Gross 1: Brachial Plexus, shoulder and arm

Central compartment of the hand

*Superficial*: 1. Median N 2. Superficial Ulnar N 3. 3 common digital A 4. 4 common digital N (3 median and 1 ulnar) 5. Superficial Palmar arch *Deep*: 1. Deep Palmar arch 2. 2 bursae (Radial and Ulnar) 3. Tendons of the FDL and FDP 4. 4 lumbricals

Triceps brachii M

- *Origin*: Long head infraglenoid tubercle of soap Lateral head posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove Medial head posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove - *Insertion*: Proximal end of olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm - *Action*: Extension of GH joint, Main forearm extensor. long head prevents dislocation of humerus. - *Innervation*: Radial N

Biceps brachii M

- *Origin*: Short head tip of the coracoid process Long head supraglenoid tubercle of soap. - *Insertion*: Tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis - *Action*: Supinates forearm, Flexes forearm (while in supination), Flexes GH joint and short head resists dislocation. - *Innervation*: Musculocutaneous N

Extensor carpi ulnaris M

- *Origin*: Common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle), ulna - *Insertion*: 5th metacarpal - *Nerve*: Deep branch of the radial nerve (C7, C8) -*Actions*: extends and adducts the wrist

Brachialis

- *Origin*: Distal half of anterior surface of humerus - *Insertion*: Coronoid process and tuberosity ulna - *Action*: Flexes forearm in all positions - *Innervation*: Musculocutaneous N

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis M

- *Origin*: Humero-ulnar head: medial epicondyle (common flexor origin and coronoid process) and radial head: superior half of anterior border - *Insertion*: Shafts of middle phalanges of medial 4 digits - *Action*: Flexes middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal joints of middle four digits; acting more strongly, it also flexes proximal phalanges at metacarpophalangeal joints - *Innervation*: Median N - *Artery*: Muscular branches of both radial and ulnar aa.

Anconeus M

- *Origin*: Lateral epicondyle of humerus - *Insertion*: Lateral surface of olecranon and superior part of posterior surface of ulna - *Action*: Assist triceps in extending forearm, stabilizes elbow joint, may abduct ulna during pronation. - *Innervation*: Radial N

Supinator M

- *Origin*: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and adjacent ulna - *Insertion*: Anterior surface of the proximal radius - *Action*: Forearm supination - *Innervation*: Radial nerve

Extensor carpi radialis longus M

- *Origin*: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus - *Insertion*: base of metacarpal II - *Action*: works with other muscles to extend and abduct hand - *Nerves*: Deep radial nerve

lumbricals muscles

- *Origin*: Medial borders of digital branches of flexor digitorum longus tendon - *Inserion*: dorsal aponeuroses of digits II-V - *Action*: flexes metatarso-phalangeal joints and extends interphangeal joints of digits II-5; adducts digit 5. - *Innervation*: Median N (motor branch)

Flexor carpi ulnaris M

- *Origin*: Medial epicondyle (common flexor tendon) and medial margin on olecranon of ulna - *Insertion* Pisiform, hook of the hamate, base of the fifth metacarpal bone -*Nerve* ulnar nerve. Nerve root C7, C8 and T1 -*Actions* Flexion and adduction of wrist

Extensor pollicis longus M

- *Origin*: Middle third of posterior surface of ulna, interosseous membrane - *Insertion*: thumb, distal phalanx - *Nerve*: posterior interosseous nerve (branching from the radial nerve) - *Actions*: extension of the thumb (metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal)

Abductor pollicis longus

- *Origin*: Posterior surface of middle of radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane - *Insertion*: Base of 1st metacarpal bone - *Action*: Abduction and extension of thumb at CMC and radial deviation of wrist - *Innervation*: Radial Nerve

Extensor indicis M

- *Origin*: Posterior surface of ulna - *Insertion*: Extensor expansion on dorsal surface of proximal phalanx of index finger - *Action*: Extension of index finger - *Innervation*: Radial Nerve

Flexor Digitorum Profundus M

- *Origin*: Proximal three quarters of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane - *Insertion*: Medial: bases of distal phalanges of 4th and 5th digits; lateral: bases of distal phalanges of 2nd and 3rd digits - *Action*: Flexes distal phalanges 4 and 5 at distal interphalangeal joints (same for 2nd and 3rd digits) - *Innervation*: medial: Ulnar n. C8-T1; lateral: Anterior interosseous n, from median n. (C8, T1) - *Artery*: Anterior interosseous branch of the ulnar a.

