is a special "gating" mechanism that can turn pain signals on or off, affecting whether we perceive pain or not)? A. Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk B. Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall C. Keller and Marion Breland D. Collins and Loftus E. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
b (Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall; gating mechanism located in spinal cord and able to block sensory input from large, thick sensory fibers before the brain is able to receive pain signals)
Who performed some experiments that suggested Fechner's law might be incorrect and made another equation called the power law? A. Max Wertheimer B. S. S. Stevens C. John A. Swets D. Ewald Hering E. Thomas Young
b (S. S. Stevens)
Who coined id (obtain satisfaction), ego (reality principle), and superego (strives for ideal)? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
b (Sigmund Freud)
Who stressed the role of conflicts (subconscious) in the development of functioning and personality? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
b (Sigmund Freud)
Who developed the psychosexual development (oral stage, anal stage, Oedipal/phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage)? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
b (Sigmund Freud, oral: libidinal energy centered in mouth, anal: centered in anus, Oedipal/phallic: resolution of Oedipus complex, latency: last until puberty, genital: begins at puberty, heterosexual relationships)
Who discovered the theory of personality? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
b (Sigmund Freud, theory on personality and abnormal psychology that emphasized consciousness and the power of reason in human behavior)
Who used psychoanalytic treatment that included hypnosis, free association, dream interpretation, resistance, transference, and countertransference? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
b (Sigmund Freud: psychoanalysis is a long term treatment for uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts stemming from problems in psychosexual development, hypnosis: free repressed thoughts from unconscious, free association: clients say whatever comes to mind regardless of how personal, painful, or irrelevant it may appear to be, dream interpretation: understanding dreams relates to the patients unconscious, resistance:an unwillingness or inability to relate certain thoughts, motives, or experiences, transference: analyst can help recreate patient's experiences so that the patient has an opportunity to uncover, acknowledge, and understand his or her relationships, countertransference: therapist also experiences emotion toward patient)
Who developed the psychodynamic orientation? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
b (Sigmund Freud; a system of thought that arose out of clinical research settings)
Who believed that there is an innate psychological representation of bodily excitation for life (eros) and death (thanatos) instincts? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
b (Sigmund Freud; eros: survival, hunger, thirst, sex, thanatos: unconscious wish for ultimate state of quiescence)
Who believed that human psychology and sexuality were linked? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
b (Sigmund Freud; libido is present at birth)
Who developed eight main defense mechanisms (repression, suppression, projection, reaction formation, rationalization, regression, sublimation, and displacement)? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
b (Sigmund Freud; repression: unconscious forgetting for anxiety memories, suppression: deliberate, conscious form of forgetting, projection: when a person attributes forbidden urges to others, reaction formation: wards off a repressed wish by its diametrical opposite hates brother and is punished, now shows love, rationalization: develops a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior or thoughts, regression: refers to a revert in early stages of life due to trauma, sublimation: transforms unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior, and displacement: discharge pent up feelings on objects)
Who discovered the psychoanalytic theory? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
b (Sigmund Freud; the existence of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality)
Who was the first to infer existence of synapses and thought synapses were electrical impulses (we now know they are chemical)? A. Hermann von Helmholtz B. Sir Charles Sherrington C. Walter Cannon D. Ernst Weber E. Gustav Fechner
b (Sir Charles Sherrington)
Who studied memory in a classic study that used the "War of the Ghosts", a native American folk tale and found that subjects reconstructed the story in line with their own culture, expectations, and schema? A. Allan Paivio B. Sir Frederick Bartlett C. Zeigarnik D. Luchins E. Guilford
b (Sir Frederick Bartlett; proved prior knowledge and expectations influence recall)
Who discovered that greater anxiety leads to greater desire to affiliate? A. William McGuire B. Stanley Schachter C. Robert Zajonc D. Muzafer Sherif E. Kurt Lewin
b (Stanley Schachter)
Who published the first textbooks on social psychology and defended that all matter has a mental aspect? A. Norman Triplett B. William McDougall C. E.H. Ross D. Verplank E. Pavlov
b (William McDougall)
Who created the study with Bobo dolls (two groups of children observe adults playing with tinker toys or aggressively towards Bobo dolls. Each child was made to feel frustrated and then left in a room of toys. Children in the Bobo doll group tended to act aggressively toward the doll)? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
c (Albert Bandura)
Who proposed that behavior is learned through imitation? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
c (Albert Bandura)
Who created the self efficacy theory? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
c (Albert Bandura. self-efficacy theory: an individual's belief in his ability to organize and execute a particular pattern of behavior. People with strong self-efficacy exert more effort on challenging tasks than those with low self efficacy)
Who was the main figure in social learning theory? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
c (Albert Bandura. social learning theory: aggression is learned through modeling (direct observation) or reinforement)
Who created the social learning theory? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
c (Albert Bandura. social learning theory: modeling observed behavior; learning occurs by vicarious reinforcement/learning by observing other people's behaviors being reinforced as well as having own behavior reinforced)
Who helped to establish reinforcement theory? I. Verplank II. Pavlov III. Thorndike IV. Hull V. B. F. Skinner A. I and II B. I, II, and III C. I, II, and IV D. II, III, and V E. all of the above
c (All of the above. Reinforcement theory: behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards)
