HBS - Lesson 2.1 and 2.2 Assessment
31. What is the brain function of movement?
Back of the brain's frontal lobe which is the motor cortex containing voluntary movements.
24. What is the brain function of vision?
Back part of the brain which is occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
15. Gyrus
A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves.
12. Lobe
A division of a body organ (as the brain, lungs, or liver) marked off by a fissure on the surface.
80. Hoes does a hydrophilic relate to the structure of a cell membrane?
A hydrophilic relates to the structure of a cell membrane because since water is a polar molecule, it readily forms electrostatic which are also known as charge-based interactions with the phospholipid heads.
82. How does a hydrophobic relate to the structure of a cell membrane?
A hydrophobic relates to the structure of a cell membrane because the water molecules then form more hydrogen bonds with themselves and the nonpolar molecules clump together.
13. Cerebellum
A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe.
62. Axon
A long nerve cell process that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body.
77. Action Potential
A momentary reversal in electrical potential across a plasma membrane (as of a nerve cell or muscle fiber) that occurs when a cell has been activated by a stimulus.
49. Neuron
A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its cell membrane.
117. Neurologist
A physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of disease of the nervous system.
56. Cell membrane
A semi-permeable membrane made of phospholipids that surrounds the cytoplasm of cells; found in all cell types.
16. Sulcus
A shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri.
96. How can enzymatic degradation (deactivation) stop the action of neurotransmitters or the inactivation of neurotransmitters?
A specific enzyme changes the structure of the neurotransmitter so it is not recognized by the receptor. For example, acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that breaks acetylcholine into choline and acetate.
67. Neurotransmitter
A substance (as norepinephrine or acetylcholine) that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse.
72. Support a reason the body needs so many neurons.
A supporting reason the body needs so many neurons is because the body functions because of the brain and this only occurs if the several neurons the body needs in order to function. Basically, neurons are cells that give electrical and chemicals signals that travel in the body so the body knows how to function due to the brain because it processes this information and gives us a sign by responding to us.
111. List any additional factors impacting reaction time you did not previously consider.
Additional factors I did not previously consider are fatigue, auditory, physical ability, amount of food taken or caffeine for energy because all these somehow lead to reaction time because they can involve how the brain functions and processes the task to concentrate or focus on completing it.
55. What is the function of sensory neurons?
Afferent Neuron - Moving away from a central organ or point. Relays messages from receptors to the brain or spinal cord.
50. Ion
An atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons.
116. Provide an example of how delayed reaction time can impact body systems.
An example of how delayed reaction time can impact body systems because it tells you that it's not safe to have a delay in reaction time. For example, if you feel wet and you still don't feel it, it shows that you have had a delayed reaction time and this shows that it's not safe for your body to respond that way because it's not fine for the nervous system to not communicate with you for your brain to process what happened and feel that sensation that you got wet and function it. In other situations, you may possibly even get hurt which is very dangerous if you aren't aware of what's happening and reacting to it.
61. Dendrite
Any of the usually branching protoplasmic processes that conduct impulses toward the body of a neuron.
97. How can glial cells stop the action of neurotransmitters or the inactivation of neurotransmitters?
Astrocytes remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.
35. What is the brain function of hearing brain?
Auditory cortex of the temporal lobe located in the sides of the brain processing auditory information.
26. What is the brain function of breathing?
Brain stem located in the middle of the brain relaying sensory messages like respirations.
46. How did Broca and Wernicke determine the location of key language areas in the brain?
Broca and Wernicke determined the location of key language areas in the brain by scanning or seeing the brain's lesions as well as determining the communication technique and how it acted upon it.
30. What is the brain function of speech production?
Broca and Wernicke's area of the brain in the left frontal lobe coordinating muscle movements to create words to speak or talk.
25. What is the brain function of muscle coordination?
Cerebellum located back of the head and coordinates voluntary muscle movements.
40. What is the brain function of balance?
Cerebellum which is in the back of the brain maintains posture, balance, and equilibrium.
