HCOM 333 midterm

Gibbs, Hewing, Hulbert, Ramsey, and Smith (1985) assert that listening awareness and instruction can accomplish four major objectives:

(1) increasing understanding of the nature of listening and its importance in the total communication process (2) diagnosing listening abilities and practices, (3) developing skills and techniques to improve listening effectiveness (4) creating awareness of the importance of effective listening to personal and professional success. Continuous evaluation of one's own listening abilities and participating in listening instruction or learning measures increases retention, promotes critical thinking, and facilitates learning. -listening plays a pivotal role in conceptions of communication competence in coworkers.

When listening, it is important to:

-read between the lines -shared meanings -good for the relationship -impact of conversation the average person remembers between 25% and 50% of what he or she hears. Effective listening is central to fostering interpersonal relationships with coworkers, leaders, and clients. -listening is the most basic communication skill and supersedes all learning processes. Historically, listening has been the most neglected instructional and research area - listening includes comprehending meaning, analyzing relationships, interpreting impressions, and evaluating content. Haas and Arnold (1995) state that a growing body of research suggests that listening ability, or the perception of effective listening, is inextricably linked to effective individual performance in organizations. Nichols and Stevens (1957) found that good listeners regularly engage in mental activities while listening. A good listener periodically reviews and mentally summarizes the talking points completed thus far. Throughout the talk, the listener "listens between the lines," in search of meaning that is not necessarily put into spoken words. He or she pays attention to nonverbal communication (facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice) to see if it adds meaning to the spoken words. The listener may also weigh the evidence used by the talker to support the points he or she makes. It takes a lot of practice to become a good listener, and listening has become a lot more difficult. Failure to recognize that listening is just as important as verbal communication is inevitably detrimental. In fact, many Fortune 500 companies, as well as several management training programs used across the United States, identify listening as one of the most important communication skills in the workplace

What is the deal with exploring and researching in the job seeking process?

1. exploring -Take time to explore your goals and priorities. Here are just a few questions you should consider: What are you best at? What do you enjoy doing the most? What motivates you? What salary range do you need to live the lifestyle you desire? Is a family-friendly career a priority for you? Would you prefer to work in a large or small organization? Taking time to think about your goals and priorities is an important part of the job-seeking process—it will help you determine what type of career you wish to pursue and what types of organizations you wish to work for. -Career exploration requires you to research opportunities in your major that correspond with your goals and priorities. As you narrow down career opportunities, it is important to develop a clear understanding of what each career entails. -seek an internship that will allow you to develop a clearer understanding of this career choice. -job-seeking process isn't about finding the candidate with the most qualifications; it's about finding the person who is the best fit for the job and the company. The more you know about a given occupation, the more effectively you will be able to describe how your skills line up with the position. 2. researching: the job-seeking process comprises two components: researching openings and researching potential employers. - A good rule of thumb is for graduates to allow between three and six months to find that first job after graduation. -Where should you look for a job? The answer is simple: everywhere! Begin by using the resources available at your college or university. Most institutions of higher education have career planning centers -job fairs, classified/help wanted ads, internet, word of mouth. - the state of employment services, sometimes called the Job Service, operates in coordination with the U.S. Department of Labor's Employment and Training Administration. Local offices, found nationwide, help job seekers to find jobs and help employers to find qualified workers at no cost to either. -In addition to state employment agencies, which are run by the government, private employment agencies, also known as headhunters, can assist you in your job search. Unlike state agencies, private agencies are

What are Kant's moral duties?

Act on principle, not because of consequences-motives matter critically. Respect the human dignity of others * #1 characteristic of a relationship never treat as a means but an end. -if the means to the end is unethical, then it is never right.

What is the deal with salary questions?

Although you should never bring up the issue of salary prior to being offered the position, you should be prepared in case the interviewer asks about your salary expectations. To prepare, research the appropriate pay for the position you are seeking. Be sure to examine pay-scale variations related to credentials, experience, and location.

What are the social style models?

Analytical: talk less frequently, quiet, logical, serious. -data supports claims, accurate info Driving: plans, power, facts, action-oriented. -Active Amiable: quiet, friendly, relaxed, one on one (in-depth relationships) Expressive: assertive, opinions, rapidly talk, decisions, enthusiasm, intuitions.

