Hawaiian Studies 107 Midterm 1 (Sample Questions, Stories, Terms, Important Dates)
Kohanga Reo
"language nest" an environment where kids aged 0 - 6 years old spend time together talking, playing, praying and learning. Daily activities may take place anywhere that is safe and warm including marae (traditional Māori buildings), converted homes or purpose-built centres.
Kane
"man" Tiki god of life and light. He created the sky, earth and upper heaven and gave Kumu-Honua the garden. He owned a tiny seashell that, when placed on the ocean's waves, turned into a huge sailboat. The user of the boat had merely to state his destination and the boat took him there. In agricultural and planting traditions, Kane was identified with the sun.
Pūnana Leo
"nest of voices" are private, non-profit preschools run by families, in which the Hawaiian language is the language of instruction and administration. (1984- Kaua'i)
Ku
"standing up" God of war
ABCFM
(1820) American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions • Although missionaries envisioned a new order for Hawaii many of them did not see their children as truly part of the community. • American missionaries and their families created the nucleus of the first permanent non-Hawaiian speaking community in Hawaiʻi. • ABCFM (which financed the effort of Hawaiian mission) later officially declared the Christianization of Hawaii at success and pulled their support and contributions. In order to sustain their accustomed lifestyle the missionaries in Hawaii began to wrestle control of land over from the Hawaiians, coming into conflict the very principles that originally inspired the ministry.
How many islands are in the Hawaiian archipelago?
138
in what year did the dutch voyagers see men catching sharkys by hand
1643
when did the 1st printing of hawaiian occur?
1822
one of the offerings in the cook islands to their gods is
1st bunch of coconuts from you favorite tree, 1st fish caught and 1st child
how many islands were represented in the protest?
3 (ex. Hawaii, Moloka'i, and Oahu)
how many magic stones did the shark caller drop along the reef
6
How many bones were dug up
870
there are only ____ consonants in the Hawaiian language
9/ HKLMNWP ' -
Hauātea Alliance
Alliance that lasted until 1300.
Story of Papa and Wākea
Almost like Adam and Eve. Wakea or his equivalent is god of light and of the heavens who "opens the door of the sun"; Papa is a goddess of earth and the underworld and mother of gods.Stories and genealogies connect the Wakea-Papa line with the myth already noticed of a marriage between a high chief from a distant land and a native-born chiefess. A struggle is implied between an older line and a new order which imposes the separation of chiefs from commoners and of both from a degraded slave class, and establishes religious tapus
for The Shark Callers, the shark is considered
An ancestor
The native name for new zealand is
Aotearoa
Kon Tiki
April 28, 1947 (30x15 raft) Departed from Callao, Peru with six men. Voyage lasted 101 days and 4,300 miles.
the word for chief in the cook islands is
Ariki
What was Mau's visualizing lesson to Nainoa mean?
Believe in your teacher, know what you know, believe in yourself
1820
Calvinist missionaries arrive in Hawai'i Missionaries & descendants- Caucasians in general (Haole)
1778
Captain Cook (First Europeans to Hawai'i)
1852
Chinese (Pake)
Who was the first Hawaiian scholar?
David Malo
Hawaiʻiloa
Double-hulled canoe funded by the National Parks Service. Named for the voyager Hawai'iloa, first discoverer of Hawai'i who found islands on a long fishing expedition from the south or west.
Thor Heyerdahl was able to prove that:
Drift voyages from South America were possible
1819
End of 'Aikapu (enters the period of 'Ainoa)
T/F: the "hakalama" provides a complete pronunciation table for the Polynesian Languages and is proof of Hawaiian cultural connections to Samoa and Tahiti
False
T/F: the Ali'i Nui is the most "kapu" in the Kame'elehiwa's Hawaiian society Hierarchy
False
T/F: The UN DRIP discussed in class provides direction to all nation States in protecting and perpetuating indigenous cultural practices. The USA complies with ALL tenets of the declaration.
False, the USA does not comply with all tenets.
1907
Filipino (Pilipino)
1851
First English sponsored school set up in Hawaiʻi
1987
First Kula Kaiāpuni K-12 began
1984
First Pūnana Leo preschools began
Hokule'a
First voyage to Tahiti in 1976 was as success. Tahitians have great traditions and genealogies of ancestral canoes and ways of navigation.
What is the Hawaiian concept of time?
