GY 101 TEST 2
The friction layer is the lowest ______ km of the atmosphere.
1
The mid-latitudes lie between ______ and ______ degrees latitude, which represent the tropics and polar circles.
66.5 & 23.5
Pressure gradients at low altitudes and the Coriolis effect at higher altitudes work together to create patterns of ______ flow that dominate weather systems.
Air
Another name for a valley breeze is a(n)______ wind.
Anabatic
Pronounced katabatic winds occur in ______ and ______ because they are high central landmasses covered by ice and surrounded by seawater.
Antartica; Greenland
Outward-flowing air around a high-pressure system rotates as a result of the Coriolis effect, resulting in a(n) ______.
Anticyclone
The Icelandic Low is a low-pressure system that develops in the northern ______ Ocean during the winter.
Atlantic
The amount and timing of precipitation a region receives is ultimately controlled by ______.
Atmospheric Motion
On Earth's surface, air flows ______ the poles, creating a high-pressure system, so air aloft moves in to replace it.
Away from
______ are used to symbolize wind direction and velocity on maps.
Barbs
Air pressure is measured with an instrument called a(n) ____
Barometer
If a missile is fired at and along 30 degrees north latitude and is intended to hit a location along the same latitude, it will ______.
Be deflected to the right
Where does a pressure gradient occur?
Between adjacent areas of low and high pressure
The Ideal Gas Law combines ____ and ____ Laws, relating the pressure on a gas to its temperature and density.
Boyle's; Charles
______ wind is characteristically warm and dry, causing an abrupt rise in temperature, which may result in the melting of snow and ice.
Chinook
Human development can form temperature gradients, resulting in the movement of polluted air from ______ to rural areas.
Cities
Atmospheric motion affects ______.
Climate, Wind, Weather
Viewed from above, air around the high-pressure system at the North Pole flows ______ as a result of the Coriolis effect.
Clockwise
Warm, moist air rises and releases latent heat, forming
Clouds
______ air from high-pressure cells is brought to the interior of southeastern Asia during the winter.
Cold and Dry
At mid-latitudes, air from the subtropics and poles ______, creating a low-pressure system.
Converge
The ____ effect is the result of Earth's rotation and causes objects to appear to be deflected from their intended path.
Coriolis
Objects appear to be deflected as they move across Earth's surface due to the rotation of Earth.
Coriolis Effect
Air movement is determined by three factors: the pressure-gradient force, the ___ effect, and ____ with Earth's surface.
Coriolis; Friction
If viewed from above, air around the high-pressure system at the South Pole flows ______ as a result of the Coriolis effect. (Hint: This might make more sense to you if you imagine looking up at the South Pole from below.)
Counterclockwise
Differential heating causes differences in air pressure and density, which results in air ____.
Currents
Inward-flowing air around a low-pressure system rotates as a result of the Coriolis effect, resulting in a(n) ______.
Cyclone
As the temperature of an air mass increases, its volume also increases and its density ______.
Decreases
Differences in air ______ and ______ directly cause air movement, an indirect result of differential insolation.
Density; Pressure
Santa Ana winds come from neighboring ______ northeast of Southern California and bring hot dry air to the region.
Deserts
Wind barbs are symbols on maps that show the ______ of the wind.
Direction & Velocity
Wind is the movement of air relative to ____ surface.
Earth's
Because of the Coriolis effect, objects moving from lower to higher latitudes appear to be deflected ______.
East
A high-pressure zone around 30° latitude causes surface air to flow toward the ____, where warm tropical air is rising and needs to be replaced.
Equator
As air aloft flows from the equator to higher latitudes, surface air flows toward the ______.
Equator
At the surface, a high pressure zone forms at about 30° latitude, causing air to flow toward the ______ within the Hadley cells.
Equator
Because of warm air rising, the tropopause is highest at the
Equator
Earth's circumference is largest at the ____
Equator
In January, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere, so the low pressure zone over the ______ moves south.
Equator
Insolation is highest at the ____ and decreases as you move toward the poles.
Equator
The Sun's rays are most direct and insolation is highest at the ______, decreasing as you move north and south.