Who developed the gain-loss principle (i.e. we will like someone more if their liking for us increased than someone who has consistently liked us)? A. Petty and Covland B Hovland and Weiss C. Aronson and Linder D. Darley and Latane E. Clark and Clark
c (Aronson and Linder)
Who was an education psychologist that claimed intelligence as measured by IQ tests was almost entirely genetic in nation and you could not teach someone to score higher on an IQ test (focused on differences in IQ scores across racial lines)? A. Hans J. Eysenck B. Gordon Allport C. Arthur Jensen D. William Wundt E. Oswald Kulpe
c (Arthur Jensen; racial study was controversial)
Who believed in extroversion and introversion personalities? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
c (Carl Jung; both present in all personalities but one is typically dominant)
Who created archetypes (persona, anima/animus, shadow, self)? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
c (Carl Jung; persona: mask that is adopted by a person responding to social convention, anima/animus: female v male, understanding of gender, the feminine behavior in males and vice versa, shadow: animal instincts, self: striving for unity of collective unconscious and conscious)
Who studied humanistic psychology and believed that people have the freedom to control their own behavior, and are neither slaves to the unconscious nor subjects of faulty learning; the client is able to reflect upon her problems, make choices, take positive action, and help determine her own destiny? A. Albert Ellis B. George Kelly C. Carl Rogers D. Victor Frankl E. David McClelland
c (Carl Rogers; help the client become willing and able to be herself and increase the congruence between what the person thinks he should be and what he actually is; unconditional positive regard and understanding is provided to enhance this desired situation)
Who introduced electroshock as an artificial production of seizures in patients? A. Lenneburg, Rebelsky, Nichols B. Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess C. Cerletti and Bini D. Martin and Halverson E. John Dollard and Neal Miller
c (Cerletti and Bini)
Who created the theory of motivation (drive-reduction theory)? A. Edward Thorndike B. John Watson C. Clark Hull D. Konrad Lorenz E. Ivan Pavlov
c (Clark Hull; theory: the goal of behavior is the reduce biological drives, reinforcement occurs whenever a biological drive is reduced)
Who coined Zeitgeist? A. Konrad Lorenz B. Lawrence Kolberg C. E.G. Boring D. Edward Titchener E. Philippe Pinel
c (E.G. Boring; Zeitgest: the changing spirit of the times)
Who discovered gender differences in language development and found evidence of better verbal abilities in girls (may be controversial)? A. Smith, Shoben, and Rips B. Craik and Lockhart C. Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin D. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon E. Hathaway and McKinley
c (Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin)
Who noted that some symptoms of mental disorders occurred together regularly enough that the symptom patterns could be considered specific types of mental disorders, precursor to the DSM-5? A. Abraham Maslow B. Dorothea Dix C. Emil Kraepelin D. Carol Gilligan E. Diana Baumrind
c (Emil Kraepelin)
Who found that the amount that can be kept in short-term memory is about 7 (+ or - 2) pieces, or chunks of information? A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Elizabeth Loftus E. Benjamin Whorf
c (George Miller)
Who conducted the study on monkeys and placed them with surrogate mothers (one wire cylinder with feeding nipple and one wood cylinder with terrycloth and no nipple) and found that monkeys preferred cloth mother? A. Jerome Kagan B. Peter Wolff C. Harry Harlow D. John Bowlby E. Mary Ainsworth
c (Harry Harlow)
Who studied the early relationship between caregivers and infants and showed that early bonding for parent and child is important for emotional behavior? A. Jerome Kagan B. Peter Wolff C. Harry Harlow D. John Bowlby E. Mary Ainsworth
c (Harry Harlow)
Who identified the changes in animals from the bilateral removal of the amygdala and performed studies that linked the amygdala with defensive and aggressive behavior in monkeys? A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard B. James Olds and Peter Milner C. Heinrick Luver and Paul Bucy D. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel E. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
c (Heinrick Kluver and Paul Bucy)
Who developed the signal detection theory (nonsensory factors (experiences, motives, exceptions) influence what the subject says she senses)? A. Max Wertheimer B. S. S. Stevens C. John A. Swets D. Ewald Hering E. Thomas Young
c (John A. Swets)
Who refined the use of ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves? A. Max Wertheimer B. S. S. Stevens C. John A. Swets D. Ewald Hering E. Thomas Young
c (John A. Swets; ROC curves are employed by many researchers to graphically summarize a subject's response by measuring the operating/sensitivity characteristics of a subject receiving signals)
Who was part of the British empiricist school of thought and believed that all knowledge is gained through experience? A. Theodore Newcomb B. Edward Hall C. John Locke D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau E. Charles Darwin
c (John Locke)
Who coined tabula rosa? A. Theodore Newcomb B. Edward Hall C. John Locke D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau E. Charles Darwin
c (John Locke; tabula rosa: a child's mind is considered a blank state at birth)
Who believed that parents should provide the right learning experiences while overting "sentimental" affection and that emotions were acquired through learning? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
c (John Watson)
Who believed that the goal of psychology should be to predict behavioral responses to particular stimuli and vice versa? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
c (John Watson)
Who studied developmental psychology and believed in the importance of environmental influences on child development? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
c (John Watson)
Which behavioral psychologist used shaping in an attempt to train a raccoon to pick up coins and deposit them into a bank (able to be successful with one coin but unsuccessful with two)? A. Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk B. Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall C. Keller and Marion Breland D. Collins and Loftus E. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
c (Keller and Marion Breland; due to instinctual drift)
Who coined instinctual drift (animals reverting to species-specific behavioral pattern)? A. Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk B. Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall C. Keller and Marion Breland D. Collins and Loftus E. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