Geneaology
Kula Kaiāpuni
Hawaiian immersion school
a triange can be drawn around
Hawaiian islands, rapanui, and aotearoa
'ōlelo Hawai'i
Hawaiian language
pī'āpā
Hawaiian language primer
HPE
Hawaiʻi Pidgin English
Hawaiian Pidgin English
Hawaiʻi Pidgin English (HPE) evolves the most in 1890-1910 and consists of Hawaiian and English vocabulary embedded in the grammatical structure of a speakers' native language.
Hawaiʻinuiākea
Hawaiʻinuiākea has historical roots that go back to 1922 when Hawaiian language was first offered and taught by Frederick W. Beckley. As early as 1926 Hawaiian became a second language elective
Kanaloa
He is the local form of a Polynesian deity generally connected with the sea. symbolized by the squid, and is typically associated with Kane in legends and chants where they are portrayed as complementary powers.
Kauaka's article on the Cook Island religion suggests that religious protocol must be given to:
High chiefs/ The Kaunga or Chiefly Priest
The double hulled sailing canoe that was gifted to Mau Piailug is named
Hōkūle'a
Shark Callers of Kontu
In a world where most humans view sharks with a mix of fear and loathing, Papua New Guinea is one of the few places where people embrace them. For the villagers in Tembin, Mesi, and Kontu -- the three towns that still practice shark calling -- sharks are an integral part of their creation story, a religious faith that has endured for centuries.
missionaries (Calvinism)
In the 1820s two new forces entered Hawaii: the Congregationalist missionaries of the Calvinist ideology and New England whalers. The missionaries arrived just as the Hawaiians were abandoning their religious system.
1868
Japanese (Kepani)
the difference between hawaiian and the rest of polynesian language is
K and T
There were priests, healers and those who were knowledgable about the physical and spiritual worlds and the advice of the _____________ were considered indispensable to the people and rulers of Hawai'i
Kahuna
The names of the four major Hawaiian gods
Kane, Ku, Lono, Kanaloa
Lapita Pottery
Key to Polynesian colonization of the Eastern Pacific. It is coil built, low fired pottery commonly found in archeological sites in the western Pacific. It comes from the misinterpretation "Xaapeta" or "He dug a pit"
What is the name of the village of the sharkcallers in this video
Kontu (ex. Papua New Guinea)
1903
Koreans (Kōlea)
The chant to honor Kalani-nui-a-mamao and the creation of all life is
Kumulipo
Taputapuātea
Large marae complex at Opoa in Taputapuatea, on the Souht eastern coast of Raiatea. It is the central temple and religious center of Eastern Polynesia.
what is the name and rank of 'umi's father
Liloa (chief)/ sacred chief
which language in polynesia has words similar to hawaiian language
Maori
The ________ is a Hawaiian immersion protocol that began in 1984 to teach children and families to speak the Hawaiian language
Maori School Act
The master of navigating by using the elements are
Mau Pialig
what is the name of the mountain on hawaii island where the telescopes are located
Mauna Kea
1820
Missionaries arrive
what is the name of the shark callers god
Moroa
Kānaka maoli
Native Hawaiians
1893
Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy
Mau trained many Hawaiian navigators. Before his death, Mau had several navigators participate in a ceremony and gave them the title of "master navigator" or
Palu
Roger Green
Pioneered settlement pattern approach in the Pacific. Examined archeological landscape holistically rather than focus on sites with rich deposits.
Name the regions in the Pacific Rim
Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia
1878
Portuguese (Pukikī)
Name the three course line for Hoku'lea
Presumed, Reference, and Actual
1900
Puerto Ricans
1822
Pīʻāpā Alphabet Primer put out
16 time periods of Kumulipo
PŌ 1 REEF CREATURES 2 FISH OF SEA & LAND 3 BIRDS OF SEA & LAND 4 CRAWLERS: TURTLES 5 PIGS & TARO 6 NIBBLERS: RATS & LICE 7 DOGS & BATS 8 HUMAN-LIKE GODS AO 9 LA'ILA'I & KI'I 10 LA'ILA'I & KĀNE 11 800 GENERATIONS 12 ANCESTORS OF WĀKEA 13 ANCESTORS OF PAPA 14 WĀKEA & STARS 15 HAUMEA, HINA, MAUI 16 MAUI TO KĀNAKA
1896
Republic of Hawai'i established (Hawaiian language banned in schools) Republic changes law to make English standard in education
Who was the first Hawaiian historian?
