HBS final review chapters 1-4

Average angle for shoulder flexion

0-180

Normal range for shoulder abduction

0-180

Average angle for Shoulder extension

0-60

Normal range for shoulder medial rotation

0-70

Flexion

A bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

Atherosclerosis

A cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters.

Coronary Artery

Either of two arteries that arise one from the left and one from the right side of the aorta immediately above the semilunar valves and supply the tissues of the heart itself

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces

What bone does not meet up with at least one other bone

Hyoid bone

Muscle Fatigue

Inability of muscle to maintain its strength of contraction or tension; may be related to insufficient oxygen, depletion of glycogen, and/or lactic acid buildup

Range of motion (ROM)

Measures overall flexibility

Abduction

Movement away from the midline

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline

Adduction

Movement toward the midline off the body

Rotation

Moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement

Afferent neurons

Nerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system

Efferent neurons

Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system

Plexus

Network of interlacing blood vessels or nerves

What does it mean to be double jointed

You have more flexibility within specific joints

Planar joint (Gliding) and location

articulating bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved; permit gliding movement

Plantar Flexion

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

Saddle joint definition

characterized by two matching concave convex surface type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Ball-and-socket joint

An articulation (as the hip joint) in which the rounded head of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity of the other and admits movement in any direction

Aerobic

Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen

Explain how the elbow part of the cow is somewhat different than the human elbow

Cows put a lot of weight onto their elbow, their ulna and radius are fused together to provide more strength

Ligament

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Types of joints

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Joint

The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton whether movable or rigidly fixed together with the surrounding and supporting parts (as membranes, tendons, or ligaments)

Range of Motion

The range through which a joint can be moved

Synovial cavity

The space between the articulating bones of a synovial joint, filled with synovial fluid. Also called a joint cavity.

Hinge Joint

formed when two bones are contoured to one another

Freely movable joints

found on appendicular skeleton where flexibility of limbs occur

Where are ball and socket joints found

hip and shoulder

Pivot joint definition

joint that allows the rotation of one bone around another bon

Goniometer

An instrument for measuring angles (as of a joint or the skull)

Atrium

A chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle or ventricles.

Ventricle

A chamber of the heart which receives blood from a corresponding atrium and from which blood is forced into the arteries.

Creatine phosphate

A compound of creatine and phosphoric acid that is found especially in vertebrate muscle where it is an energy source for muscle contraction

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel and characterized especially by weakness, pain, and disturbances of sensation in the hand and fingers

Actin

A contractile protein that is part of the thin filaments in muscle fibers

Nerve

A cordlike bundle of neuronal axons and/or dendrites and associated connective tissue coursing together outside the central nervous system

Peripheral artery disease

A form of peripheral vascular disease in which there is partial or total blockage of an artery, usually one leading to a leg or arm.

Synovial joint

A fully moveable joint in which the synovial (joint) cavity is present between the two articulating bones

Glycogen

A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers

Erythropoietin

A hormonal substance that is formed especially in the kidney and stimulates red blood cell formation

Circumduction

A movement at a synovial joint in which the distal end of the bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stable

Tropomyosin

A protein of muscle that forms a complex with troponin regulating the interaction of actin and myosin in muscular contraction

Troponin

A protein of muscle that together with tropomyosin forms a regulatory protein complex controlling the interaction of actin and myosin and that when combined with calcium ions permits muscular contraction

Fascicle

A small bundle or cluster, especially of nerve or muscle fibers

Blood Doping

A technique for temporarily improving athletic performance in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells previously withdrawn from an athlete are injected back just before an event

Myofibril

A threadlike structure, extending longitudinally through a muscle fiber (cell) consisting mainly of think filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin, troponin, and tropomyosin)

Cartilage

A usually translucent somewhat elastic tissue that composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos and except for a small number of structures (as some joints, respiratory passages, and the external ear) is replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates.

Tendon

A white fibrous cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Function of synovial joints

Absorb shock and reduce friction They are covered by cartilage and typically have a smooth/ slippery surface

Varicose vein

An abnormal swelling of a superficial vein of the legs.

Lactic acid

An organic acid present in blood and muscle tissue as a product of the anaerobic metabolism of glucose and glycogen

Extension

An unbending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that increases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

Anabolic steroids

Any of a group of usually synthetic hormones that are derivatives of testosterone, are used medically especially to promote tissue growth, and are sometimes abused by athletes to increase the size and strength of their muscles and improve endurance

Venule

Any of the minute veins connecting the capillaries with the larger systemic veins

Sarcomere

Any of the repeating structural units of striated muscle fibrils

Arteriole

Any of the small terminal twigs of an artery that ends in capillaries

Vein

Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart and have thinner walls than the arteries and often valves at intervals to prevent reflux of the blood which flows in a steady stream and is in most cases dark-colored due to the presence of reduced hemoglobin.

Dorsiflexion

Backward flexion, as in bending backward either a hand or foot

Dorsiflexion

Bending the foot in the direction of the dorsum (upper surface)

Plantar flexion

Bending the foot in the direction of the plantar surface (sole)

Fibrous joints

Can be found on sutures of the skull and connect the bones that shield the brain

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Tendons

Connect muscles to bone

Hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

Ball and socket

Joint that allows all around movement, allows foremovement and rotation

Hinge joint location

Knee, and elbow

Anaerobic

Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it

Elevation

Raising a body part ( away from axis)

Immovable joints or slightly moveable

Restricted to the axial skeleton where protection and stability are key

Synovial fluid

Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage

Rigor mortis

Temporary rigidity of muscles occurring after death

Articulation

The action or manner in which the parts come together at a joint

Perimysium

The connective-tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers

Myosin

The contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers

Endomysium

The delicate connective tissue surrounding the individual muscular fibers within the smallest bundles

Sliding filament mechanism

The explanation of how thick and thin filaments slide relative to one another during striated muscle contraction to decrease sarcomere length

Epimysium

The external connective-tissue sheath of a muscle

Systemic Circulation

The passage of arterial blood from the left atrium of the heart through the left ventricle, the systemic arteries, and the capillaries to the organs and tissues that receive much of its oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide and the return of the carbon-dioxide carrying blood via the systemic veins to enter the right atrium of the heart and to participate in the pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary Circulation

The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the heart through the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its return via the pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium and participate in the systemic circulation

Cardiac output

The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute.

Stroke volume

The volume of blood pumped from a ventricle of the heart in one beat

Cartilage joints

These are able to shift for specific needs such as the spine and pelvic symphasis

Depression

To bring downward toward the midline

Contract

To shorten and thicken

Hyaline cartilage

Translucent bluish white cartilage consisting of cells embedded in an apparently homogeneous matrix, present in joints and respiratory passages, and forming most of the fetal skeleton

Peripheral vascular disease

Vascular disease affecting blood vessels outside of the heart and especially those vessels supplying the extremities.