What is the deal with interviewing?

As you prepare for the interview, you already have a clear sense of who your audience is and what they are looking for in a candidate. Furthermore, your first communication interactions with the potential employers (your résumé and cover letter) not only highlighted you as a candidate but also began to demonstrate how you'll fit into their organization. To land the position, you must do two important tasks: prepare and practice. - There is assimilation into the organization, and you start to learn about the company. - There is socialization, which is the process that shapes our attitudes in an organization's environment.

How to include awards and hobbies on resumes?

Awards and Hobbies: Include an awards and honors section only if you have multiple listings and they are relevant to the position. If you do have a hobby or interest directly relevant to the position, work it into your résumé as a skill or experience. Otherwise, leave it out.

What to do before an interview?

Before the interview: To demonstrate professional excellence, you will need to prepare your message, anticipate the questions, script your answers, practice your answers, prepare your appearance, and reduce your nervousness. Preparing the message: By reviewing your skills, the job posting, and your research, you can determine exactly what information to present during the interview. Prior to walking into your interview, you should have a clear understanding of the information you plan to present. Begin by looking at the job posting. What qualifications are a must for this position? How do you meet each of these qualifications? - review your résumé and cover letter. - In the end, you should be ready to discuss specific examples, stories, and experiences that are relevant to the position. Finally, make a list based on important points you learned while doing your research. Anticipating questions: Once you have completed your lists and reviewed your research, it's time to practice answering questions. You can never be 100% certain about what's going to be asked during the interview, but you can make some educated guesses. - Traditional questions include some of the old standards listed below: Tell me a little about yourself. Why did you apply for this position? What makes you qualified for this position? Why should we hire you? What are your strengths? What are your weaknesses? What would your former employer (professor, friend) say about you? What are three words that describe you? What are your short-term goals? What are your long-term goals? Do you have any questions for us? scripted answers: Yet the information you present during the interview should be the same information you practiced prior to the interview. The purpose of practicing is not to guess the exact questions that will be asked—it's to learn to professionally present important information about your qualifications for the position and your fit in the organization. If possible, you should prepare by scripting answers that follow a three-part formula. First, directly answer the question. Then, back up your answer with a specific example that supports your answer. Finally, connect the answer back to the company and/or the position. prepare

contact info on a resume

Contact info: You should include your name, address, phone number, and email address. Believe it or not, many prospective job seekers are taken out of the running due to problems with their contact information. - If you want to communicate with professional excellence, use a standard ringtone (no songs) and record a professional message for your voicemail. - Choose an email address related to your name, and be certain to check your email account regularly. It's also important to make sure there is nothing in cyberspace that you would not want your future employer to see.

What are the categories of listening?

Conversational: role shifts with frequency -Conversational listening is an integral part of meaningful one-on-one social relationships and professional interpersonal exchanges. Presentational: clear speaker and listening situation. -The listening environment is based on the following conditions: mode (conversational or presentational), environment (formal or informal), and relationship (social or business; Nelson & Heeney, 1984).

How to include education on your resume?

Education: your education section should be displayed prominently. Include the name of any college or university from which you have graduated or that you are currently attending. As a general rule, a college graduate should not list his or her high school education or high school accomplishments.List the name of your degree and your major (e.g., bachelor of science in biology). You may also wish to state a minor if you have one. Include the date of graduation (e.g., "Degree conferred December 2017"). If you're in your final semester, you can use something such as "Degree anticipated May 2020."You may also wish to list some relevant courses. For the purposes of the generic résumé, list all the courses you think may be relevant during your job-seeking process. You can narrow the list during the customizing step. Students often ask if they should include their grade point average (GPA) on their résumé. The answer is simple—it depends on your GPA.

what is encoding and decoding?