Flexor pollicis longus M

- *Origin*: The middle 2/4 of the anterior surface of the radius and the adjacent interosseus membrane. - *Insertion*: The base of the distal phalanx of the thumb - *Nerve*: Anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median nerve) (C8, T1) - *Actions*: Flexion of the thumb.

Coracobrachialis

- *Origin*: Tip of coracoid process of scapula - *Insertion*: Middle third of medial surface of humerus - *Action*: Helps flex and adducts shoulder. Resists dislocation of shoulder - *Innervation*: Musculocutaneous N

Extensor carpi radialis brevis M

- *Origin*: lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor origin) - *Insertion*: dorsal aspect of base of 2nd metacarpal - *Action*: extend and abduct hand at the wrist joint - *Innervation*: deep branch of radial nerve C7, C8

Extensor digitorum M

- *Origin*: lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor origin) - *Insertion*: extensor expansions of medial 4 digits - *Action*: extends medial 4 digits primarily @ metacarpophalangeal joints, 2ndarily at interphalangeal joints - *Innervation*: deep branch of radial nerve C7, C8

Palmaris longus M

- *Origin*: medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon) - *Insertion* palmar aponeurosis - *Nerve*: median nerve - *Actions*: wrist flexor

Flexor carpi radialis M

- *Origin*: medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon) - *Insertion*: Bases of second and third metacarpal bones - *Nerve*: Median nerve - *Actions*: Flexion and abduction at wrist

Pronator teres M

- *Origin*: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna - *Insertion*: lateral radius - *Action*: pronates forearm - *Nerve*:

Pronator quadratus M

- *Origin*: medial, anterior surface of the ulna - *Insertion*: lateral, anterior surface of the radius - *Nerve*: median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve) - *Actions*: pronates the forearm

Extensor pollicis brevis M

- *Origin*: radius and the interosseous membrane - *Insertion*: thumb, proximal phalanx - *Nerve*: posterior interosseous nerve - *Actions* extension of thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint

Extensor digit minimi M

- *Origin*: ulnar side of extensor digitorum - *Insertion*: extensor expansion of digit V - *Action*: extend fifth digit; secondarily extend hand - *Innervation*: posterior interosseous nerve

Flexor digitorum profundus M

- *Origin*: upper 3/4 of the anterior and medial surfaces of the body of the ulna, interosseous membrane and deep fascia of the forearm - *Insertion*: base of the distal phalanges of the fingers - *Nerve*: median (anterior interosseous), muscular branches of ulnar - *Actions*: flex hand and both interphalangeal joints

Damage to the supra scapular nerve may result in weakness of what motions?

- 15 degrees of abduction - External rotation

Radial Nerve Muscular Innervation: Posterior Interosseus

- Abductor Pollicis Longus - Extensor Pollicis Brevis - Extensor Pollicis Longus - Extensor Indicis

Middle (Acromial) Deltoid M actions and innervation

- Actions: Abducts arm. - Innervation: Axillary N

Latissimus Dorsi M actions and innervation

- Actions: Adduction, extends and medially rotates humerus. Raises body towards arms when climbing. Depresses and downwardly rotates scapula. - Innervation: Thoracodorsal N

Pectoralis Major M actions and innervation

- Actions: Adducts and medially rotates humerus. Clavicular head alone flexes humerus. Sternocostal head extends humerus from the flexed position. - Innervation: Lateral and medial pectoralis N

Subclavius M actions and innervation

- Actions: Anteriorly and inferiorly depresses clavicle. - Innervation: N of the subclavius

Pectoralis Minor M actions and innervation

- Actions: Depressed and downwardly rotates scapula. - Innervation: Medial pectoralis N

Levator Scapulae M actions and innervation

- Actions: Elevates and downwardly rotates scapular. Ipsilaterally rotates and flexes neck. Neck extension. - Innervation: Dorsal Scapular N

Posterior (Spinal) Deltoid M actions and innervation

- Actions: Extends and laterally rotates arm. - Innervation: Axillary N

Supraspinatus M actions and innervation

- Actions: Externally rotates and abducts arm 15 degrees. - Innervation: Suprascapular N