Samuel Kamakau
1978
State Constitutional Convention (provisions set to recognize Hawaiian language again)
1959
Statehood
In the Wayfinder, what is the most important star constellation for timing for land fall?
The Southern Cross
Ho'ohōkūkalani
The daughter of Papa and Wakea. Wakea falls in love with her and leaves Papa for her. They have children.
Mokumanamana
The island of Mokumanamana is the second smallest of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. Its tiny size (46 acres) however, belies its rich cultural and political history. Initially the island was thought by many to have been perpetually uninhabited because of its sheer cliffs and lack of soil and fresh water.
Hāloa and Hāloa naka
The second born to these gods, named Hāloa in honor of his elder brother, is ancestor to all Hawaiian people. In Hawaiian knowledge, it is the duty of this younger sibling to honor and serve the elder and in turn the elder sibling will provide for them. This inter-dependant relationship between man and the land serves to connect the fate of both.
Nainoa Thompson sighted it at the direction of 'aina
The southern cross
T/F: Hawaiian Creole English is an actual language that carries a unique culture in Hawai'i.
True
T/F: Mau Piailug is considered an Akua on the wa'a or voyaging canoe.
True
Epeli Hau'ofa would most likely believe that the future of the Pacific depends on:
Understanding our commonalities and working together to enhance our cultural identities
The first ni'aupi'o mating was between
Wakea and Ho'ohokukalani
Hawaiian Alphabet
a e i o u h k l m n p w '
Lono
a fertility and music god who descended to Earth on a rainbow to marry Laka. In agricultural and planting traditions, Lono was identified with rain and food plants. Existed before the world was created
Pele
a volcano goddess living in the crater of Kilauea on the island of Hawaii.
what does ho'okama mean?
adopted
who is umi's mother?
akahi-a-kuleano
what does ABCFM mean?
american board of commissioners for foreign missions
'aumākua
ancestral guardians
what was the gift from liloa to akahi-a-kuleana and her husband for raising 'umi?
anupua'a of kealakoha
pono
balance, righteousness
kinolau
body forms
malama 'āina
caring for the land
ʻaha
ceremony for est. leaders
makahiki
ceremony for first harvests
ali'i
chief, royalty
po'olua
child of two fathers
what is one of the tools the shark caller used to call the shark?
coconut rattle shell (ex. canoe, magic stones, paddle, bait fish, spear, noose, club, chant)
geothermal
comes from volcanic heat stored beneath the earth's surface. Underground reservoirs of water heated by volcanic activity can be tapped for steam to generate electricity.
waihau ipu-o-Lono
common temple
maka'āinana
commoner
what is the correct spelling of the world that means pidgin
cre'ole means language, without means people
moku
district
according to "pondering pidgin" when was pidginized hawaiian developed?
early 1800s
what is papa?
earth mother
kupuna
elder
kūpuna
elders
kahakō
elongated vowel (diacritical)
What is the main phrase used in this video?
enough is enough
wā
era (know the 16 time periods)
Laʻilaʻi
female, progenitor of hawaiian race
why was the honokahua area dug up
for a resort (ex. sand for a gold course)
'ainoa
free eating
noa
free, unrestricted
mo'okū'auhau
geneology
'okina
glottal stop (diacritical)
immersion schools
goals to revitalize indigenous language
akua
gods
Creole
gradual meddling of various culture and ways of communicating
'umi replaced him as the paramount chief of Hawaii island
hakau (half brother)
What is the relationship between Papa and Wakea?
half brother, half sister
The kalo fetus was
haloanaka
Kalaninui`īamamao
high chief in AD 1700
luakini
high chief temples
what did the unearthing of 1000 burial sites take place
honokahua, maui
I ka `ōlelo nō ke ola, i ka `ōlelo nō ka make
in the language there is life, in the language there is death.
nī'aupi'o
incestual mating
mokupuni
island
Pō & ao
light & darkness
kaona
metaphor
the hawaiian term for geneaology is
mo'oku'auhau
'ōlelo makuahine
mother tongue
kanaka maoli
native Hawaiian
mānaleo
native speaker
who were the old men who were mistreated by hakau?
nunu and kakchi
Epeli Hau'ofa is the writer of
our sea of islands
what jewel did 'umi have that only one is made and belonged to only liloa?
palaoa (ivory pendant)
ka wā ma mua
past
ʻimihaku
paths to power (lit seek a chief)
which of 'umi's sons was the fastest runner
pi'i-mai-wa'a
the way to communicate between plantation workers is called
pidgin
ka wā ma hope
present
kahuna
priest, specialist
creolization
process in which Creole cultures emerge in the New World. As a result of colonization there was a mixture between people of indigenous, African, and European descent, which came to be understood as Creolization.