c (Keller and Marion Breland; raccoon study)
Who coined the minimal justification effect (when behavior can be justified by external things, there is no need to change internal things)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
c (Leon Festinger)
Who coined the social comparison theory (we are drawn to affiliate because we have a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relation to other people)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
c (Leon Festinger)
Who created a study where subjects were asked to complete an extremely boring task for an hour? After subjects were to tell the next subjects (who were confederates) that the task was fun and interesting. Subjects were given $1 or $20, then rated the enjoyment. Subjects reported higher if they received $1 and $20. A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
c (Leon Festinger)
Who created cognitive dissonance theory (consistency theory of attitude change; cognitive dissonance is the conflict that you feel when your attitudes are not in sync with your behaviors, this may result in changing one's attitude so that it is consistent with the behavior)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
c (Leon Festinger)
Who created forced-compliance dissonance (when an individual is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with his or her beliefs or attitudes; force comes from anticipated punishment or reward)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
c (Leon Festinger)
Who created free-choice dissonance (occurs where a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
c (Leon Festinger)
Who created post-decisional dissonance (when dissonance occurs after a decision is made)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
c (Leon Festinger)
Who is an object relations theorist and looked at the creation and development of internalized objects in young children? A. Karen Horney B. Anna Freud C. Melanie Klein D. Martin Seligman E. Aaron Beck
c (Melanie Klein; "object" refers to the symbolic representation of a significant part of the young child's personality)
Who coined the personality that is deceitful and manipulative (people with this personality tends to agree with "most people don't really know what's best for them", "best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear")? A. Herman Witkin B. Julian Rotter C. Niccolo Machiavelli D. Sandra Ben E. Walter Mischel
c (Niccolo Machiavelli; "Machiavellian")
Who examined the behavioral deficits of people with brain damage and was the first to demonstrate that specific functional impairments could be linked with specific brain lesions? A. William James B. John Dewey C. Paul Broca D. Phineas Gage E. Johannes Muller
c (Paul Broca)
Who found that speech was found in the left side of the brain? A. William James B. John Dewey C. Paul Broca D. Phineas Gage E. Johannes Muller
c (Paul Broca; a man with a lesion in Broca's area had speech impairment)
Who studied the maze-running ability in rats and used selective breeding to test ability of rats after every generation of maze-bright and maze-dull rats? A. Gregor Mendel B. Lev Vygotsky C. R.C. Tryon D. Lewis Terman E. Noam Chomsky
c (R.C. Tryon; found that learning ability has a genetic basis)
Who created the triarchic theory (there are 3 aspects to intelligence: componential i.e. performance on tests, experiential i.e. creativity, and contextual i.e. street smarts)? A. Charles Spearman B. Louis Thurstone C. Robert Sternberg D. Howard Gardner E. Raymond Cattell
c (Robert Sternberg)
Who created the theory that the presence of others increases arousal and emission of dominant responses (i.e. a person learning a dance will make more mistakes in front of people. An expert dancer would be better in front of people)? A. William McGuire B. Stanley Schachter C. Robert Zajonc D. Muzafer Sherif E. Kurt Lewin
c (Robert Zajonc)
Who discovered the mere exposure effect (mere repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to enhanced liking for something; the more you see something, the more you like it)? A. William McGuire B. Stanley Schachter C. Robert Zajonc D. Muzafer Sherif E. Kurt Lewin
c (Robert Zajonc)
Who conducted the conformity study where subjects were placed in a classroom with 7 to 9 other college men and informed that they would be comparing the length of lines? A. Batson B. Irving Janis C. Soloman Asch D. Stanley Milgram E. M.J. Lerner
c (Soloman Asch)
Who argues that most of the disorders treated by clinicians are not really illnesses and that some are traits or behaviors differ from cultural norms? A. Eugen Bleuler B. David Rosenhan C. Thomas Szasz D. Franz Gall E. Pierre Flourens
c (Thomas Szasz; argued that labeling people as mentally ill is a way to force them to change and conform to society)
Who discovered that any activation of the sympathetic nervous system essentially produced the same physiological response: increased heart rate, perspiration, trembling, etc. A. Hermann von Helmholtz B. Sir Charles Sherrington C. Walter Cannon D. Ernst Weber E. Gustav Fechner
c (Walter Cannon)
Who studied the automatic nervous system (ANS) and developed the concept of homeostasis? A. Hermann von Helmholtz B. Sir Charles Sherrington C. Walter Cannon D. Ernst Weber E. Gustav Fechner
c (Walter Cannon; ANS: regulation of heartbeats, respiration, digestion, glandular secretions; homeostatis is determined by the hypothalamus)
Who electrically stimulated and recorded brain activity and found that stimulating the patient's cortex with an electrode leads individual neurons to fire and activating behavior or perceptual process associated with those neurons (i.e. stimulate the motor cortex and there will be motor movement) A. Brenda Milner B. Eric Kandel C. Wilder Penfield D. A.R. Luria E. Sir Francis Galton
c (Wilder Penfield)
Who developed the theory of emotions (we become aware of our emotion after we notice our physiological reactions to an external event)? A. John Dollard and Neal Miller B. James McClelland and David Rumelhart C. William James and Carl Lange D. Stanley Schachter and J.E. Singer E. Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz
c (William James and Carl Lange; "we feel sorry because we cry")
Who developed an equation to compare mental age to chronological age known as IQ (intelligence quotient)? A. James McKeen Cattell B. Alfred Binet C. William Stern D. Lewis Terman
c (William Stern)
Who conducted a study that looked at problem solving in chimpanzees and found that they would stop and think and use sticks or climb up to get food after a while (use insight)? A. George Berkeley B. J. J. Gibson C. Wolfgang Kohler D. Von Bekesy E. Donald Broadbent
c (Wolfgang Kohler)
Who created the theory of isomorphism (suggests that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain)? A. George Berkeley B. J. J. Gibson C. Wolfgang Kohler D. Von Bekesy E. Donald Broadbent
c (Wolfgang Kohler)