Anterior (Clavicular) Deltoid M actions and innervation

- Actions: Flexes and medially rotates arm. - Innervation: Axillary N

Teres Minor M actions and innervation

- Actions: Lateral rotation of arm - Innervation: Axillary N

Infraspinatus M actions and innervation

- Actions: Lateral rotation of arm. - Innervation: Suprascapular N

Subscapular M actions and innervation

- Actions: Medial rotates arm and holds humerus in gleaned cavity. - Innervation: Upper and lower subscapular N

Teres Major M actions and innervation

- Actions: Medial rotation and adduction of arm - Innervation: Lower subscapular N

Serratus Anterior M actions and innervation

- Actions: Protraction, upward rotation and depression of scapula. - Innervation: Long thoracic N

Rhomboids (Major and minor) M actions and innervation

- Actions: Retracts, elevates and downwardly rotates scapula. - Innervation: Dorsal scapular N

Muscles associated with the superficial group of the posterior compartment

- Brachioradialis - ECRL - ECRB - Extensor digitorum - Extensor digiti minimi - Extensor carpi ulnaris

What muscles have a proximal attachment with the lateral supracondylar ridge?

- Brachioradialis - Extensor Carpi Radialis longus

Of the muscles of the superficial posterolateral side, which are not innervated by the deep radial nerve?

- Brachioradialis - Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Your patient presents with weakness in scapular protraction. Where may you find a lesion?

- C5 - C6 - C7 - Long Thoracic N

If your patient has decreased nerve activity at the musculocutaneous nerve, where may have the original lesion be located?

- C5 - C6 - C7 - Superior trunk - Middle trunk - Anterior continuation of the superior trunk - Anterior continuation of the middle trunk - Lateral cord

If your patient suffered a traumatic injury resulting in a fracture to the clavicle. What nerves would *NOT* be impacted?

- C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1 ventral rami - Long thoracic N - Dorsal scapular N - Superior trunk - Suprascapular N - N of the subclavian - Middle trunk - Inferior trunk

Damage to which nerve may result in loss or weakness of scapular elevation?

- Dorsal scapular N - Spinal accessory N

Radial Nerve Muscular Innervation: Deep radial N

- Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis - Extensor Digitorum - Extensor Digiti Minimi - Extensor Carpi Ulnaris - Supinator

What muscles have a proximal attachment with the Common Extensor Tendon?

- Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Extensor digitorum - Extensor digiti minimi - Extensor carpi ulnaris

Posterolateral compartment of forearm: Types of muscles and nerve innervation

- Extensors of the wrist/ hand - Mostly innervated by the radial nerves

Which muscles of the superficial and deep anterior group are not innervated by the median nerve?

- Flexor carpi ulnaris - Flexor digitorum profundus

Muscles associated with the deep group of the medial compartment

- Flexor digitorum profundus - Flexor pollicis longus - Pronator quadratus

Anteromedial compartment of forearm: Types of muscles and nerve innervation

- Flexors of the wrist/ hand - Mainly Median N

What actions would be affected (differentiate between weakened and lost, if applicable) to a lesion of the axillary nerve?

- Impaired external and internal rotation - Impaired flexion - Impaired/lost abduction (15 degrees with supraspinatus still there) - Impaired extension - Sensation to GH and AC joint

What is the third branch off the Brachial A?

- Inferior ulnar collateral A

Borders of Anatomical Snuff Box

- Laterally: Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis tendons - Medially: Extensor pollicis longus - Floor: Extensor carpi radialis & longus and brevis

What nerves innervate the proximal radioulnar joint

- Musculocutaneous - Radial - Median

What nerves innervate the humeroradial/ humeroulnar joint?

- Musculocutaneous - Radial - Ulnar

What does the posterior compartment consist of?

- Nerve: Radial N (Ulnar) - Artery: Profunda Brachii A - Muscles: Triceps and Anconeus M

What components do we find int he anterior compartment?

- Nerves: Musclocutaneous, Median, Radian and Ulnar N - Artery: Brachial A - Muscles: Biceps brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis

Where is the Quadrangular and Triangular spaces? What muscles is this associated with?

- Posterior arm - Associated with the triceps muscle

What is the first branch off of the Brachial A? Where will this A travel?

- Profunda brachii - This artery will run to the posterior compartment along with the radial nerve

Muscles associated with the superficial group of the medial compartment

- Pronator teres - Flexor carpi radialis - Palmaris longus - Flexor carpi ulnaris

What muscles attach to the common flexor tendon?

- Pronator teres - Flexor carpi radialis - Palmaris longus - Flexor carpi ulnaris - Flexor digitorum superficialis (Superficial and intermediate groups)

What is the second branch off the Brachial A? Where will this A travel?