'ōlelo no'eau
proverb, wise saying
ʻōlelo noʻeau
proverbs
Ao ʻaumākua
realm in heaven
Ao kuewa
realm of the wandering spirits
Ao o Milu
realm of underworld
Austronesian
refers to a population group present in Southeast Asia or Oceania who speak, or had ancestors who spoke, one of the Austronesian languages. Apart from the Polynesian people of Oceania, the Austronesian people include: Taiwanese Aborigines, the majority ethnic groups of East Timor, Indonesia and Malaysia.
punalua
relationship between two lover who share one mate
heiau
religious temple
kuleana
responsibility
kapu
restriction, sacred
name the gods in the cook islands
rongo, tangaroa ( ex. Tane, Tu)
in hawaii the 2 gods that the cook islands think are dominate are
rongo, tu
'aikapu
sacred eating
What is 'aikapu?
sacred eating- coconut, banana, pig, red fish
mōhai
sacrifice
po'o kanaka
sacrificial (lit. human head)
ahupua'a
self sustaining land unit
ko'a
shrines
cognates
similar or identical terms
Kumulipō
source of deep darkness
mana
spiritual or divine power
what was ka-lei-o-ku to 'umi
step father
mo'olelo
story, legend, history, narrative
ka lāhui Hawai'i
the Hawaiian race
Ranginui and Papatuanuku
the primordial parents, the sky father and the earth mother who lie locked together in a tight embrace. They have many children all of which are male, who are forced to live in the cramped darkness between them. These children grow and discuss among themselves what it would be like to live in the light.
to speak hawaiian, you must
think hawaiian
How did the shark callers know when to go shark calling
through dreams
ho'omana
worship (to give mana)
palapala
written documents
Nainoa Thompson
• Hawaiian navigator who learned from Mau Piailug traditional non- instrumental navigation. • Leads Hōkūleʻa on its subsequent journeys from from 1978- present in over 60 legs including distant places such as the U.S. West Coast, Micronesia, & Japan. • Canoe is currently on the World Wide voyage this for next few years.
The Kumulipo
• It is a oli hoʻokumu honua - cosmogonic creation chant that tells of the formation of the universe • It is pule hoʻolaʻa aliʻi (prayer to sanctify the chief) written for the birth of high chief Kalaninuiʻīamamao in abt. A.D. 1700. • It is 2106 lines long and done three times in history. • It divides the formation of the universe into two halves pō and ao (night and day) • It is divided into 16 wā or eras of time moving progressively genealogically from the earliest life forms to the chiefs.
Mau Piailug
• Micronesian navigator from the island of Satawal in Carolinian islands • Introduced traditional non- instrumental wayfinding techniques to Polynesia. With PVS (Polynesian voyaging society) helped to navigate Hōkūleʻa to Tahiti in 1976
Thor Heyerdahl
• Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer • In 1947 sailed a raft called the Kon Tiki drifting 5000 miles • From Peru South America to the Tuamotus. • Attempted to prove that Polynesian and Pacific people originated from South America due to the prevailing winds and currents going East to West. • He landed and smashed on a reef in Rarioa in the Tuamotus in 102 days time (3 months).
Po
• Origin and creation where all the plants and animals of the sea, land, sky, both male and female born. • A place we return to after death • This represents a divine time, a time of the gods • A time/place of darkness when there is no sun (ie night) • Each wā ends with the phrase "pō nō"- night indeed, all is balanced and in harmony
Andrew Sharp
• Proposed his "theory of accidental voyages" in two books: (1) 1956 Monograph Ancient Voyagers of the Pacific; and (2) 1957 Ancient Voyagers of Polynesia. • Believed that the remote areas (and islands) of the world were settled by accident. • Argued that Pacific peoples were incapable of accomplishing such a feat, and it must have been luck, random island sightings, and drifting rather than organized and purposeful colonization
Hawai`i Creole English or "Pidgin"
• The original pidgin was Hawaiʻi Pidgin English (HPE) which grew out of interaction between Hawaiian people, sea traders, missionaries, and immigration workers. • Later the children & grandchildren spoke creole or Hawaiʻi Creole English (local pidgin - HCE)a gradual melding of various cultures and ways of communicating