Equator
Very high in Earth's atmosphere (mesosphere), temperatures are high and pressure is low.
False
The hypothetical circulation system that is present over mid-latitudes is called the ______ cell.
Ferrel
The ______ of the collisions between gas molecules with their container is a gas's pressure.
Force
Air moves faster aloft as the ____ that opposes air movement at Earth's surface, slowing down wind speeds, becomes less important upward.
Friction
The lowest 1 km of Earth's atmosphere is known as the ____ layer, which resists the flow of air, slowing it down.
Friction
This works against movement as air masses interact with objects or neighboring air masses that are moving in a different direction.
Friction
While the pressure-gradient force causes the movement of air, ____ opposes it.
Friction
The height from Earth's surface at which winds flow parallel to the pressure gradient is known as the ______ level.
Geostrophic
Differences in air pressure result in a pressure ______.
Gradient
On air-pressure maps, high-pressure areas are represented by the letter __
H
The movement of air between the equatorial low-pressure system and the subtropical high-pressure system results in a huge "cell" of air movement known as a(n) _____.
Hadley cell
A unique property of water is its high specific ____ capacity relative to land.
Heat
Because of a ____-pressure system in the subtropics, surface air flows away toward higher latitudes.
High
Due to its high specific heat, water is cool relative to the adjacent land during the day; cool air over the water sinks and creates a ___-pressure area.
High
Due to its relatively low specific heat (when compared to water), land and the air above it cool down at night, creating a ______-pressure area.
High
The ______ specific heat of water means its temperature remains relatively constant, creating a high-pressure area over it during the day when compared to the neighboring land.
High
The specific heat of water is ______ when compared to the specific heat of land.
High
Air moves from areas of ___ pressure to ___ pressure in an attempt to spread air molecules out from areas where they are packed closely together to areas where they are not.
High; Low
The air that comes in to replace outflowing air in a high-pressure system comes from ______
Higher in the atmosphere
Near 30 degrees north and south latitude are the ____ latitudes; they can have weeks without wind, resulting in dangerous shipping conditions.
Horse
Santa Ana winds bring ______ air from the Mojave Desert, which is located to the northeast of Southern California.
Hot, Dry
The hypothetical circulation system that we call the Ferrell cell is located ______.
In the mid-latitudes
Friction is greatest at Earth's surface compared to aloft, causing air speed to ___ with increasing altitude.
Increase
As the temperature of an air mass increases, its volume ______ and density decreases.
Increases
If the temperature of a gas is held constant, its pressure decreases when its volume ______.
Increases
Changes in latitude and season lead to differences in the angle and intensity of the Sun's rays, resulting directly in differences in ____
Insolation
______ is a measure of the Sun's energy that reaches a given area on Earth, which results in temperature and pressure changes in the atmosphere, leading to the movement of air masses.
Insolation
The volume of a gas is _____ proportional to its pressure if the temperature is held constant.
Inversely
A(n) ___ is a line connecting areas on a map that have the same pressure.
Isobar
Fast-moving narrow wind currents at mid-latitudes are known as
Jet Streams
______ winds flow down off high central landmasses and bring cold polar winds from all directions on Greenland and Antarctica.
Katabatic
Winds are sometimes expressed in ____ , or nautical miles per hour.
Knots
Wind speed can be expressed in ______.
Knots and miles or kilometers per hour
On air-pressure maps, low-pressure areas are represented by the letter __
L
Due to its lack of ______, the area around Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude lows can be extremely windy and stormy.
Land
Deflection occurs due to the Coriolis effect along and between lines of ____ on Earth's surface.
Latitude
Wind flows up the windward side of a mountain and back down the ____ side.
Leeward
As a result of the Coriolis effect, air in the Southern Hemisphere is deflected to the ______.
Left
High insolation at the equator causes warm air to rise, creating a ____-pressure area.
Low
In the northern Atlantic, during the winter, ____-pressure systems typically form.
Low
Land has a relatively ____ specific heat when compared to the adjacent ocean, creating a high-pressure area over the land at night as the air above it cools relatively quickly.