- Superior ulnar collateral A - This A will travel to the posterior compartment with the ulnar nerve.

Muscles associated with the deep group of the posterior compartment

- Supinator - Extensor indicis - Abductor pollicis longus - Extensor pollicis longus - Extensor pollicis brevis

Where is the Ulnar N susceptible to an injury at? How?

- The ulnar groove - Either through blunt trauma or prolonged irritation

What does the Brachial A continue to? What does the Brachial A split into?

- This artery will continue to the cubital fossa - This artery will split into the radial and ulnar arteries

What is Sensory (articular nerves)

- To capsule and ligaments for proprioceptive feedback - Free nerve endings for diffuse pain

Radial Nerve Muscular Innervation: Radial N

- Triceps - Anconeus M - Brachioradialis - Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

An occlusion to the axillary artery at the superior end of the pectoralis minor, would affect which arteries and structures

1. *Thoracoacromial A*: Pectoralis branch to pec major, Acromial branch to acromion and AC joint, Deltoid branch into deltoid and pec major and Clavicular branch to SC joint. 2. *Lateral thoracic A*: Serratus anterior, Pec Major and Pec Minor. 3. *Subscapular A* Circumflex scapular artery going to the supraspinatus/ infraspinatus muscles and Thoracodorsal to latissimus Dorsi. 3. *Anterior Humeral Circumflex*: Deltoid and GH joint. 4. *Posterior Humeral Circumflex*: Deltoid, triceps, GH joint

Intermetacarpal Compartment of the hand

1. 3 palmar interosseous 2. 4 dorsal interosseous 3. Deep Ulnar N

Hypothenar compartment of the hand

1. Abductor Digiti Minimi M 2. Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis M 3. Opponens Digiti Minimi M 4. Proper Palmar Arch 5. Palmaris Brevis M 6. Deep Ulnar N 7. Superficial Ulnar N

Thenar compartment of the hand

1. Abductor Pollicis Brevis M 2. Flexor Pollicis Brevis M 3. Opponeus Pollicis M 4. Tendon of the Flexor Pollicis Longus 5. Recurring branch of the Median N. 6. Princeps Palmar A

Adductor compartment of hand

1. Adductor Pollicis M 2. Deep Ulnar N

Compartments of the arm

1. Anterior compartment 2. Posterior compartment

Why do we need our joints to be innervated?

1. Autonomic function 2. Sensory (articular nerves)

First part of the axillary artery (Boundaries and branches)

1. Boundaries: Lateral aspect of 1st rib, and superior border of pec minor. 2. Branches: Supreme (superior) Thoracic A - Supplies the first and second intercostal spaces with corresponding muscles. - Serratus anterior

Second part of the axillary artery (Boundaries and branches)

1. Boundaries: Lies deep to the pec minor muscle. 2. Branches: A) *Thoracoacromial A*: Pectoralis branch to pec major, Acromial branch to acromion and AC joint, Deltoid branch into deltoid and pec major and Clavicular branch to SC joint. B) *Lateral thoracic A*: Serratus anterior, Pec Major and Pec Minor.

Third part of the axillary artery (Boundaries and branches)

1. Boundaries: inferior border of the pec minor to the inferior border of the teres major. 2.Branches: A) *Subscapular A* Circumflex scapular artery going to the supraspinatus/ infraspinatus muscles and Thoracodorsal to latissimus Dorsi. B) *Anterior Humeral Circumflex*: Deltoid and GH joint. C) *Posterior Humeral Circumflex*: Deltoid, triceps, GH joint

Motions found at the elbow

1. Flexion/ extension: humeroradial and humeroulnar 2. Pronation/ supination: proximal radioulnar

Articulations of the ulna

1. Humeroradial 2. Radioulnar(proximal radial notch and distal ulnar notch) 3. Interossues membrane (syndesmosis)

Articulations of the radius

1. Humeroradial (Capitulum of humerus) 2. Radioulnar (Proximal and distal) 3. Radiocarpal (Proximal row of carpals) 4. Interosseus membrane (Syndesmosis)

Elbow joint stability is provided by

1. Joint capsule 2. Ligaments 3. Muscles

What are the borders of axillary artery?

1. Lateral border of the first rib 2. Lower margin of the teres major

The radial N then runs forward into the ____1___ part of the ________2________ compartment

1. Lateral part 2. Distal anterior compartment

Main structures in the inter tubercular groove?

