H Biology Midterm Review Ch. 4 Cells and Energy

During the Krebs cycle, chemical reactions ____________ carbon-based molecules.

break down.

The term fermentation is based on a word that means "to bubble." This meaning is related to the fermentation process, because bubbles of ___________ are produced during alcoholic fermentation.

carbon dioxide

Some organisms are called producers because they produce the source of ____________ for themselves and for other organisms.

chemical energy

Chemosynthesis is a process by which some organisms use _________ instead of __________ to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules.

chemical energy, light energy

The prefix chemo- means "chemical," and synthesis comes from a Greek word that means "to put together." Therefore, chemosynthesis means "to put together with chemicals." In chemosynthesis, __________ energy is used to produce carbon-based ________ that store energy.

chemical, molecules

Thylakoids are coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments inside the __________.

chloroplast

Cellular respiration can only operate when oxygen is available to pick up _________ at the end of the electron transport chain.

electrons

Fermentation removes _________ from NADH and recycles NAD+ to glycolysis.

electrons

The electron transport chain uses energy from ___________ to pump _____________ across the membrane, so that the ions can flow back through ATP synthase to produce ATP

electrons, hydrogen ions

Cellular respiration is a process that releases _________ from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when _________ is present.

energy, oxygen

The prefix photo- means "light," and synthesis means "to put together." During photsynthesis, _______ from the light is used to put together ________.

energy, sugars

The function of glycolysis is to split ________ and produce energy-carrying molecules.

glucose

Fermentation takes place in your muscle cells during _________, when not enough oxygen is available.

glycolysis

Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of a chloroplast: the ________ and the _________.

grana, stroma

The prefix chloro- means "green," and the suffix -phyll means "leaf." Therefor, chlorophyll is the light-absorbing molecule that makes leaves look ________.

green

ATP is a ___________ molecule that is converted into __________ ADP when a phosphate group is removed and energy is released.

high-energy, lower-energy

The prefix in- means "not." Therefore, the reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light are called light-____________.

independent

The electron transport chain in cellular respiration is located on the _______ mitochondrial membrane.

inner

Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process, because it needs _______ to take place.

oxygen

Fermentation is an anaerobic process, because it occurs without __________.

oxygen

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, because it takes place without __________.

oxygen

ADP is converted back into ATP by the addition of a ____________.

phosphate group

Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles where _____________ takes place in plants.

photosynthesis

Photosystems are groups of ________ that capture and transfer energy.

pigments

Name one commercial use of alcoholic fermentation.

pizza crusr

The electron transport chain is a series of ________ in the thylakoid membrane along which energized electrons travel.

proteins

Three molecules are formed during glycolysis when oxygen is available. _______ and ________ are used in cellular respiration. ______ can be for cell processed.

pyruvate, NADH, ATP

The prefix glyco- comes from a Greek word that means "sweet." The suffix -lysis comes from a Greek word that means "to loosen." Therefore, during glycolysis, a _____ is broken down (or "loosened").

sugar

The first part of an enzyme's name tells you about its function. All enzymes end with the suffix -ase. Therefore, ATP synthase is an enzyme that ____________ ATP.

synthesizes

Fermentation is involved in the production of ATP by allowing glycolysis to take place. Glycolysis yields ______ net ATP

two

Chlorophyll is a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in ____________.

visible light

Lactic acid is the three-carbon ____________ of lactic acid fermentation. It causes a burning feeling in your _________ during exercise.

waste product, muscles

The light-independent reactions require __________ and build _________.

no light, sugars

Why is the cellular respiration equation written with several arrows?

Because a series of chemical reaction occurs.

Why is the photosynthesis equation often written with several arrows?

Because many chemical reactions occur with the help of many enzymes.

Fermentation is important, because it allows glycolysis to continue making _______ when oxygen is unavailable for cellular respiration.

ATP

The two molecules that carry energy to the light-independent reactions are _________ and _______

ATP, NADPH

What are the steps of lactic acid fermentation?

1. Pyruvate and glycolysis enter fermentation 2. NADH is used to convert pyruvate into lactic acid 3. NADH is changed into NAD+ 4. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis

Glycolysis results in a "net gain of two ATP molecules." This means that ___ ATP are used to split glucose and ___ ATP are produced. Therefor, in the end, there are two additional ATP.

2, 4

The prefix tri- means "three," and the prefix di- means "two." Therefore, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has ___ phosphate groups, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) has ___ phosphate groups.

3, 2

The two reactants in the photosynthesis equation are _________ and _________.

6CO2, 6H2O

The two products in the photosynthesis equation are __________ and __________.

C6H12O6, 6O2

What two ways in which cellular respiration seems to be the opposite of photosynthesis?

The overall chemical equations are reverse of each other Cellular respiration brakes down sugars to make ATP, and photosynthesis uses ATP to make sugars.

What is the function of the Krebs cycle?

To produce energy-carriers from the breakdown of carbon-based molecules.

The function of the light-dependent reactions is to _________ and _________ energy.

absorb, store

Photosynthesis captures ____________ to make sugars that store _____________.

light energy, chemical energy

The light-dependent reactions require ______ and they absorb and transfer ________.

light, energy

What two parts of a mitochondrian does cellular respiration take place?

matrix, stroma

Cellular respiration takes place in the _____________.

mitochondria

All cells use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy. ATP is a ______________ that transfers energy from the breakdown of ___________ to cell processes.

molecule, food molecules

Describe Proteins

molecules least likely to be broken down store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates 4 calories per mg (4 calories per gram)

Describe Carbohydrates

molecules most commonly broken down glucose yields about 36 ATP 4 calories per mg (4 calories per gram)

Describe Lipids

molecules that store most of the energy in a persons body triglyceride yields about 146 ATP 9 calories per mg (9 calories per gram)

The word cycle tells you that the chemical reactions of the Calvin cycle go from one to another __________________________.

with a beginning and an end.

Name one commercial use of lactic acid fermentation.

yogurt