3. What does the term communication mean?
Communication means teamwork basically or like a way to exchange information by engaging with each other. Things like responding or replying to each other as well as asking each other things is how part of communicating with one another.
34. What is the brain function of long-term memory brain?
Hippocampus located in the temporal lobes of each cerebral cortex encodes memory traces and also the frontal lobe functions some memory as well.
7. Give three examples of specific effects that can occur as the result of loss of communication within the human body.
Diabetes is the result of the lack of communication in the body to send out insulin when the body's blood sugar is high. When someone is paralyzed, there is a loss of communication in the stimuli. The result is that the nerves can no longer move that limb accordingly because it is not receiving a signal. When you age, there can be a loss of vision that is caused by the eyes' lack of flexibility. This makes it difficult to see or read close objects, which is why a lot of people need reading glasses. The lens of the eye weakens over time.
94. What are the four different types of mechanisms?
Diffusion, enzymatic degradation (deactivation), glial cells, and reuptake.
53. What is the function of motor neurons?
Efferent Neuron - Moving toward a central organ or point. Relays messages from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles and organs.
121. Explain why even when their bodies seem to be failing, people with ALS have all of their mental functions and senses intact.
Even when their bodies seem to be failing, people with ALS have all of their mental function and senses intact because it is the loss of muscle control or motor neurons, however the sensory neurons or interneurons are still functioning. Basically, the functions still generate and process mentally still staying intact but the body loses functions due to the motor neurons not functioning which cause the loss of movement in the body.
37. What is the brain function of taste?
Front of the brain is the frontal lobe involves recognition of smell.
33. What is the brain function of reasoning brain?
Front of the brain which is the cerebrum's frontal lobe sub serves decision-making and executive control.
27. What is the brain function of happiness?
Front of the brain which is the frontal lobe involved personal characteristics and amygdala of the cerebrum showing emotions.
41. What is the brain function of problem-solving?
Frontal lobe located in the front of the brain of the cerebrum by functioning to self-monitor.
29. What is the brain function of thirst and hunger?
Hypothalamus located above the midbrain and below the thalamus creating important hormones.
99. When you learn something new, you grow new neurons. Would you agree or disagree with this statement?
I agree with this statement but not very accurately. I do agree that when we learn something new, we grow new neurons, but the process of producing new neurons takes a very long time. The process of generating new neurons takes an ample of your lifetime and this process goes very slow which makes it harder to grow new neurons. What actually newly grows is the new information developed in your brains creating connections from neurons that already exist and as well as pathways that exist.
71. Suggest a reason the body needs so many neurons.
I suggest that it is a necessity for the body to have neurons because it is the only way the body would be able to communicate or cooperate.
76. Do you think about each of your responses or do they just seem to happen?
I think about each of my responses because I need to know the process and think it through to properly write it down and explain my thinking.
73. How do you think your reaction to the bug would change if the myelin on your neurons was damaged or destroyed?
I think my reaction to the bug would change if the myelin on my neurons was damaged would be that it would make the function go down than it already was where the damage is due to the process of the impulses transferring since it would be less faster in other words it would go low in speed.
18. Do you think sensory signals are carried up the spinal cord or down the spinal cord? Explain.
I think sensory signals are carried up the spinal cord because sensory signals come from things like pain, pressure, temperature, and touch. When the sensory signals send information, it goes to the spinal cord. After the spinal cord receives information, it sends it directly to the up where the brain is located. It basically processes the information and sends it directly to the brain. Other parts of the brain are there and each part does its job to travel the information through. To sum up, the sensory signals collect the information, send it to the spinal cord, and then it travels to the brain.
17. What do you think are the specific functions of the motor cortex and the sensory cortex of the brain?
I think the specific functions of the motor cortex and the sensory cortex of the brain are based on what it controls. The motor cortex signals causing voluntary movements by controlling the body's movement with generating neural impulses. The sensory cortex controls the human senses like pain, pressure, temperature, and touch that are surrounding you and evokes those sensations.