Encoding: the process of creating a message for others to understand Decoding: the process of interpreting a message

what is the deal with ethics

Ethical behavior must serve as the foundation for people to be treated with fairness, dignity and respect. Ethics- general term for the discussion, determination, and deliberation processes that attempt to decide what is right or wrong, what others should/shouldn't do, and what is considered appropriate in our individual, communal, and professional lives. Ethical considerations- variety of factors important to consider in any scenario in which we are making a decision, conducting an eval, or making a selection. Ethical dilemmas- no clear choice on right or wrong or good or evil. Ethical considerations are linked to our values and virtues. -conflict between ethical obligations. Difference between obligation and choice is the responsibility. Values- moral principles or rules that determine ethical behavior Should or shouldnt statments. Organizational values- specific principles or guidelines such as safety, teamwork, integrity, or ownership. Org values address both the experience of the people working for the company and the experience of customers with service and product quality. Leadership is a skill that needs to developed and maintained throughout your life. Same with ethics. Ethical questions: what does it mean by good and bad? -who judges these? -right standard for judging?

What is the deal with Language in listening?

Evaluative: You language -evaluating a person's worth and ideas Descriptive: I language - greater trust and cohesiveness Framing is important- where we place the ownership. -no one likes the be evaluated. Control: leads to defensiveness - need the power and control Problem orientation: Work on solution -how to get people to respond. Strategy: controlling and manipulating -blames you -arbitrary and unclear reasons Spontaneity no hidden agenda - no trying to manipulate -open and know expectations

How to include experience on resumes?

Experience: As you advance in your career, you will most likely label this section as employment experience, which will take precedence over your education. Yet, for most college graduates, including relevant experience, not just employment experience, is more beneficial. Using the general title "Relevant Experience" allows you to incorporate a broader range of information. In this section, you can list your relevant employment history as well as internships, relevant class projects, relevant work with student organizations, or volunteering. Employment experience: If you've been lucky enough to work at a job that's relevant to the position you're seeking, prominently display that experience and your job duties. For most college graduates, however, this will not be the case. To best showcase your skills in this situation, list the class projects, your internship, and your work with the Sociology Club under "Relevant Experience," as previously discussed. Give some details about each experience. Then you can simply list your places of employment, job titles, and employment dates later in the résumé in a section titled "Employment Experience," "Employment History," or "Work History."

What are some barriers to listening?

Failing to limit distractions: noise: interference External noise: taking in meetings, ruffling papers -creating noise can be seen as disrespectful. Internal noise: internal condition/ state that interferes - tech has changed not only the tools we use to listen but also when and where we use them, and even what we think about as we listen. Failing to Focus on the message: Jargon: technical words used by groups. It is the language of familiarity. Message overload: too many details Receiver apprehension: misinterpreting, inadequate process, can't adjust. -Research has demonstrated that a person with high receiver apprehension tends to have more problems with information processing and general listening effectiveness - Bias: assumptions about a person, issue, topic. failing to be an Active listener: Passive: listening to try to make sense of the information; quasi-listening. -taking in messages without feedback Active: Listening to try to make sense of information by paraphrasing, asking questions, and reflecting. -verifying accuracy of message. -paraphrasing is critically important in some situations. - Reflective listening means the listener (1) listens thoughtfully to the meaning of the speaker's words; (2) considers the content of the message, both stated and implied; (3) thinks about the feelings associated with the message, attending to the speaker's verbal and nonverbal cues; and (4) makes every effort to reflect that message accurately. -By asking questions, you can develop a better understanding of the speaker's message and provide support to the speaker.

What is the deal with communication apprehension?

Fear and anxiety associated with communication. Trait apprehension: shy people feel anxious in communicative context. Context-based: fear in certain contexts, like public speaking Audience based: fear of certain/groups of people Situational: fear in specific circumstances for example a job interview The eight causes: Novelty: if it is a type that you dont do everyday like give a speech, it can create apprehension until you get use to it, Formality- preparing and organizing something to be in the spotlight can promote the feeling of formality that makes you nervous or apprehensive. Subordinate status: someone above you is evaluating you , that can cause anxiety. Peer evaluation: how peers evaluate you and that can cause it. Dissimilarity- feel diff from audience. Having nothing in common can cause anxiety Conspicousness- having all eyes on you and being in the spotlight can cause this anxiety. Lack of attention- when you feel as though audience is bored, you can start to feel apprehensive Prior history- bad experiences with communication like interviews or presentations can leading to anxiety for future sitations.

What is the HURIER model of listening?