Who was the co-founder of Gestalt psychology and argued that if animals are given the opportunity, some animals could learn by insight? A. George Berkeley B. J. J. Gibson C. Wolfgang Kohler D. Von Bekesy E. Donald Broadbent
c (Wolfgang Kohler)
Who found that the there is a tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks? A. Allan Paivio B. Sir Frederick Bartlett C. Zeigarnik D. Luchins E. Guilford
c (Zeigarnik; Zeigarnik effect)
Who was a Russian neurologist that studied neuropsychological disorders? A. Brenda Milner B. Eric Kandel C. Wilder Penfield D. A.R. Luria E. Sir Francis Galton
d (A.R. Luria)
Who discovered fictional finalism? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
d (Alfred Adler, an individual is motivated more by her expectations of the future than by past experiences)
Who coined "creative self"? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
d (Alfred Adler, creative self: force by which each individual shapes her uniqueness and makes her own personality)
Who created the inferiority complex? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
d (Alfred Adler, inferiority complex: an individual's sense of incompleteness and sense of imperfection)
Who coined "style of life"? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
d (Alfred Adler, style of life: represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority)
Which psychologists created the first intelligence test (assess the intelligence of French school children to ascertain which children were too intellectually disabled to benefit from ordinary schooling? A. Smith, Shoben, and Rips B. Craik and Lockhart C. Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin D. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon E. Hathaway and McKinley
d (Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon)
Who believed that development occurred as a maturational process, regardless of practice or training? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
d (Arnold Gesell)
Who believed that much of development was biologically based and the development blueprint existed from birth? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
d (Arnold Gesell)
Who studied moral issues and asserted that males and females adopt different perspectives on moral issues which stems from how they are raised? A. Abraham Maslow B. Dorothea Dix C. Emil Kraepelin D. Carol Gilligan E. Diana Baumrind
d (Carol GIlligan, women adopt an interpersonal orientation that tends to be focused on caring and compassion)
Who created the semantic verification task (subjects will respond to questions about ambulances and fire trucks quicker than ambulances and streets? A. Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk B. Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall C. Keller and Marion Breland D. Collins and Loftus E. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
d (Collins and Loftus)
Who created the spreading activation model (the shorter the distance between the two words, the closer the words are related in the semantic memory for example ambulance and fire truck are more closely related than ambulance and street)? A. Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk B. Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall C. Keller and Marion Breland D. Collins and Loftus E. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
d (Collins and Loftus)
Who created the social influence study (subjects were brought into a room to do an interview when smoke appeared; it no one responded, the subject would not respond)? A. Petty and Covland B Hovland and Weiss C. Aronson and Linder D. Darley and Latane E. Clark and Clark
d (Darley and Latane)
Who discovered diffusion of responsibility (if there is only one bystander, the bystander knows that the responsibility for assisting falls on his shoulders)? A. Petty and Covland B Hovland and Weiss C. Aronson and Linder D. Darley and Latane E. Clark and Clark
d (Darley and Latane)
Who discovered the bystander intervention? A. Petty and Covland B Hovland and Weiss C. Aronson and Linder D. Darley and Latane E. Clark and Clark
d (Darley and Latane)
Who coined pluralistic ignorance (leading others to a definition of an event as a nonemergency)? A. Petty and Covland B Hovland and Weiss C. Aronson and Linder D. Darley and Latane E. Clark and Clark
d (Darley and Latane; part of social influence study)
Who created the self-perception theory (when your attitudes about something are weak and ambiguous, you observe your own behavior and attribute an attitude to yourself)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
d (Daryl Bem. self-perception theory: I like brown bread because I'm always eating it)
Who conducted single-cell recording (recorded individual brain cells in the visual cortex of cats and placed a microelectrode in the cortex to record)? A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard B. James Olds and Peter Milner C. Heinrick Luver and Paul Bucy D. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel E. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
d (David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel)
Who found three different cells (simple: give info after orientation and boundaries of an object, complex: give more advanced info about orientation such as movement, and hypercomplex: give info about abstract concepts such as object shape)? A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard B. James Olds and Peter Milner C. Heinrick Luver and Paul Bucy D. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel E. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
d (David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel)
Who studied the physiology of visual perception and found that the occipital lob contains the visual cortex? A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard B. James Olds and Peter Milner C. Heinrick Luver and Paul Bucy D. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel E. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
d (David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel)
Who found a neural basis for feature detection theory (suggests that certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli)? A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard B. James Olds and Peter Milner C. Heinrick Luver and Paul Bucy D. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel E. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
d (David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel; part of the visual cortex)
Who created the method of introspection? A. Konrad Lorenz B. Lawrence Kolberg C. E.G. Boring D. Edward Titchener E. Philippe Pinel
d (Edward Titchener; method of introspection: asked subjects to report on their current conscious experiences)
Who formed structuralism? A. Konrad Lorenz B. Lawrence Kolberg C. E.G. Boring D. Edward Titchener E. Philippe Pinel
d (Edward Titchener; structuralism: break consciousness down into specific mental structures)