70. Do you think neurons would be classified as unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, or a combination of types?
I think they would be classified as multipolar because they all of the neurons like the motor neuron, the sensory neuron, and the association neuron or interneuron contain the structures of a multipolar neuron.
2. If you could do the same task again, what would you change about the way you gave your partner descriptions? Explain.
I would change the way I gave my partner descriptions the use of words or details we use to describe what to draw because we had a little confusion on how to draw something and where it is located. This is what I would if I could do the same task again.
124. What would happen in the body if the action of neurotransmitters was impaired?
If the action of neurotransmitters was impaired, the body would have various types of adverse effects. This can be affected by diseases or drugs. The diseases or drugs can cause associated deficits in certain neurotransmitters. This is how the body would be affects if the action of neurotransmitters was impaired because it can make several health conditions in the body.
92. What is the history of neurotransmitters?
In 1921, an Austrian scientist named Otto Loewi discovered the first neurotransmitter. In his experiment which came to him in a dream, he used two frog hearts.
64. Myelin sheath
In a neuron, an insulating coat of cell membrane from Schwann cells that is interrupted by nodes of Ranvier.
58. Investigate the structure of interneurons.
Interneurons is also called connector neurons or relay neurons which are usually much smaller cells, with many interconnections.
84. The Na+/K+ pump pumps 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions it brings into the cell. Is this specialized protein working via active or passive transport? Explain your reasoning.
It is a specialized protein working via active transport because when the proteins transport for Na+, the pump changes the ions being negative or positive so it could go inside the cell membrane.
36. What is the brain function of bodily sensations, such as touch, temperature, and pain?
Located in the cerebrum's parietal lobe which is the middle part of the brain that interprets touch and pain in the body which comes from the sensory cortex.
38. What is the brain function of blood pressure regulation?
Medulla oblongata located in the lower part of the brainstem responsible for involuntary autonomic function.
104. Suggest two ways that reflex reactions help maintain homeostasis in the human body.
One way that reflex reactions help maintain homeostasis in the human body is when it helps keep the blood pressure and breathing balanced. Another way is when it maintains postures letting the muscles be kept carried in our body.
52. Investigate the structure of motor neurons.
Motor neurons have long axons and transmit nerve impulses from the central nervous system to effectors (muscles and glands) all over the body.
113. In terms of processing in the nervous system, explain why your reaction time was most likely faster for the simple reaction task than for any of the discrimination tasks.
My reaction time was most likely faster for the simple reaction task than any of the discrimination tasks because it was much more easier compared to the other tasks and it was easier for my brain to process the task and function it as well to complete the task way faster because it was far more way simpler.
57. What is the function of interneurons?
Relays message from sensory neurons to motor neuron and make up the brain and spinal cord.
89. Summarize how neurons communicate at the synapse.
Neurons communicate at the synapse by engaging information with one another. Synapses usually form on the axon terminal or nerve terminal. When the axon terminal sends neurons, the cell body of dendrites receives the neurons. Inside the axon terminal, there are vesicles to help support sending the neurons. Action potential triggers the neuron to release neurotransmitters. The molecules combine together to the receptors on the cell. An axon can have several branches where it allows the synapses in the cells to the neurons.
100. Explain how neurons convey information using both electrical and chemical signals.
Neurons convey information using both electrical and chemical signals by going under the body and the axon. After that, they let go of neurotransmitters which is a chemical substance messenger and went into a synapse. Finally, it enters the cell that comes after that, it sets off the action potential.
90. What are neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitter communicate information between neurons is accomplished by movement of chemicals across a small gap called the synapse.
91. How do neurotransmitters function?
Neurotransmitters are chemicals and they function by releasing from one neuron at the presynaptic nerve terminal. Neurotransmitters then cross the synapse where they may be accepted by the next neuron at a specialized site called a receptor. The action that follows activation of a receptor site may be either depolarization or hyperpolarization. A depolarization makes it more likely that an action potential will fire, a hyperpolarization makes it less likely that an action potential will fire.