Hearing: concentrating and attending Understanding: attaching meaning. -the intent of the message Remembering: recalling the message. -so we can act on it Interpreting: making sense of codes. -verbal and non verbal - Interpreting is an important part of the collaborative process of communication. Ethically interpreting a message means you are not intentionally letting your own bias or beliefs interfere with your interpretation Evaluating: assessing the value of the message. - did it make sense, bias complexity Responding: giving a response - Communication would not be collaboration if not for this vital step. Paraphrasing, summarizing, reflecting, and asking questions all demonstrate responsiveness. Using nonverbal cues such as head nods, emotional expressions, or verbal utterances is also a good way to show you are listening. -The six-step process, when used in combination with active listening skills and barrier avoidance, will result in development of your professional excellence -Listening not only requires us to be present, in the moment, and mindful but also necessitates anticipating future interactions

Why is perception important?

In communication, perception is important because it influences how messages are received and interpreted. Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets sensory information (such as images, sounds, and touch) to make sense of the world around them. In communication, the way a message is perceived can be affected by a variety of factors, such as the individual's past experiences, cultural background, emotions, cognitive biases, and the context in which the message is received. If the sender of a message is not aware of the receiver's perceptions, the message may be interpreted in unintended ways. By being aware of the potential for varied interpretations of their messages, effective communicators can take steps to shape their messages in a way that maximizes mutual understanding and minimizes confusion or misinterpretation. Therefore, perception is valuable in communication because it helps us understand how people experience and interpret messages in different ways.

what are three types of listening we engage in, in our professional career?

Informational: Informational listening occurs when you focus on the content of the message to acquire knowledge. Critical: asks you to evaluate the information being sent. Empathetic: listening to understand the speaker's point of view without judgment. -Research tells us that listening with empathy is the basis for a host of important workplace skills and strategies: assessing situations, making rational decisions, generating connections between theory and practice, arriving at deeper understandings of beliefs, adapting to new perspectives, informing instructional decisions, challenging traditions, improving teaching and learning, and validating ideals (Jalongo, 2008).

KEYS to excellence in verbal and nonverbal communication

Knowing Yourself: be aware of small, unconscious, nonverbal Evaluating the Professional Context: assess what nonverbal signals are acceptable. Your communication Interaction: take inventory of your nonverbal communication Step Back and Reflect: analyze your communication after interactions

How to develop a cover letter?

Like the résumé, your cover letter should be concise, no more than one page. Use the same paper and font for your résumé and cover letter. - introduces you to potential employer

What are the layers of a message?

Messages have two layers: Content: information being explicitly discussed. -You exchange content with others to function and retrieve basic information. relational: how we feel about the other -The relational layer may be communicated by your choice of words. - there are communicators out there who do not pay attention to the relational layer of their message.

Some other styles of language? ( correct?)

Neutrality: promotes a defensive climate. -nondescript, I do not care -Empathy: respond immediately to one's needs Humor: tension releaser- laugh at self -promotes good health, reduces stress -create compliment to laugh at another -learning and retention better -sarcasm (race, sex, other) Romantic and sexual harassment Romantic language is language that is used to express affection or attraction between two people in a romantic or sexual context. Examples of romantic language include compliments, terms of endearment, and expressions of love or desire. Sexual harassment language, on the other hand, refers to language that is used to harass, intimidate, or demean someone on the basis of their gender or sexual orientation. Examples of sexual harassment language include unwanted sexual advances, explicit comments or jokes, and derogatory comments about someone's appearance or sexual identity. It's important to recognize the difference between romantic language and sexual harassment language, as the latter can have severe negative impacts on individuals and can create a toxic work or social environment. Employers and organizations have a responsibility to create policies and guidelines around appropriate communication and behavior in the workplace or other settings, and to promote a culture of respect and inclusivity.

what four purposes to nonverbal communication serve?

Non verbal serves four purposes: 1) expressing emotion 2) interpersonal attitudes 3) presents one's personality 4) accompanies verbal communication when the verbal language and non verbal do not match up, it can be seen as a communication failure. Non verbal should compliment or accent a specific part of the verbal message. It can also substitute for a word or phrase within a verbal message. It can also moderate or tone down parts of the verbal message.

what is the objective and summary on your resume?

Objective and summary: An objective is a one- or two-sentence declarative statement about your career goals. Many résumés have moved away from the objective to a summary of skills and traits.