Who studied eyewitness memories and found the tendency for eyewitnesses to be influenced or confused by misleading information? A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Elizabeth Loftus E. Benjamin Whorf
d (Elizabeth Loftus)
Who studied the accuracy of repressed memories? A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Elizabeth Loftus E. Benjamin Whorf
d (Elizabeth Loftus)
Who investigated muscle sense and introduced the notion of just noticeable difference (JND) in sensation? A. Hermann von Helmholtz B. Sir Charles Sherrington C. Walter Cannon D. Ernst Weber E. Gustav Fechner
d (Ernst Weber)
Which of the following criticized the trichromatic theory and believed that yellow must be a primary color (red, blue, green and yellow)? A. Max Wertheimer B. S. S. Stevens C. John A. Swets D. Ewald Hering E. Thomas Young
d (Ewald Hering)
Who created the opponent-process theory of color vision which stated the opposing pairs (red v. green, blue v. yellow, and black v. white)? A. Max Wertheimer B. S. S. Stevens C. John A. Swets D. Ewald Hering E. Thomas Young
d (Ewald Herring)
Who developed the doctrine of phrenology (if a particular trait were well developed, then the part of the brain responsible for that trait would expand and create a bulge in the head)? A. Eugen Bleuler B. David Rosenhan C. Thomas Szasz D. Franz Gall E. Pierre Flourens
d (Franz Gall; proved to be false)
Who created the theory of multiple intelligences (linguistic ability, logical-mathematical ability, spacial ability, musical ability, bodily-kinesthetic ability, interpersonal ability, and intrapersonal ability)? A. Charles Spearman B. Louis Thurstone C. Robert Sternberg D. Howard Gardner E. Raymond Cattell
d (Howard Gardner; Western culture values the first two abilities over the others)
Who believed that society was not only unnecessary but also a detriment to optimal development? A. Theodore Newcomb B. Edward Hall C. John Locke D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau E. Charles Darwin
d (Jean-Jacques Rousseau)
Who conducted naturalistic studies on children and found that those that were brought up in foster homes (and lacked intimate bodily contact) were more timid and antisocial? A. Jerome Kagan B. Peter Wolff C. Harry Harlow D. John Bowlby E. Mary Ainsworth
d (John Bowlby)
Who found that there were several phases of the attachment process (pre-attachment where infants react identically to every adult, infant discrimination between familiar and unfamiliar faces, infant seeks and responds to mother specifically, bonding intensifies and expresses stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, then able to separate from mother)? A. Jerome Kagan B. Peter Wolff C. Harry Harlow D. John Bowlby E. Mary Ainsworth
d (John Bowlby)
Who started ethology and rejected the idea that animal behavior could be understood in the lab, but believed that an understanding of animal behavior could be gained only out in the field? A. Edward Thorndike B. John Watson C. Clark Hull D. Konrad Lorenz E. Ivan Pavlov
d (Konrad Lorenz; observe animals in its natural environment, able to describe the animal's behavior in great detail, and by studying the context in which a particular behavior took place, he could analyze the function of the behavior)
Who created a study that compared a group of children with high IQ with groups of children typical of the general population and was the first study focused on gifted children? A. Gregor Mendel B. Lev Vygotsky C. R.C. Tryon D. Lewis Terman E. Noam Chomsky
d (Lewis Terman)
Who revised the Binet-Simon test for use in the U.S. and named it the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test? A. James McKeen Cattell B. Alfred Binet C. William Stern D. Lewis Terman
d (Lewis Terman)
Who created the water-jar problem (subjects are presented with 3 empty jars and a list of the capacities of each jar and asked to obtain a particular amount of water in one of the jars; then given a set of problems, try to obtain a certain amount of water in one jar)? A. Allan Paivio B. Sir Frederick Bartlett C. Zeigarnik D. Luchins E. Guilford
d (Luchins; found that past experiences affect strategies)
Who coined mental sets (tendency to keep repeating solutions that worked in the past)? A. Allan Paivio B. Sir Frederick Bartlett C. Zeigarnik D. Luchins E. Guilford
d (Luchins; water-jar problem)
Who created learned helplessness theory of depression? A. Karen Horney B. Anna Freud C. Melanie Klein D. Martin Seligman E. Aaron Beck
d (Martin Seligman; placed dogs in cells with high walls and shocked the floor, the dogs would try to get out but couldnt, when the walls were lowered, the dogs wouldn't even try to jump out; used this to study human depression)
Who developed the gender schematic processing theory (as soon as children are able to label themselves, they begin concentrating on behaviors seemed to be associated with their gender and pay less attention to the opposite gender)? A. Lenneburg, Rebelsky, Nichols B. Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess C. Cerletti and Bini D. Martin and Halverson E. John Dollard and Neal Miller
d (Martin and Halverson)
Who coined subordinate goals (goals best obtained through intergroup cooperation)? A. William McGuire B. Stanley Schachter C. Robert Zajonc D. Muzafer Sherif E. Kurt Lewin
d (Muzafer Sherif)
Who created the conformity study of norm formation (had subjects alone in a dark room and told them to estimate the number of light movements (if any) and brought a group together to estimate and found that answers changed in the group)? A. William McGuire B. Stanley Schachter C. Robert Zajonc D. Muzafer Sherif E. Kurt Lewin
d (Muzafer Sherif)
Who discovered the autokinetic effect (if you stare at a point of light in a room that is otherwise completely dark, the light will appear to move)? A. William McGuire B. Stanley Schachter C. Robert Zajonc D. Muzafer Sherif E. Kurt Lewin
d (Muzafer Sherif)
Who hosted a study on cooperation and competition (created hostilities through boys at camp)? A. William McGuire B. Stanley Schachter C. Robert Zajonc D. Muzafer Sherif E. Kurt Lewin
d (Muzafer Sherif)
Who was injured when an explosive charge sent an iron rod through the front of his skull and he survived the injury with relatively minor physical impairments except a change in personality? A. William James B. John Dewey C. Paul Broca D. Phineas Gage E. Johannes Muller
d (Phinease Gage)
Who suggested that classical conditioning was a matter of learning signals for the unconditioned stimulus? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
d (Robert Rescorla)
Who created the theory on gender identity (because people can achieve high scores on measures of both masculinity and femininity on personality inventories, it follows that masculinity and femininity must be two separate gender dimensions)? A. Herman Witkin B. Julian Rotter C. Niccolo Machiavelli D. Sandra Ben E. Walter Mischel
d (Sandra Bem)
Who coined androgyny? A. Herman Witkin B. Julian Rotter C. Niccolo Machiavelli D. Sandra Ben E. Walter Mischel