Low
The ______ specific heat of the land allows it to heat up quickly during the day, causing air to rise and creating a low-pressure system over the landmass.
Low
The low specific heat of land creates a ____-pressure area during the day because the land is warm compared to the adjacent sea.
Low
Hadley cell circulation is the result of air rising at the equatorial ____-pressure zone and descending at the subtropical ____ -pressure zone.
Low; High
Higher in the atmosphere (in the top of the mesosphere), temperatures are _____; also, gas molecules are sparse, so air pressure is ______.
Low; Lower
A high-pressure system is created at the poles as surface air moves away toward ____ latitudes and air aloft moves in to replace it.
Lower
Because of land's relatively low specific heat, low-pressure regions at the equator and mid-latitudes are ______ over land than over water.
Lower
The ______ path of jet streams as they circle the globe are Rossby waves.
Meandering
At ______ latitudes, a low-pressure system is created by winds converging from the poles and subtropics.
Mid
In the ______ latitudes, westerlies blow from west to east.
Mid
Surface air moves away from polar high-pressure areas toward ______ latitudes and are deflected by the Coriolis effect, resulting in westerly winds in the mid-latitudes.
Mid
The ______ latitudes are located between the tropics and polar circles.
Mid
A seasonally reversing wind is called a(n) ____
Monsoon
The southwest United States, west Africa, and Northern Australia are all places that experience ______.
Monsoons
Friction resists the ___ of air.
Movement, motion, or flow
Spanish ships carrying treasures from the Caribbean and Central America had to first travel ______ along the America coast before they could take advantage of the westerlies to bring the good back to Europe.
North
Trade winds blow from the ______ in the subtropics toward the equator.
Northeast and Southeast
Monsoon circulations are apparent in ______.
Northern Australia, Southeastern Asia, West Africa, Southwestern U.S.
Although winds around high-pressure systems flow clockwise in the ____ Hemisphere, they flow counterclockwise in the ____ Hemisphere as a result of differences in the Coriolis effect deflecting to the right or left, depending on hemisphere.c
Northern; Southern
Although winds around low-pressure systems flow counterclockwise in the ____ Hemisphere, they flow clockwise in the ____ Hemisphere as a result of differences in the Coriolis effect deflecting to the right or left, depending on hemisphere.
Northern; Southern
During the day the land is warmer than the sea, so air rises and moves aloft ______.
Offshore
During the day, a cool breeze blows ______ due to the relative temperature difference between the sea and land and the resulting pressure gradient between the two.
Onshore
As air flows ______ from a high pressure system, it is replaced by incoming air.
Outward
The geostrophic level is the level at which wind flows ______ the pressure gradient as the result of Coriolis deflection; it occurs where air pressure is about half that at the surface.
Parallel to
Very cold air sinks rapidly, creating a high-pressure system in ______ regions.
Polar
Surface air flows away from the poles, resulting in a low-pressure system between 45 and 60 degrees latitude, contributing to the circulation of the _____
Polar cell
An object located at one of Earth's ______ does not travel any distance as Earth spins.
Poles
The subpolar lows are formed by surface air moving away from the ______, setting up circulation of the polar cell.
Poles
The tropopause is shallowest over the Blank______ where cold, dense air sinks.
Poles
A barometer measures the ______ of air.
Pressure
Air initially starts moving as a direct result of differences in ______.
Pressure
Isobars connect areas of equal ______.
Pressure
The force exerted on an area by collisions between gas molecules and the gas's container is its ______.
Pressure
Wind is a result of differences in insulation because air moves from areas of high to low ______ to minimize differences between the two areas.
Pressure
Wind is the direct result of differences in air ____
Pressure
____ gradients dominate air movement close to Earth's surface, while higher in the atmosphere the ____ effect dominates.
Pressure & Coriolis
The ______ starts air moving.
Pressure Gradient
Winds blow from high to low pressure.
Pressure Gradient force
Motion in the atmosphere is driven by variations in which of the following two properties of atmospheric gases?
Pressure, Temperature
As a result of the Coriolis effect, air in the Northern Hemisphere is deflected to the ______.