What are the four listening preferences or styles:

People oriented: emotion, common ground. Demonstrate concern for the emotion of the speaker. Interest in other people. Action-oriented: direct, concise, error-free -negotiation, accomplish goal, resolve issue. Content- oriented: intellectual challenges, complex information Time-oriented: prefer brief, concise messages. Listening preference =P.A.C.T.

How to included references on resumes?

References: References should not be listed on your résumé. You can make a note about references at the bottom of the page (e.g., "References available on request"), but the purpose of the résumé is to highlight you, so don't waste space listing references. This is not to imply that securing good references is not an important step in the job-seeking process; references are an extremely important part of the process. Do not ask your references for generic letters of recommendation. You should submit letters of recommendation only to positions that request such letters. If letters of recommendation are required, then and only then should you solicit them from your references.

What is the deal with during the interview?

Remember that you are being interviewed during every interaction with the organization, whether you're interacting with the official interviewer or not. - First impressions are extremely important when interviewing. Research has found that it takes as much as double the information in the opposite direction to change an interviewer's initial impression of an interviewee. - During the interview, try to monitor your nonverbal communication. Sit up straight, maintain eye contact, and avoid speaking too quickly or using vocal fillers. If you are asked a question that you need a moment to think about, take that moment to think. Do not fill the silence with "umms" and "aahs." The bottom line is that nonverbal cues do bias interviewer ratings. - It's important to remain positive even when discussing weaknesses or failures. This can be accomplished by discussing a weakness or failure that will not affect you in this position

What is the deal with workplace culture?

Workplace culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, attitudes, customs, behaviors, and practices that characterize an organization and influence the way individuals interact with one another and carry out their work. Workplace culture reflects the organizational ethos and shapes employee perceptions of job satisfaction, work motivation, and overall well-being. Workplace culture can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as organizational structure, leadership style, communication practices, policies and procedures, and overall employee engagement. A positive workplace culture can foster trust, collaboration, and a sense of community among employees, while a negative workplace culture can lead to low morale, high turnover, and poor performance. Creating a positive workplace culture requires clear values, effective communication, strong leadership, and a commitment to employee well-being. Organizations that prioritize workplace culture tend to have higher levels of employee engagement, job satisfaction, and overall organizational success.

What is included in the communication process?

Sender and Reciever Sender: encodes the message with verbal or nonverbal cues to help others understand what you mean Recievers: respond or decode the message. Find out if the message you sent was successful Exchange of message and response cocreate a meaning The sender cant control how the receiver interprets. The goal is for the listener to understand the meaning the sender intended. We switch between sender and receiver in all communication interactions Message and Feedback You cannot not communicate Messages have both a verbal and nonverbal component. Feedback: sent from receiver to sender. Same as message since sender and receiver roles are arbitrary. Feedback reminds us to look for cues from the other person we are comm with Channels Channel: method by which you send the message. In leadership positions, youll have to eval the merits of various channels Each channel has a variety of strengths and weaknesses Context Communcation is contextual Context: the location, time and occasion where comm occurs In professional settings, you need to asses the context in order to develop the message Noise Noise: external or internal External noise- distractions such as talking during a meeting, ruffling of papers or cell phones going off. Any external factor that could interfere with the communicators ability to focus on the message. Internal noise: internal condition or state that interferes with the communicators ability to focus on the message. -> being hungry or tired can be internal noises - developing prof excellence includes learning to consider noise and context when making decision about you comm - noise can interfere with your understand of the message.

How to include skills on resumes?

Skills: Skills may be incorporated under your experiences or may be a separate category. Some students opt for a résumé format that includes a separate skills section or lists skills rather than integrating them into the "Relevant Experience" section.

What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Stage 1: Fear of punishment and obedience. Stage 2: Opportunistic- me focused - whats in it for me, reward Stage 3- Approval of authorities -trying to be good Stage 4- law and order -compliance Stage 5- principles evaluated and accepted Stage 6- universal ethical prinicples Stage 7- guide the next generation -obligation to teach the next generation what is right and wrong

Different types of interviews:

Telephone interviews are often used during the early screening phases of the interview process. When being interviewed via videoconference, try to imagine the camera is a person and respond accordingly. This means making eye contact with the camera and smiling. Face-to-face interviews also come in a variety of formats, which include the standard one-on-one interview, a series of one-on-one interviews, panel interviews, and interviews with multiple interviewees. The same rules that apply Job interview formats can be one-on-one,in the standard one-on-one interview apply in each of these settings, but keep a few things in mind for each context. If you have a series of one-on-one interviews, you may feel as though you are repeating yourself. But remember, each interviewer is hearing your information for the first time, so not only it is okay to repeat yourself, it is necessary

Types of resumes? Other important info for resumes?