d (Sandra Bem; androgyny: a state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine)
Who did the obedience experiment where subjects gave Mr. Wallace electric shocks every time he got an incorrect answer? A. Batson B. Irving Janis C. Soloman Asch D. Stanley Milgram E. M.J. Lerner
d (Stanley Milgram)
Who developed the two-factor theory of emotion (the subjective experience of emotion is based on the interaction between changes in physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal)? A. John Dollard and Neal Miller B. James McClelland and David Rumelhart C. William James and Carl Lange D. Stanley Schachter and J.E. Singer E. Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz
d (Stanley Schachter and J.E. Singer; in some situation, a person may feel angry but in some other situations that same arousal may be euphoria)
Which two psychologist did a study where they injected subjects with adrenaline and half were told it was arousal and half were told it was a vitamin; the subjects then went to wait in a room where a confederate acted silly and subjects in the vitamin group felt euphoria and subjects told to expect arousal did not feel euphoria? A. John Dollard and Neal Miller B. James McClelland and David Rumelhart C. William James and Carl Lange D. Stanley Schachter and J.E. Singer E. Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz
d (Stanley Schachter and J.E. Singer; subjects would label their emotions based on information they had available)
Who suggested that social approval influences behavior? For example, the course of a conversation changes dramatically based upon feedback (approval) from others? A. Norman Triplett B. William McDougall C. E.H. Ross D. Verplank E. Pavlov
d (Verplank)
Who is a survivor of the Nazi camp and searched for the meaning to existence? A. Albert Ellis B. George Kelly C. Carl Rogers D. Victor Frankl E. David McClelland
d (Victor Frankl; mental illness and maladjustment stems from a life of meaninglessness)
Who discovered the traveling wave theory (found that low frequency tones maximally displaced a very broad part of the basilar membrane)? A. George Berkeley B. J. J. Gibson C. Wolfgang Kohler D. Von Bekesy E. Donald Broadbent
d (Von Bekesy)
Who found that the movement of the basilar membrane is maximal at a different place along the basilar membrane for each different frequency (although the entire membrane vibrates for any stimulus)? A. George Berkeley B. J. J. Gibson C. Wolfgang Kohler D. Von Bekesy E. Donald Broadbent
d (Von Bekesy; high frequencies maximally vibrate the membrane near the part of the cochlea close to the oval window and low frequencies maximally vibrate near the apex or tip of the chochlea)
Who brought philosophy, physiology, and psychophysics to create psychology as a science and believed that experimental psychology has a very limited use and methodology could not be used to study the higher mental processes such as memory, thinking, and language? A. Hans J. Eysenck B. Gordon Allport C. Arthur Jensen D. William Wundt E. Oswald Kulpe
d (William Wundt)
Who proposed cultural psychology? A. Hans J. Eysenck B. Gordon Allport C. Arthur Jensen D. William Wundt E. Oswald Kulpe
d (William Wundt)
Who used cognitive therapy for depression (client might be asked to write down negative thoughts about herself, figure out why they are unjustified, and come up with more realistic and less destructive cognitions)? A. Karen Horney B. Anna Freud C. Melanie Klein D. Martin Seligman E. Aaron Beck
e (Aaron Beck)
Who created the linguistic relativity hypothesis that suggested that our perception of reality, the way that we think about the world, is determined by the content of language and language affects the way we think? A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Elizabeth Loftus E. Benjamin Whorf
e (Benjamin Whorf)
Who created the model that showed that attitude changes with the intent to persuade someone (i.e. someone has taken a position on an issue and is trying to convince another person to take side of that position)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
e (Carl Hovland)
Who created the sleeper effect (unusual effect where after some time, participants that usually believe the high-credible sources start to not believe it and low-credible sources start to gain more popularity)? A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
e (Carl Hovland)
Who did the study on source credibility where subjects were presented with controversial topics by different authors? (communication from highly credible sources were more effective in changing attitudes) A. Bindle B. Fritz Heider C. Leon Festinger D. Daryl Bem E. Carl Hovland
e (Carl Hovland)
Who developed the evolutionary theory (it is important to study the mind as it functioned to help the individual adapt to the environment)? A. Theodore Newcomb B. Edward Hall C. John Locke D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau E. Charles Darwin
e (Charles Darwin)
Who developed the theory of natural selection that caused interest in studying individual diferences? A. Theodore Newcomb B. Edward Hall C. John Locke D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau E. Charles Darwin
e (Charles Darwin)
Who believed that natural selection was the key to evolution? A. Theodore Newcomb B. Edward Hall C. John Locke D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau E. Charles Darwin
e (Charles Darwin; natural selection: not every member of a species is equally successful at surviving and reproducing)
Which of the following helped to argue against school segregation in the 1954 Brown v. The Topeka Board of Education? A. Petty and Covland B Hovland and Weiss C. Aronson and Linder D. Darley and Latane E. Clark and Clark
e (Clark and Clark)
Who created the doll preference task (ethnic self-concept in children among ethnically white and black children would show white and black dolls and asked them to describe how they felt about the doll; this highlighted racism)? A. Petty and Covland B Hovland and Weiss C. Aronson and Linder D. Darley and Latane E. Clark and Clark
e (Clark and Clark)
Who coined availability heuristic (used when we try to decide how likely something is; we make decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined and use the information most readily available in memory to make our decisions)? A. Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk B. Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall C. Keller and Marion Breland D. Collins and Loftus E. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
e (Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky)
Who coined base-rate fallacy (ignoring the numerical information about the items being referred to when categorizing them)? A. Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk B. Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall C. Keller and Marion Breland D. Collins and Loftus E. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