1. Pec major: lateral sulcus (lip) 2. Latissumus dorsi: Floor of inter tubercular groove 3. Teres Major: Medial sulcus (lip)

At the middle of the upper arm, the Ulnar N will cross to the ____1_____ compartment and run along the medial _____2_____

1. Posterior compartment 2. Medial triceps

The ulnar artery runs distally under the ulnar head of the _____1______ and then under the ____2____

1. Pronator teres 2. Flexor digitorum superficialis

Components of the Quadrangular and Triangular spaces?

1. Quadrangular Space: Axillary N and Posterior humeral circumflex A 2. Triangular Interval: Radial N and Profunda Brachial A 3. Triangular Space: Circumflex Scapular A

Main ligaments associated with the elbow joint

1. Radial collateral (Epicondyle to anular) 2. Ulnar Collateral: Anterior, posterior and oblique (Epicondyle to coronoid process/ trochlear notch) 3. Anular: (anterior and posterior aspect of radial notch) 4. Oblique cord: Extra capsular (Coronoid to radial tuberosity)

Name the bursae that are associated with the GH joint area?

1. Subacromial 2. Subscapular 3. Subcoracoid 4. Subdeltoid 5. Infrascapular 6. Bicepital

Which of the bursae have a direct communication with the joint?

1. Subcoracoid 2. Subscapular 3. Biceptial 4. Infrascapular

What structures lie in the cubital fossa?

1. The biceps tendon and bicipital aponeurosis 2. The median N 3. Radial N with its deep radial (Posterior interosseous N) and superficial radial branches 4. The radial and ulnar arteries 5. The common interosseous A off of the Ulnar A 6. Median cubital vein

What lies within the carpal tunnel?

1. The median nerve 2. The tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus 3. The tendon of the flexor pollicis longus 4. The synovial sheaths surrounding these tendons

Potential sources of nerve injury to the musculocutaneous N

1. Trauma 2. Coracobrachialis muscle hypertrophy

What is the extensor tunnel?

6 tunnels formed via the extensor retinaculum

What are anastomosing arteries?

A connection between two blood vessels, such as between arteries, between veins or between an artery and a vein.

What muscles lie in the 1st tunnel of the extensor tunnel?

Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis

The brachial A runs along with the median N in which compartment?

Anterior compartment

The radial artery is located on the ___________ side of the forearm

Anterior lateral

Which artery lies proximal to the brachial artery?

Axillary A

Bicepital bursa

Between the Transverse numeral ligament and the proximal attachment of the long head f the biceps brachial and the GH capsule

The median N travels alongside the _____________ A on the medial aspect of the arm.

Brachial A

What is the name of the artery distal to the axillary artery?

Brachial A

Subacromial bursa

Bursa that protects the supraspinatus muscle tendon and superior end of the humerus from rubbing against the acromion of the scapula

____________ are Sac-like cavities containing synovial fluid that are located throughout the body

Bursas

Which are the specific carpal bones to make up the 3rd CMC joint

Capitate

The median N enters the __________ fossa deep to the bicepital aponeurosis

Cubital fossa

Near the epicondyle (between brachial and brachioradialis) the Radial N splits into which branches?

Deep radial branch Superficial radial branch

Vasomotor example of autonomic function

Dilation and constriction of blood vessels

What muscles lie in the 2nd tunnel of the extensor tunnel?

ECRL and ECRB

Other Radial N injury source may be dislocation of the radial head with an annular ligament tear or fracture. What would the effects be on the radial N?

Effects may be seen to the deep radial N which is the muscular branch

What muscles lie in the 6th tunnel of the extensor tunnel?

Extensor carpi ulnaris

What muscles lie in the 5th tunnel of the extensor tunnel?

Extensor digiti minimi

What muscles lie in the 4th tunnel of the extensor tunnel?

Extensor digitorum Extensor indicis

What muscles lie in the 3rd tunnel of the extensor tunnel?

Extensor pollicis longus

Muscles associated with the intermediate group of the medial compartment

Flexor digitorum superficialis

What are the structures that create carpal tunnel?

Flexor retinaculum palmarly and the carpal bones dorsally

Borders of the cubital fossa

Floor - brachialis/supinator Roof - bicipital aponeurosis Lateral: brachioradialis Medial: pronator teres Superior: line between epicondyles of humerus

Subdeltoid bursa

Forms a cushion between the deltoid muscle and the greater trochanter when the arm is abducted

Which are the specific carpal bones to make up the 4th CMC joint

Hamate

Which are the specific carpal bones to make up the 5th CMC joint

Hamate

What does the "sensory branch" of the Musculocutaneous N innervate?