The chronological résumé emphasizes employment and/or experience history, listing elements in reverse chronological order (i.e., your most recent experience first). This format is especially useful to new graduates or those with limited work experience. This functional (skill based) résumé emphasizes skills and attributes that can be applied to a variety of employment situations; your skills are broken down into categories that quickly communicate to employers what you can do for them. This format is useful for candidates without direct employment-related experience or for those who wish to work in fields unrelated to their academic major. For many candidates, a combination of elements from the chronological and functional résumé formats works best. Regardless of which résumé type you select, your résumé will include some or all of the following sections.

what is role taking?

The critical funct of human comm Sending and receiving messages, offering feedback, identifying the role of different communicators. Role taking and feed back keeps the transaction flowing. Role-taking is the process of stepping into another person's shoes and looking at a situation from their perspective in order to better understand their needs, feelings, and motives. In the context of business communication, role-taking involves being able to empathize with other people and to consider their perspectives when communicating and collaborating with them. Role-taking is an important skill for effective communication and relationship-building in the workplace. By being able to understand and respect others' perspectives, you can build trust, develop more productive working relationships, and avoid misunderstandings or conflicts. To practice role-taking, it can be helpful to ask open-ended questions, actively listen to what others are saying, and be willing to compromise or adjust your own views or behavior in order to better meet the needs of others. It's also important to be aware of your own biases and assumptions, and to be open to feedback and new perspectives.

What is the deal with communication relationships? ( hiearchy)

The perceived social hierarchy between communicators significantly influences the nature of the interaction -> Whether is be strangers or intimate relation. - organizational structures require that you be fluid in switching comm strategies depending on the relationship with the other communicator. - includes not only initial comm, also the type of feedback you give and appropriate amount of self disclosure. - effective communicators are shown to affect employee engagement and work place relationships.

What is gossip? What is the grapevine?

The unnecessary sharing of personal information about someone in a way that can harm them. Grapevine communication is indirect and informal. Basically, it means gleaning information from places other than the official source. Rumors, "he said/she said" situations, gossip, and "games of telephone" are other terms used to describe grapevine communication. The grape vine has 80% accuracy. Info is powerful and we trust people with this confidential info. WE NEED TO MAKE IT CLEAR IF THE INFORMATION IS OKAY TO SHARE OR IF WE CAN SHARE THE EXACT MESSAGE. - gossip = feathers

what is the deal of previous communication experiences?

The way people respond initially to new business transactions depends greatly on their previous communication experiences in similar situations. Depending if a situation is negative or positive, it will help form the basis of how you communicate in sim transactions in the future. Initial communication impression is of critical importance

what is the deal with cultural influences

The way we communicate, with whom we communicate, and what we communicate are almost always influenced by culture. Culture: an ongoing social institution that has its own set of behavior rules. Organizational culture: it influences how we frame our communication with others within and outside an org. To be a competent communicator in your org, you must be dynamic in adhering to the rules and norms of different comm styles.

What is the deal with the flow of communication

There is upward which is flowing up. There is downward which flows down. Usually in business it is downward but now business are listening to the people at the bottom, they know the problems at hand. Horizontal which is between people at the same level. i.e. colleagues.

what are the dimensions of nonverbal communication usage?

Used to make sense of things in both personal and professional contexts. immediacy: evaluation of things -Immediacy refers to the degree of closeness, involvement, and warmth that exists in communication. Nonverbal communication cues that signal immediacy include direct eye contact, smiling, leaning in towards the other person, and physical touch. status: perception of behaviors -Status refers to the level of social or professional standing that an individual has in relation to others. Nonverbal cues that signal status include body posture, gestures, tone of voice, and use of personal space. High-status individuals are more likely to use expansive gestures, speak more loudly, and take up more physical space, while low-status individuals are more likely to make themselves physically smaller and speak more softly. responsiveness: perception of activity -Responsiveness refers to the degree of interest and attention that individuals show towards others in communication. Nonverbal cues that signal responsiveness include nodding, maintaining eye contact, and using verbal expressions of understanding or agreement. Responsiveness can help to build rapport and establish trust in interpersonal interactions.