32. What is the brain function of smell?
Olfactory bulb of limbic system identifies smell where there are signals of it traveling or sending sensory information to the hypothalamus. The parietal lobe also gives information about the sense of smell.
88. How does one neuron communicate with another neuron and complete the circuit?
One neuron communicates with another neuron and complete the circuit when in the neuron of the dendrites, the synapse is passed towards the receptors after it has been allowed and the other neurons create many other message so the impulse moves on and it is able to transport or go towards the neuron.
74. Describe one way in which neurons are similar to other cells in the body and one way in which they are different.
One way in which neurons are similar to other cells in the body is because they have the same things inside like the nucleus, cell membrane, organelles, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and these neurons produce energy by continuing it. One way in which neurons are different to other cells in the body is because they have special parts of the cell like dendrites and axons performing different functions where the dendrites bring electrical signals to the body of the cell and axons take away information from the cell body.
120. The disease you investigated involved a problem in the nervous system. Explain how other body systems were affected by this error.
Other body systems were affected by this error because the disease I investigated involved a problem of the nervous system which means that it stops the brain from functioning properly as well as taking over other body parts. Those who have the nervous system disease can get treatments and medications to help maintain the pain and and treat the symptoms and there will be issues with movement but it helps manage it. An example of this is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosi (ALS) which is a nervous system disease that affects nerve cells and the spinal cord and there is a loss of muscle control as well but the treatment like therapy and medications can help support the nerves to move and function.
118. What other physicians, researchers, caregivers or therapy providers may be able to help treat, cure, or improve life for your patient?
Other physicians, researchers, caregivers or therapy providers may be able to help treat, cure, or improve life for my patient by giving them medications and treatments to get them recovered or cure the patient's health issue. This can be done by using appropriate language with them and showing concern, assisting them with any needs, being patient with them, quickly finding a treatment or cure to help them. These things can improve life for my patient because we use good manners to help them as well as supporting and helping them with health issues.
22. What does Phineas Gage's story teach us about the brain?
Phineas Gage's story teaches us about the brain that even though your frontal lobe is removed miracles do happen and you could still survive through it with your brain still functioning even though your brain had a traumatic injury.
39. What is the brain function of sleeping and waking?
Pineal gland of the brain stem located in the middle of the brain receiving information and that information is produced.
109. How does the reaction time for each case relate to cognitive processing and brain function?
Reaction time for each case relates to cognitive processing and brain function because it shows the way your brain functions depending on the ask, it relates to how long your brain needs to process the task and give a reaction to it which tells you the reaction time or the amount of time you took to react to that particular task. Task 1 was the most easy because all you had to do was click the screen when it turns blue and it was the easiest task than the others. For Task 2, it was a little bit harder but not that hard, all you had to do is click the screen when it turns orange but this time there are other colors involved which made it a bit hard but not that much. For Task 3, you had to click the word that was spelled and written in the same color and this one got more tough because it was hard to observe the color and the spelling of the color and then click it. For Task 4, it wasn't as hard but we just had to click the incorrect answer where we had to process to not click the correct one, this one was a bit hard to decide what to click. Therefore, some tasks were easier than others and some were harder than others and that's how your brain reflects on it and takes to process the task and then your brain functions it and gives a reaction to it.
114. How does reaction time to the voluntary action of the quadriceps in Activity 2.2.3 compare with your reaction time to the simple reaction task in this project?
Reaction time to the voluntary action of the quadriceps in Activity 2.2.3 compare with my reaction time to the simple reaction task in this project is that they were different because in Activity 2.2.3 it was based on the kicks we made and the time of muscle contraction and time of stimulus whereas in this project we had to react to something and we got a time of how long the reaction time was for that task.