Humeroradial joint Humeroulnar joint Radialulnar joint

What is the key landmark we use to describe the beginning of the brachial artery?

Inferior border of trees major

How does a lesion to the superficial radial nerve differ if the lesion occurs at the elbow joint as opposed to the wrist?

It doesn't

Near the biceps tendon, the musculocutaneous N ends as the __________________ Nerve. This provides what to this area?

Lateral antebrachial Never Sensory to lateral forearm and lateral arm

What nerves innervate the AC joint?

Lateral pectoral nerve and Axillary nerve

The Ulnar N runs along the _______ side of the biceps.

Medial side

The ulnar artery branches ______ from the brachial artery

Medially

What corresponding structure do the following nerves and arteries originate from? Anterior Interosseus N

Median N

At the superficialis, the ulnar artery lies between which nerves?

Median and ulnar nerves

Profunda Brachii A gives off which branches?

Middle collateral and a Radial collateral

Movements and effects that can compromise a hypertrophic coracobrachialis M?

Movements: Abduction and hyperextension Effects: Sensory changes to lateral arms/forearm. If prolonged then muscular weakness (elbow flexion, GH flexion, GH adduction and supination).

What bones make-up the ulnocarpal joint?

No joint exists

Where is Guyon's canal located?

On the ulnar side of the wrist, lateral to the pisiform bone and palmar to the flexor retinaculum

How many joint capsules lie amongst the 3 joints of the elbow?

One

The ulnar artery ends to form the...?

Palmar arches

Infrascapular bursa

Posterior to joint capsule. Between the capsule, tendon & infraspinatus M. Protects from scapula.

The Radial N enters the posterior compartment with the _____________ A

Profunda brachii A

Profunda Brachii A runs with which nerve?

Radial N

What corresponding structure do the following nerves and arteries originate from? Posterior Interosseus N

Radial N

What is the Brachioradialis M and Extensor carpi radials longs M innervated by?

Radial N

What muscles may have innervation affected with a lesion to the cubital fossa?

Radial N and Medial N and their branches

Brachial artery branches into which arteries?

Radial and ulnar

Structures that run through the Anatomical Snuff Box

Radial artery Superficial radial nerve

What bones make-up the radiocarpal joint?

Radius, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum

What areas may be at the source of a ulnar N injury?

Restriction either proximally as it passes from the anterior to the posterior brachial compartment or distally as it passes through the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

What are the effects of a Ulnar N injury?

Sensory changes to the 5th digit and ulnar half of the 4th digit and may progress to weakness in the hand.

What is the name of the artery proximal to the axillary artery?

Subclavian A

What nerves innervate the Glenohumeral joint?

Suprascapular, axillary and lateral pectoral nerves

The Profunda Brachii A splits from the brachial A just distal to which M?

Teres major M

Where do we find the axillary nerve?

Terminal nerve that branches off of the posterior cord. C5 and C6

The radial N runs between which heads of the triceps?

The Medial and lateral heads of the triceps

What is Hilton's Law?

The articular nerves supplying a joint are branches of the nerves which supply the muscles responsible for moving that joint

What nerve innervates the flexor carpi ulnas and flexor digitorum profundus?

The ulnar N

At the elbow, the Ulnar N will run into what groove?

The ulnar groove (Cubital tunnel)

Which are the specific carpal bones to make up the 1st CMC joint

Trapezium

Which are the specific carpal bones to make up the 2nd CMC joint

Trapezoid

What is the cubital fossa?

Triangular depression anterior to elbow joint

What corresponding structure do the following nerves and arteries originate from? Anterior Interosseus A

Ulnar A

What corresponding structure do the following nerves and arteries originate from? Posterior Interosseus A

Ulnar A

What is found in Guyon's canal?

Ulnar nerve and artery

Where are bursas located?

Where tendons rub against bone, ligaments or other tendons, over bony prominences or near joints

Common Radial N injuries associated with a humeral fracture

With an injury this proximal, the effects may include both sensation to the dorm of the hand and weakness in the extensor muscles of the wrist and forearm

Subcoracoid bursa

between the joint capsule and the coracoid process of the scapula. Protects the Coracobrachialis, subscapular and short head of biceps M from coracoid.

Subscapular bursa

bursa that prevents rubbing of the subscapularis muscle tendon against the scapula