What is verbal communication? What are some rules? Regulative and Constitutive?

Verbal: communication created through language. -symbols: abstract, vague, arbitrary -communication rules: shared understanding, what constitutes communication. -There are regulative rules, or the when, where, how and with whom. rules that govern behavior in contexts where there is little or no existing structure, and different parties have different agendas. They are used to guide communication in situations where there is uncertainty, and are often unspoken. -Constitutive:rules that define what communication means by specifying how certain communicative acts are to be counted. These rules allow us to interpret and understand speech acts and define the meaning behind them, including what counts as a promise, a threat, a request, and so on. i.e. level of eye contact and show affection levels -The main difference between regulative rules and constitutive rules is that regulative rules govern behavior and provide guidance for appropriate communication in situations where there is little or no existing structure, whereas constitutive rules define what communication means by specifying the rules for interpreting and understanding speech acts. Regulative rules address questions like "How am I supposed to behave in this context?" while constitutive rules address questions like "What does this particular message or behavior mean?" Essentially, regulative rules guide behavior, while constitutive rules guide interpretation. -Effective communication involves accurate interpretations of others verbal messages as meaning is co created. -This process of meaning construction is also symbolic because we can use words to think about what things mean. This means symbols serve both as communication tools and mental tools to construct understanding of the social-emotional world. -Because of the need for interpretation of meaning, being an audience centered communicator is a must for professional excellence.

What is non-verbal communication?

communication without words -conveys thoughts, attitudes, and perception -55% of messages conveyed non verbally it is difficult to control non verbal vs. verbal. communication is optimized in the eyes of some scholars when verbal and non verbal elements operate in an integrated fashion, producing a coordinated and synchronized effect. non verbal communication precedes and perhaps structures all subsequent communication. Nonverbal is distinct in its ability to regulate verbal behaviors by coordinating our verbal and non verbal behavior in the production of our messages or those of our communication partner.

What are the codes of nonverbal communication?

Vocalics: how people use their voices -vocal cues: tone, volume, articulation, pitch rate - Space: proxemics: how people create/use space/distance -four zones of space: -intimate 0-18" -personal 18"-4' -social zone 4'-12' - public 12'-beyond -our relationship with power and status, and our cultural backgrounds determine how physically close we get to others and how close we let others get to us. Environment: constructed/natural surroundings that influence communication. Six ways to perceive the environment: -formality, warmth, privacy, familiarity, constraint, and distance. These environmental factors we create and control are what serve as a non verbal message to others that enter our space. The environment we create for ourselves speaks volumes about those relationships we consider the most important. Physical appearance: bodies nonverbally communicates -important connection between appearances and nonverbal -artifacts: jewelry, tattoos, makeup, eyeglasses -don't want to distract from what they were saying -making the connection between physical appearance and non verbal communication is important for two reasons: (1) The way we represent ourselves and our physical appearance reveal a lot about who we are, and (2) the physical appearance of other people influences our perception of them, how we talk to them, how approachable they are, how attractive or unattractive we think they are, and so on. Body movement: kinesics: study of movement, gestures, posture 5 categories: emblems- nonverbal substitute words -illustrator: complement what you are saying verbally - affect display: facial expressions -regulators- turning taking- regulates the flow of the convo Head nods, vocal expressions (such as um), facial expressions, body postures, and eye contact can be seen as connectors that keep the conversation together and make it coherent. When these sorts of nonverbal cues are absent from a conversation, it might trigger a negative reaction, and we could come to believe that our conversational partner is not listening at all -adaptors: release the tension you feel in communication. - used to regulate the situation and to make yourself feel more haptics: Haptics refers to the use of touch in c

What are the guidelines for a plan of action?

What are the crucial facts and assumptions? Who should participate in the decision making process? which action best meets my basic objective? which action will do more harm than good? What action can I live with in good consciousness? What can we actually accomplish? What are the major steps in the action plan? You may lose no matter what. What decision makes you lose the least?