e (Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky)
Who coined representative heuristic (categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical image of the category)? A. Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk B. Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall C. Keller and Marion Breland D. Collins and Loftus E. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
e (Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky)
Who studied decision-making and discovered that humans use heuristics (shortcuts or rules of thumb) to make decisions? A. Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk B. Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall C. Keller and Marion Breland D. Collins and Loftus E. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
e (Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky)
Who creased the need for achievement (N-Ach)? A. Albert Ellis B. George Kelly C. Carl Rogers D. Victor Frankl E. David McClelland
e (David McClelland; N-Ach: people rated high tend to be concerned with achievement and have pride in their accomplishments)
Who found that there were 3 parenting styles (authoritarian: punitive control and lack of emotional warmth, authoritative: high demands, positive reinforcement, high on emotional warmth, permissive: low on control) A. Abraham Maslow B. Dorothea Dix C. Emil Kraepelin D. Carol Gilligan E. Diana Baumrind
e (Diana Baumrind)
Who studied parental styles and discipline, measuring parental control, nurturance, clarity of communication and maturity demands? A. Abraham Maslow B. Dorothea Dix C. Emil Kraepelin D. Carol Gilligan E. Diana Baumrind
e (Diana Baumrind)
Who proposed that selective attention acts as a filter between sensory stimuli and our processing systems (if intended to, it will pass through the filter and be analyzed; if not then it won't)? A. George Berkeley B. J. J. Gibson C. Wolfgang Kohler D. Von Bekesy E. Donald Broadbent
e (Donald Broadbent; believed that selective attention is an all-or-nothing process; if we attend to do something, we don't attend to everything else- proven to be false)
Who argued that all problem solving was trial-and-error? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
e (E.L. Thorndike)
Who created the law of effect (if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future)? A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
e (E.L. Thorndike)
Who created the study that placed a hungry cat in a puzzle box (a cage that the animal can open by some simple action like pressing a level) and put food outside the box so that the cat pushes the lever by chance trying to get out of the box? (once the cat gets out once, it escapes at a quicker rate each trial) A. Hull B. B. F. Skinner C. Albert Bandura D. Robert Rescorla E. E.L. Thorndike
e (E.L. Thorndike)
Trust v mistrust, autonomy v shame and doubt, initiative v guilt, industry v inferiority, identity v role confusion, intimacy v isolation, generatively v stagnation, integrity v despair is from which theorist? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
e (Erik Erikson)
Who is an ego psychologist that provided a direct extension of psychoanalysis to the psychosocial realm and showed how even negative events could have positive impacts on adult personality? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
e (Erik Erikson)
Who created the psychosocial theory? A. William Sheldon B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Jung D. Alfred Adler E. Erik Erikson
e (Erik Erikson; psychosocial theory: development is a sequence of central life crises; in each crises, there is a possible favorable or unfavorable outcome; emphasizes emotional development and interactions with the social environment)
Who coined divergent thinking (involves producing as many creative answers to a question as possible)? A. Allan Paivio B. Sir Frederick Bartlett C. Zeigarnik D. Luchins E. Guilford
e (Guilford)
Who is a psychophysic researcher that discovered the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses to stimuli? A. Hermann von Helmholtz B. Sir Charles Sherrington C. Walter Cannon D. Ernst Weber E. Gustav Fechner
e (Gustav Fechner)
Who discovered Weber's Law (a mathematical expression about the JND)? A. Hermann von Helmholtz B. Sir Charles Sherrington C. Walter Cannon D. Ernst Weber E. Gustav Fechner
e (Gustav Fechner; expression of Weber' discover about just noticeable differences)
Which psychologists created the empirical criterion-keying approach (tested thousands of questions and retained those that differentiated between patient and non patient populations, even if the item didn't seem to have anything to do with abnormality examined response of patient groups with different diagnoses)? A. Smith, Shoben, and Rips B. Craik and Lockhart C. Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin D. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon E. Hathaway and McKinley
e (Hathaway and McKinley; created a clinical scale)
Who did the study on classical conditioning for salivation of dogs in response to food? A. Edward Thorndike B. John Watson C. Clark Hull D. Konrad Lorenz E. Ivan Pavlov
e (Ivan Pavlov; UCS: food, UCR: salivation, after conditioning, CS: bell, CR: salivation)
Who studied classical conditioning and found that through experience, stimuli that previously had no relation to a specific reflex could come to trigger that reflex? A. Edward Thorndike B. John Watson C. Clark Hull D. Konrad Lorenz E. Ivan Pavlov
e (Ivan Pavlov; reflex is an unlearned response that is elicited by a specific stimulus)
Who believed that in infancy, children learn from interacting with the environment through reflexive behaviors? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
e (Jean Piaget)
Who developed the theory on language and thought (believed how we use language depends on which cognitive stage we are in and that development of thought directed the development of language)? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
e (Jean Piaget)
Who thought that children were active in their own development and they constructed knowledge through their experiences with the environment? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
e (Jean Piaget)
Who believed in adaptation that that it takes place through assimilation and accommodation? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
e (Jean Piaget; assimilation: process of interpreting new info in existing schemata, accommodation: new information doesn't really fit in existing schemata so its the process of modifying new info to fit existing schemata)
Who coined schemata? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
e (Jean Piaget; schemata: action tendencies; older children develop operational schemata, a more abstract representation of cognition)
Who developed the four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational? A. Philip Zimbardo B. G. Stanley Hall C. John Watson D. Arnold Gesell E. Jean Piaget
