GSC199

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A body in motion tends to stay in motion... Newton's second Law of Motion describes the concept of momentum.

True

The gravitational force is proportional to mass and inversely proportional to distance.

True

What distinguishes a hypothesis from a theory?

a hypothesis is a guess, a theory has been tested and holds some truth

What percentage of the earth's surface is covered by the ocean?

about 70%

Hipparchus

best known for his extensive star catalogue

Which color of visible light has the shortest wavelength?

blue

One of Galileo's discoveries that is relevant to astronomy and/or earth science:

by creating a telescope, he discovered sun spots on the sun which have a slightly lower temperature than the rest of the sun

Johannes Kepler

explained the laws of planetary motion

The earth is farthest from the sun during the Murray winter season.

false

Isaac Newton

formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation

The earth's elliptical orbit around the sun results from a balance between:

gravity and momentum

Which two chemical elements make up most of the matter in stars?

helium and hydrogen

What type of radiation does the earth emit?

infra-red

The earth's interior is:

layered, hot, and rich in iron

Galileo Galilei

made good use of a telescope

Why did our understanding of the ocean floor make great advances following WWII?

new technology such as sonar was applied to the study of the oceans

The second most abundant gas in earth's atmosphere:

oxygen

What are the two most abundant chemical elements in the earth's crust?

oxygen and silicon

Which process is responsible for cooling the earth's atmosphere?

radiation

Which color of visible light has the longest wavelength?

red

The ratio of the air's water vapor content to its capacity at the same temperature and pressure is a measure of:

relative humidity

What is the main distinguishing factor between a planet and a star?

stars generate heat and light; planets do not

Ozone gas is most concentrated in which layer of the earth's atmosphere?

stratosphere

Eratosthenes

successfully established the size of the earth

James Hutton

the "father of modern geology" and the developer of uniformitarianism

Wave Refraction

the bending of a water wave

What are the boundaries of "the river of sand"?

the edge of the surf zone and the beach

Spectroscopy

the field of science that studies all types of radiation

Breaking Waves

the main source of energy that drives the longshore movement of sand

Which layer of the earth has the largest volume?

the mantle

Which property of stars can be determined from the study of Binary star systems?

the mass of the star

Bathymetry

the measurement of ocean depths and charting of the shape of the ocean floor

Which layer of the earth is thought to be liquid?

the outer core

Chemical Weathering

the process in which rocks and minerals of the earth dissolve in water

What can the color of a star tell an astronomer?

the star's temperature

Weather

the state of the atmosphere at any given time

geology

the study of the earth

Climate

the sum or average of all weather information that helps describe a place or region

The main cause of seasons is:

the tilt of the axis of rotation as the earth revolves around the sun

Solstice

the times of year when daylight is shortest or longest

Convection

the transfer of heat by movement of a substance

Conduction

the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity

Radiation

the transmission of energy through space in waves

Which property of stars can be determined from an application of the Doppler Effect?

the velocity of the star

Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with altitude?

the weight or mass of the atmosphere decreases with altitude because gravity is pulling the atmosphere towards the earth's surface

Many meteorites are rich in iron.

true

Shorter wavelength radiation contains more energy than longer wavelength radiation.

true

The earth orbits the sun in an orbit that is shaped like an ellipse.

true

The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface.

true

Waves increase in height as they approach the shore.

true

You are in the Northern Hemisphere on the summer solstice: as you travel further north of the equator, you will experience a longer period of daylight.

true

What is the main process responsible for removing salt from ocean water?

uptake of minerals and salts by microscopic plants and animals

Copernicus

wrote a book in the 16th century entitled "Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres" in which he developed a model of a sun-centered universe

Ptolemy

wrote a book in the 2nd century entitled "Almagest" in which he developed a model of an earth-centered universe

The earth's environment can be thought of as consisting 4 major spheres. They are:

-atmosphere -biosphere -hydrosphere -geosphere

What are two properties that radiation waves and seismic waves have in common?

-both carry energy -both reflect and refract

What are the two most common elements of ocean salt?

-chlorine -sodium

What are two elements of Ptolemaic or Geocentric theory of the universe?

-the sun orbits the earth -the earth does not rotate

What are the 4 methods that are useful in studying the interior of the earth?

1. earth's density 2. earth's magnetic field 3. earthquakes 4. meteorites

List 3 terms in order that best explain how the earth's atmosphere is heated by the sun.

1. radiation 2. conduction 3. convection

How much salt is there in sea water?

3.5%

Because it has many shallow adjacent seas, the Pacific Ocean is the shallowest of the three major oceans.

False

Waves increase in speed as they approach the shore.

False

The first systematic study of the world oceans was carried out on which ship?

HMS Challenger


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