125. Why does reaction time typically differ in reflex and voluntary actions?
Reaction time typically differ in reflex and voluntary actions because if it was reflex like bodily sensations such as touching something really hot, the brain processes it very quickly and doesn't take much time to function it because the spinal cord is what gives you the signal of removing yourself from touching that hot thing. However, if it was voluntary the brain has to process the signals. That's how reflex and voluntary actions differ because they have different ways of reacting and functioning.
115. What do reaction times tell you about how these signals are processed?
Reaction times tell you about how these signals are processed because it tells you how long it takes you to perceive the information and process it and how well it takes you to communicate with the task and react to the task by understanding it as well as responding to it by giving a reaction to it.
54. Investigate the structure of sensory neurons.
Sensory neurons have long axons and transmit nerve impulses from sensory receptors all over the body to the central nervous system.
110. Why might some individuals have a faster average reaction time to Task 4 than to Task 3, while other individuals have a faster average reaction time to Task 3 than to Task 4?
Some individuals have a faster average reaction time to Task 4 than to Task 3 because some people have a higher rate of reacting and communicating better to Task 4 which was to click on the incorrect answer whereas in Task 3 you had to click on the word spelled and written in the same color. While other individuals have a faster average reaction time to Task 3 than to Task 4 because they might have found Task 3 easier than Task 4 because in Task 3 you had to click on the word spelled and written in the same color whereas in Task 4 you had to click on the incorrect answer which was math problems and some people may be weak in math so that might affect the average of the individuals. Therefore, the faster average reaction time could be affected based on how you focus on the task and this depends on what the task is in order for you to react and respond to it.
106. How does Graphical Analysis 4 help you analyze the EMG electrodes data?
The Graphical Analysis 4 helped me analyze this data by showing me how the graphs look like as well as including the measurements of them with all the EMG electrodes.
105. Explain how the accelerometer and the EMG electrodes work together to generate data on response time.
The accelerometer and the EMG electrodes work together to generate data on response time because when it hits each other it shows the difference of it. The EMG electrodes support from knowing the contractions when it hits one another demonstrating what the measured muscles are due to the hit of the contractions.
47. New research is using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a scan of the brain that shows specific areas that are activated during certain tasks, as a lie detector test. Explain which area(s) of the brain you think might light up to show that you are telling a lie or telling the truth. Explain your reasoning.
The area(s) of the brain I think I might light up to show that I am telling a lie or telling the truth is the frontal lobe because it tells and communicates or is in charge of what's in our mind shows what we are thinking about that's why it tells you whether you are telling the truth or lying.
45. Scientists have used a drawing called a motor homunculus to show the connection between different body parts and areas of the brain. This drawing is a cartoon of the human body, where the bigger the body parts, the more area of the motor cortex that is dedicated to controlling them. If you were to draw this figure, what body parts do you think would be most exaggerated? Explain.
The body parts I think I would be most exaggerated is the hand because I use the majority of my body movement by moving and controlling my hand instead of like body parts that don't necessarily need to have as much muscle movements.
5. Brainstorm how the body would be affected if this type of communication could not occur.
The body would be affected if the endocrine system's communication could not occur because the endocrine system controls emotions and it lets out the hormones we have basically how were feeling and without this, it would be hard to talk to each other and understand and hard to engage with each other when you can communicate because it won't release how our mood is.
103. Is the brain involved in the pathway when neurons interface with the leg? Why or why not?
The brain is not involved in this pathway because the reflex action involves the spinal cord and down and the brain is on top of the body so it does not involve the brain in this pathway.
85. What causes the inside of the membrane to reverse charge and begin the action potential?
The cause of the inside of the membrane to reverse charge and begin the action potential is when the Na+ channels open up and move towards the K+ channels.
19. How do the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system work together to control the body?
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervou system work together to control the body because the central nervous system starts with muscle movements and then it goes through the brain stem and then after that, it goes through the spinal cord and finally to the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system work together by processing the functions and traveling it though which makes them communicate with one another and engage as well.
59. Cell body
The central part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and is the main structural component of gray matter.