e (Jean Piaget; sensorimotor: circular reaction and object permanence, preoperational: representational though and the capacity to understand the concept that objects continue to exist even if not perceived, centration, conservation, concrete operational: conserve and take the perspective of others into account, formal operations: adolescents form hypotheses and make deductions)
Who identified the law of specific nerve energies (each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy (light or air vibrations) and the brain interprets any stimulation of that nerve as being that kind of energy; sensation depends more on the part of the brain that the nerves stimulate than the stimulus)? A. William James B. John Dewey C. Paul Broca D. Phineas Gage E. Johannes Muller
e (Johannes Muller)
Who focused on conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies in the development of personality? A. Lenneburg, Rebelsky, Nichols B. Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess C. Cerletti and Bini D. Martin and Halverson E. John Dollard and Neal Miller
e (John Dollard and Neal Miller)
Who created the field theory (personality is dynamic and constantly changing; a personality can be divided into "systems")? A. William McGuire B. Stanley Schachter C. Robert Zajonc D. Muzafer Sherif E. Kurt Lewin
e (Kurt Lewin)
Who did an experiment of different leadership styles (i.e. autocratic v. democratic v. laissez-faire)? A. William McGuire B. Stanley Schachter C. Robert Zajonc D. Muzafer Sherif E. Kurt Lewin
e (Kurt Lewin)
Who studied the tendencies of people to believe in a just world? A. Batson B. Irving Janis C. Soloman Asch D. Stanley Milgram E. M.J. Lerner
e (M.J. Lerner; a just world increases the likelihood of "blaming the victim")
Who found that there were 3 types of behavior in response to separation and reunion in children (insecure/avoidant, secure, and insecure/resistant)? A. Jerome Kagan B. Peter Wolff C. Harry Harlow D. John Bowlby E. Mary Ainsworth
e (Mary Ainsworth)
Who created the "strange situation" procedure? A. Jerome Kagan B. Peter Wolff C. Harry Harlow D. John Bowlby E. Mary Ainsworth
e (Mary Ainsworth; "strange situation" procedure: mother brings child into an unfamiliar room with many toys; child is free to explore, stranger comes into room and is silent then interacts with mom, mother leaves and stranger is with infant, mother returns, stranger leaves, infant left alone, stranger returns and interacts with infant, mother returns, stranger leaves)
Who believed that children may have some innate capacity for language acquisition called the language acquisition device (LAD)? A. Gregor Mendel B. Lev Vygotsky C. R.C. Tryon D. Lewis Terman E. Noam Chomsky
e (Noam Chomsky)
Who coined surface structure and deep, abstract structures? A. Gregor Mendel B. Lev Vygotsky C. R.C. Tryon D. Lewis Terman E. Noam Chomsky
e (Noam Chomsky; in relation to sentences, surface: actual word order in the sentence, deep: meaning on the sentence)
Who thought that there could be imageless thoughts? A. Hans J. Eysenck B. Gordon Allport C. Arthur Jensen D. William Wundt E. Oswald Kulpe
e (Oswald Kulpe; disagreed with Wundt)
Who was placed in charge of an asylum in Paris that was marked by hostile conditions and believed that people with mental illness should be treated with consideration and kindness? (removed shackles and gave patients bed; beneficial improvements on the patients) A. Konrad Lorenz B. Lawrence Kolberg C. E.G. Boring D. Edward Titchener E. Philippe Pinel
e (Philippe Pinel)
Who used extirpation (various parts of the brain are surgically removed and behavior consequences would occur)? A. Eugen Bleuler B. David Rosenhan C. Thomas Szasz D. Franz Gall E. Pierre Flourens
e (Pierre Flourens)
Who coined crystallized intelligence (the ability to understand relationship or solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired as a result of schooling or other life experiences)? A. Charles Spearman B. Louis Thurstone C. Robert Sternberg D. Howard Gardner E. Raymond Cattell
e (Raymond Cattell; crystallized intelligence increases throughout your lifespan)
Who coined fluid intelligence (the ability to quickly grasp relationships in novel situations and make correct deductions from them i.e. solving analogies)? A. Charles Spearman B. Louis Thurstone C. Robert Sternberg D. Howard Gardner E. Raymond Cattell
e (Raymond Cattell; fluid intelligence increases through childhood; levels in adulthood, and decreases with age)
Who was a trait theorist that used factor analysis to measure personality in a more comprehensive way, accounting for the underlying factors that determine personality? A. Charles Spearman B. Louis Thurstone C. Robert Sternberg D. Howard Gardner E. Raymond Cattell
e (Raymond Cattell; there are 16 basic trails that are relatively permanent reaction tendencies that constitute the building blocks of personality)
Who studied epileptic patients whose corpus callosum was severed as a last resort to limit epileptic seizures and created a "split brain" where each hemisphere has its own function and specialization that is no longer accessible to the other? A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard B. James Olds and Peter Milner C. Heinrick Luver and Paul Bucy D. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel E. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
e (Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga)
Who studied the effects of the corpus callosum (a large collection of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres)? A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard B. James Olds and Peter Milner C. Heinrick Luver and Paul Bucy D. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel E. Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
e (Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga)
Who maintained an anthropometric lab which he measured the sensory abilities of about 10,000 people and influenced focus on other aspects of behavior and contributed to what we know about how people differ in their sensory abilities? A. Brenda Milner B. Eric Kandel C. Wilder Penfield D. A.R. Luria E. Sir Francis Galton
e (Sir Francis Galton)
Who created the trichromatic theory stating that there are 3 color receptors (cones) that are red, blue, and green? A. John Dollard and Neal Miller B. James McClelland and David Rumelhart C. William James and Carl Lange D. Stanley Schachter and J.E. Singer E. Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz
e (Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz)
Who created the place theory (each different pitch causes a different place on the basilar membrane to vibrate)? A. Max Wertheimer B. S. S. Stevens C. John A. Swets D. Ewald Hering E. Thomas Young
e (Thomas Young)
Who believes that human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of the situation rather than by those of the person? A. Herman Witkin B. Julian Rotter C. Niccolo Machiavelli D. Sandra Ben E. Walter Mischel
e (Walter Mischel)