What are illegal questions:

What is an illegal question? According to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII, and subsequent legislation, employers may not consider race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or age when hiring or promoting employees. Therefore, they legally can't ask questions related to these categories. - If you are offered the job, you may decide not to take it because this question might be an indicator of a hostile work environment. At the very least, you should report this behavior to someone higher in the organization.

what are some questions to ask when dealing with an ethical dilemma?

What issues are questioned? Whose responsibility? Individual vs. Company? At what risk should one become involved? Does the means justify the end? What can I live with in good conscience?

How to develop and online or electronic resume?

When it comes to submitting electronic or scannable résumés, you must be sensitive to the style and formatting of the document. Electronic résumés should be prepared in common programs, such as Microsoft Word. Scannable résumés should be simplistic; so avoid any decorative fonts or graphics. For electronic applications, you'll most likely be cutting information from your résumé and pasting it into the application. Although this may allow you to include more information than the standard one-page résumé, the information presented should still be concise and relevant.

What is the deal with follow up?

When the interview ends, be certain to thank your interviewer verbally. Once you return home from the interview, formalize your thank you with a card. - A handwritten thank-you card for the interviewer not only demonstrates professional excellence but also guarantees that the interviewer will think of you favorably after the interview. If you were interviewed by more than one person, you can either send a thank-you card to everyone who interviewed you or send just one card to your main contact and mention the other parties in the message (Crosby, 2000; Vanevenhoven, Delaney-Klinger, Winkel, & Wagner, 2011). If you have been communicating with the interviewer via email, then you can send the thank-you message through email. If any additional information was requested during the interview, get that information to your potential employer immediately. This will demonstrate your enthusiasm for the position and your attention to detail.

What is the deal with workplace communication?

Workplace communication refers to the exchange of information, messages, and ideas between individuals or groups in a professional setting. This type of communication can occur through a variety of mediums, such as face-to-face conversations, phone calls, emails, instant messaging, and video conferencing. Effective workplace communication is essential for building positive relationships, promoting collaboration and teamwork, and achieving organizational goals. In addition to verbal communication, workplace communication also involves nonverbal communication cues, such as body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice. It can also include written communication, such as reports, memos, and emails. Effective workplace communication requires clear and concise messages, active listening skills, and an understanding of the social and cultural context in which communication is occurring.

what is denotation vs. connotation?

denotation: dictionary definition connotation: different definition based on person

What is the deal with communication channels?

location alters to communication approach. aggressive/assertive tone versus email/face to face. channel of communication can have an affect on the communication itself.

What is the deal with negotiating?

process involves more than just saying yes. Once an offer is made, the ball is in your court. This is the time to ask clarifying questions about salary, benefits, work conditions, and the like. This is also the Thank-you letters, especially handwritten ones, are an excellent way to follow up after an interview time to negotiate. A negotiation is a discussion between two or more parties to reach an agreement that concludes some matter. However, the skills and strategies used to engage in employment negotiations are the same skills and strategies needed to successfully negotiate personnel issues, contracts, legal matters, and other workplace issues. -The first rule to good negotiation is to act with professional excellence. In fact, negotiation experts often stress the need to maintain a polite, collegial, and collaborative tone. During negotiations, both parties should be looking for the best solution to meet the needs of both sides. Using the united approach, described in detail in Chapter 7, is an excellent strategy for achieving this objective. -According to Hansen (n.d.), you should let the employer make the first offer, but you should not feel obligated to accept that offer if it is inadequate. How will you know if it is inadequate? You must do your homework and research salary norms, as well as benefits and other perks, for the industry, the region, and this organization. in fact, doing your homework and thoroughly researching the situation is critical for all types of negotiation. You can't negotiate a contract if you have no idea what is acceptable and expected in the industry. -According to Johnson (2012), you must also research your value. Your value based on factors such as education, length of experience, certifications, and management responsibility. Throughout your career, your value will increase, as will your ability to negotiate better contracts for yourself. In other words, the need to negotiate effectively becomes increasingly important as your career progresses. -One common mistake made during negotiations is failing to negotiate for things other than salary. For example, performance expectations, benefits, moving expenses, equipment, and vacation time are all extremely valuable. It ma