20. A man slips, falls, and bangs the back of his head on the tile floor. The doctor tells him he has some minor swelling in the occipital lobe of his cerebrum. His doctor sends him home to rest and tells him that if there are any changes, he should come back in. What changes would be worrisome, given the area that was injured?
The changes that would be worrisome given the area that was injured are the eyes or the area around the eyes that could affect their vision of seeing things and they won't be able to see. If they won't be able to see or have a problem seeing anything, then they would have to come back in and these are the changes that would be worrisome.
122. What are the consequences of miscommunication in the human body?
The consequences of miscommunication in the human body is in the central nervous system that makes that miscommunication of the sensory input and when this happens, our body might do things that are, out of our control, the loss of movement, and balance.
69. Note that neurons can also be classified by their structure as unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar. Research the difference between these terms and record notes about each.
The difference between these terms is that they all play different roles in each of them. Unipolar sensory neurons are found in the internal organs, muscles, skin, and joints. It is long and ends with the spinal cord which is long as like the dendritic trunk. Bipolar extends from the soma because it has one dendrite and one axon. It's almost like it receives signals and travels it through cells and then to other cells to bring it to the brain. Multipolar is the neuron that is very common compared to the other ones. It has several dendrites and one axon and it is possibly found in the central nervous system also known as CNS specifically in the spinal cord and the brain.
11. Cerebrum
The dorsal portion, composed of right and left hemispheres, of the vertebrate forebrain; the integrating center for memory, learning, emotions, and other highly complex function of the central nervous system.
78. In one sentence, describe how the electricity in an action potential is generated.
The electricity in an action potential is generated when through the neuronal membrane when ions positively charged flow through the membrane sodium channels allow sodium ions when potassium channels allow potassium ions.
63. Axon terminals
The endings of axons; the location where axons make contact with other nerve or effector cells.
107. What factors impact a person's reaction time?
The factors that impact a person's reaction time are like sleep because the amount of sleep can affect the way you cooperate, distraction can lead off to being unengaging, auditory and visual could stop communication, alcohol prevents you from balancing and making right choices, and fatigue keeps you to be less engaged and communicated.
108. Brainstorm factors that might impact reaction time to simple tasks.
The factors that might impact reaction time to simple tasks are focusing, distraction, amount of sleep and much more because these all play a role on how your brain functions and what it's observing and the brain is processing the task or doing the task.
65. Nodes of Ranvier
The gap in the myelin sheath of nerve cells found between neighboring Schwann cells.
8. Explain how the human senses assist in communication in the body and between individuals.
The human senses assist in communication in the body and between individuals because it has the sense to communicate which is sound and touch. Within these two human senses, we use these two to communicate because it helps us engage with each other. Listening to one another with sound is how we pass on or transfer information wither each. Coming in contact with someone with the human sense touch helps communicate because you are using hand motions to show or demonstrate something in order to exchange information or engage with one another.
10. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The part of the nervous system that is outside the central nervous system and comprises the cranial nerves excepting the optic nerve, the spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.
83. How does the location of these ions relate to the overall membrane potential (charge) at this point?
The location of these ions relate to the overall membrane potential at this point when the ions change place because now the sides of the cell exterior and cell interior changed meaning they are opposites of what they were before. The ions changing place makes the K+ and Na+ channels have different charges, the K+ have more ions in the cell exterior and the Na+ have more ions in the cell interior.
86. What happens in the membrane during repolarization?
The membrane during repolarization becomes falling apart because sodium channels start to close and potassium channels start to open and it starts resting which makes it collapse or have a falling phase.
6. All human body systems are capable of communicating. However, one system is the master communicator. This system is capable of communicating with almost every cell in the human body and controls most other body systems in some way. What system do you think fits this description? Explain your reasoning.
The nervous system best fits this description. Our bodies have nerves that run throughout our whole body and neurons that are able to target specific cells or organs to send a message to. All the other systems rely on the nervous system to send specific messages at specific times to our body, our orangs or our body parts. The nervous system communicates that we are hungry to the digestive system by making our stomach growl or that we are tired by making us yawn. The nervous system is the only system that allows us to always be aware of our surroundings and what our body needs.