Right
As moist air ______, it releases heat and forms clouds.
Rises
The meandering path of jet streams are ______ waves.
Rossby
The Coriolis effect causes objects to appear to be deflected from their intended path because of Earth's ______.
Rotation
Many wildfires in Southern California are the result of ______ winds.
Santa Ana
______ winds oppose the normal west-to-east flow in southern California and bring in hot dry air.
Santa Ana
A(n) ____ breeze is a cool one that moves from high pressure over the ocean toward low pressure over land.
Sea / onshore
The directness of the Sun's rays varies as a result of ______ and ______, resulting in differences in insolation on Earth's surface.
Seasons; Latitude
The extremely cold air over the poles _____, contributing to the polar highs.
Sinks
Low-pressure systems exist around ______ degrees latitude, whereas high-pressure systems are in the subtropics and at the poles.
Sixty and Zero
During the Northern Hemisphere winter, the low pressure zone over the equator moves ______.
South
The lows in the ____ Hemisphere near 60° latitude are characteristically windy and stormy as a result of the lack of wind-blocking landmasses.
Southern
When a missile is launched from the equator toward the pole in the Northern Hemisphere, relative to a fixed reference point in space, it travels ______.
Straight
The ___ is the main energy source for atmospheric and oceanic motion on Earth.
Sun
Insolation directly results in changes in the _____ of a gas, which then results in changes in pressure, leading to motion in the atmosphere.
Temperature
Motion in the atmosphere is driven by changes in ____ and the associated changes in pressure.
Temperature
The Ideal Gas Law relates a gas's pressure to its ______.
Temperature and density
What three processes have the strongest influence in creating the mid-latitude westerlies?
The Coriolis Effect Air circulation patterns in the polar regions Air circulation patterns in the tropics
When a missile is launched from the equator toward the pole in the Northern Hemisphere, relative to a fixed reference point on the Earth, it travels ______.
To the right
______ winds were historically important for sailors who traveled between the Old and New World at lower latitudes.
Trade
Low-pressure areas in equatorial regions are lower over land than water.
True
Air heated at lower elevations rises, causing upslope winds known as a ______ breeze, or anabatic wind.
Valley
Chinook winds are _______.
Warm & Dry
Air aloft moves from land to sea during the day because the land is ______ the sea.
Warmer than
Urban areas are usually ______ surrounding rural areas, resulting in air flow out of cities, potentially polluting outlying suburbs.
Warmer than
The Sun is the main source of energy for ______.
Weather, Climate, and Atmospheric motion
Because of the Coriolis effect, objects moving from higher to lower latitudes appear to be deflected ______.
West
Jet streams are narrow air currents that flow from ______.
West to East
Winds in southern California normally blow from ______, but Santa Ana winds blow in the opposite direction.
West to East
Privateers and pirates in the Caribbean took advantage of global wind patterns, knowing that sailing ships carrying treasure from the tropics had to sail north through these waters before reaching the ____ that would take them back to Europe.
Westerlies
______ blow from the west and occur between 30 and 60 degrees latitude.
Westerlies
Santa Ana winds often cause ____, resulting in the burning of thousands of homes.
Wildfires / fires
Movement of air as a result of pressure gradients is called
Wind
The horse latitudes are located near 30 degrees north and south latitude and can go weeks without ______, making them dangerous for sailing ships.
Wind
The movement of air relative to Earth's surface is called ___
Wind
The term monsoon refers to changes in ______ patterns depending on the season.
Wind
The _______ side of a mountain or island is the side toward which the wind is blowing.
Windward
During the ______ in southeastern Asia, a high-pressure area moves in from Siberia bringing cold, dry air.
Winter
The Sun's rays are most direct at ______ degrees latitude, causing warm air to rise and creating a low-pressure area.
Zero
The distance traveled and velocity of an object at the Earth's poles is equal to ______.
Zero
The path around Earth is longest at ______ degrees latitude.
Zero
Low pressure at mid-latitudes and the equator contribute to high-pressure systems around ______ degrees latitude.
thirty and ninety