95. How can diffusion stop the action of neurotransmitters or the inactivation of neurotransmitters?
The neurotransmitter drifts away, out of the synaptic cleft where it can no longer act on a receptor.
60. Nucleus
The organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that contains all of the chromosomal DNA of the cell.
14. Brain Stem
The part of the brain composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum.
9. Central Nervous System (CNS)
The part of the nervous system which, in vertebrates, consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system.
68. Describe the path of an electrical impulse as it moves through a neuron.
The path of an electrical impulse as it moves through a neuron begins in the dendrites. After that it goes down to the axon which is carried from the cell body till it gets to the axon. Once one impulse gets to the axon, it moves on rapidly to the node of Ranvier, rather than the impulses of the nerves go through the myelin sheath also known as the axon's end. The impulse next travels to the axon terminal till it gets to a synapse and this is where it turns into a chemical and this process is known as neurotransmitters because the electrical signal traveled through it.
66. Synapse
The place at which a nervous impulse passes from one neuron to another.
42. Ten-year-old Alex Fuentes damaged his occipital lobe and his cerebellum in a car accident. Explain to his parents some of the possible effects of this injury.
The possible effects of this injury is that the damaged occipital lobe would make it hard to see which means your vision will be hard to focus. The cerebellum would make it difficult to have voluntary movements which involve balance, coordination, and posture because the cerebellum is functioned and responsible for it. The cerebellum injury which makes it hard to talk in terms of like you might stutter by having trouble talking or walking and as well as the muscle movement will not be fully in your control because your body movements won't focus because it functions partially by the cerebellum.
43. What is the role of the limbic system?
The role of the limbic system is that it is a portion of the brain that responds and controls our behavior and emotions, motivation, learning, and memory.
21. Why is the story of Phineas Gage considered so extraordinary?
The story of Phineas Gage is considered so extraordinary because he survived through a really disturbing death due to his a part of his frontal lobe being removed.
44. Phrenology
The study of the conformation of the skull based on the belief that it is indicative of mental faculties and character.
79. What does the term hydrophilic mean?
The term hydrophilic means heads of phospholipids in a membrane bilayer face outward, contacting the aqueous and this also means that it's a watery fluid both inside and outside the cell.
81. What does the term hydrophobic mean?
The term hydrophobic means "the fear of water". Without opposite electrical charges on the molecules, water cannot form hydrogen bonds with the molecules.
51. What are the three different types of neurons?
The three different types of neurons are motor neuron, sensory neuron, and interneuron.
102. Reaction Time
The time elapsing between the beginning of the application of a stimulus and the beginning of an organism's reaction to it.
93. What types of neurotransmitters are there?
The types of neurotransmitters are small molecule neurotransmitter substances like Acetylcholine (ACh), Dopamine (DA), Norepinephrine (NE), Serotonin (5-HT), Histamine, Epinephrine.
75. Describe the types of stimuli your body is reacting to as well as the decisions you have to make.
The types of stimuli the body is reacting to as well the decisions I have to make are thinking about having the previous or past accidents because it evokes the event and makes me react as to how I felt back then compared to now. Feeling that stimulus and reviving those memories of the pain produces huge portions of adrenaline and to the stimuli, it would increase the heart rate and as well as receiving that in the body. Seeing someone in that accident makes you see the pain, they are going through which makes you help them and the person feels the touch, the body sensation, the pain, the equilibrium, that is shown just by looking at them which makes you rapidly try to help them get aid quickly.
98. How can reuptake stop the action of neurotransmitters or the inactivation of neurotransmitters?
The whole neurotransmitter molecule is taken back into the axon terminal that released it. This is a common way the action of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin is stopped...these neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft so they cannot bind to receptors.
101. You need to have a cavity filled, so the dentist injects a local anesthetic into your gums. Local anesthetics reversibly bind to Na+ channels and block the movement of sodium ions. Using what you know about signals, explain why this action can keep you from feeling pain.
This action can keep you from feeling pain because it stops the sodium ions from producing movement without feeling the pain. The nerves impulses from the local anesthetics stop from processing anything because the ends of the nerves are in charge of this which helps to prevent feeling the pain sensation. When there is no impulse made, the pain is felt letting the brain get a signal of it.
1. Give two reasons this task may have been difficult to complete successfully.
Two reasons this task may have been difficult to complete successfully is because it was hard to explain specifically what to draw. Another reason is because some of the words we used to explain got confusing as to where specifically we should draw on the sketch.
119. Brainstorm and describe at least two types of medical interventions that may help your patient.
Two types of medical interventions that may help my patient are having some physical therapists and an intervention for multiple sclerosis. Physical therapists can help my patients because most of my patients have some sort of issue with balance or movement and this could help support them to manage and maintain their symptoms making them learn how to make movements like walking and balancing that. An intervention for multiple sclerosis may help my patient because some of my patients are going through an abnormality like weakness, unsteadiness, and balance problems and this could help strengthen their weakness especially when they are different types of stages for sclerosis. These are the two medical interventions I think would really help my patients to improve the issues with the majority of them.
87. What happens when the action potential reaches the end of the axon at the axon terminal?
When the action potential reaches the end of the axon terminal, the neurotransmitters are released because it's able to get to the point where it is let out to get released.
4. Describe two ways communication occurs within the human body.
Two ways of communication occurs within the human body is by the nervous system and the endocrine system. The body would be affected if the nervous system's communication could not occur because the nervous system receives information and generates by answering or replying back and the body would not know what to process what we are saying.
123. How does understanding the structure and function of the human brain help with diagnosis of disease?
Understanding the structure and function of the human brain helps with diagnosis of disease because knowing a lot or more about the brain can help assisting treatments for nervous system such as diseases or disorders and it could improve several areas for the health condition of the human body.
23. Name eighteen brain functions.
Vision, muscle coordination, breathing, happiness, language understanding, thirst and hunger, speech production, movement, smell, reasoning, long-term memory, hearing, bodily sensations, such as touch, temperature, and pain, taste, blood pressure regulation, sleeping and waking, balance, and problem-solving.
28. What is the brain function of language understanding?
Wernicke's area in cerebrum's side of the brain which is the temporal lobe processing auditory information.
112. Describe how you could simulate one of the cases from the computer simulation using the basic laboratory setup from Activity 2.2.3.
You could stimulate one of the cases from the computer simulation using basic laboratory setup from Activity 2.2.3 by the the EMG sensor and you could like maybe see how long it takes for you to react to something like your reaction time of like your hands maybe of how fast you click the screen or the pad of your computer and connect the EMG sensor to your hand and this could work for some of the tasks to find the reaction time and it will work for Task 1 and Task 2. Whereas for Task 3 and Task 4, you could use the accelerometer for the words that come up on the screen and it will record how long it took for you to react and collect your reaction time
48. Determine the part of the brain responsible for each of the actions, thoughts, or emotions that occur in this paragraph.
Your alarm goes off and your arm flies up to hit the snooze button. (Cerebellum) You drag yourself out of bed and decide what to wear and what to have for breakfast. (Cerebellum, cerebral cortex) Your sister's pancakes smell good, so you grab a few bited while she's not looking and head out the door. (Cerebrum, temporal lobe, olfactory area) Running late (as usual), you sprint to catch your bus. (Cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus) You struggle to keep your balance as you head to the back of the already moving vehicle. (Cerebellum) A younger kid slams into your side with his book bag. (Cerebellum) You are about to yell, but you figure it's not worth it and grab a seat. (Parietal lobe) You finish up the last of your math homework and turn on your iPod to clear your head. (Cerebellum, hippocampus) You have two tests and then a game after school. (Cerebrum) You think to yourself, "How am I going to get through the day?" (Cerebrum)
