HDFS 225 Week 1-3

___ is when a person adjusts his or her cognitive structures to fit new information

Accommodation

Two complementary processes involved in adaptation are what?

Accommodation and Assimilation

Joey is graduating high school at age 18. This is an example of a normative ____ graded influence.

Age

According to Freud, the ____ stage of psychosexual development occurs between the 1 1/2 and 3 years of age.

Anal

Taking in new info and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures is called?

Assimilation

During Erickson's stage of _____ versus shame and doubt, young children begin to assert their independence

Autonomy

What are principles in Balte's explanation of the life span?

Development is lifelong and multi directional

What is a family's socioeconomic status based on?

Education, income, occupation

College students developing long-term relationships are in what phase of development?

Emerging adulthood.

According to ___, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life and, at each stage, a unique developmental task confronts the individual.

Erik Erikson

Individuals belonging to an ____ have distinct ancestry, religion, language, culture and national origin. This allows them to have shared beliefs and backgrounds.

Ethnic group

The study of behavior that is tied to evolution, strongly affected by biological influence, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods is known as ________.

Ethology

What theory suggest people choose partners to procreate with based on characteristics they want their children to have?

Evolutionary psychology

The goals of developmental scientists is to ___, ______, and ______ human behavior.

Explain, Describe, and predict

A House with multi-generational kin-ship in it is called ____________.

Extended Family

When a behavior is no longer reinforced, it will be _____ or returned to baseline level.

Extinguished

What stage of Erickson's theory do children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require purposeful behavior?

Initiative vs Guilt

What is Erickson's sixth developmental stage, in which individuals form intimate relationships?

Intimacy vs isolation

integrity versus despair happens during ___ adulthood.

Late

The psychosexual stage that is LEAST amount of anxiety and is relatively calm with respect to emotions is what?

Latency Stage

No age predominates development. This means that development is seen to be ______.

Lifelong

According to the __________ approach, development is a life-long process.

Lifespan development

What is the culture in which adolescents live known as according to Brofennbrenner's theory?

Macrosystem

What are the component's of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

Macrosystem, chronosystem, exosystem, mesosystem, microsystem

The unfolding of the natural sequence of physical and behavioral change is called _______.

Maturation

A _______ theorist would view development as continuous.

Mechanistic

The belief that people are like machines that react to environment input is identified as the ____ model

Mechanistic

Observational learning is also referred to as ____.

Modeling

Some aspect of our development shrink and some grow as we develop. This is why our development is seen to be as ______.

Multidirectional

An atypical event(s) is a ________ life event that happens to a particular person or a typical event that happens at an unusual time or life.

Nonnormative

A ____ age-graded influence describes influences that are similar for people of a particular age group.

Normative

A set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe, explain, and predict behavior

Scientific Theory

John Locke believed that a young child is born "tabula rasa," or as a blank ____

Slate

What statements are consistent with what happens at each developmental stage in Erickson's psycho social theory?

There is a crisis that must be resolved, and there is a need to balance the positive and negative tendency

When is reinforcement most effective?

When it immediately follows a behavior

John Bowlby drew upon his knowledge of proximity-seeking behavior in animals of different species as he formed ideas about______ in humans.

attachment

During Erikson's stage of ____ versus shame, and doubt, young children being to assert their independence.

autonomy

According to social learning, development is

bidirectional

What are the two types of associative learning

operant and classical conditioning

The ______ model considers the driving force for change as internal but understands that environmental influences can speed or slow development

organismic

In cognitive theory, a persons tendency to create categories is called ____

organization

Developmental science is

party subjective

The process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called _______.

reinforcement

A organismic theorist believes that development occurs in ____.

stages

One criticism of cognitive theories of development is that

there is not enough emphasis on individual variation

____ is a form of operant conditioning used to eliminate undesirable behavior or to instill positive behavior.

Behavior modification

Key factors of Bandura's social cognitive theory

Behavior, environment, cognition

In Bronfenbrenner's theory, what is the patterning of environmental events that transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances?

Chronosystem

Thinking, reasoning, and creativity are all apart of _____ development.

Cognitive

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, the ____ stage, children can perform operations that involves objects.

Concrete Operational

Normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and non-normative life events are all part o the view that development is _____.

Contextual

Which of the following are considered major theoretical perspectives in psychology? Contextual descriptive cognitive predictive psychoanalytic

Contextual, cognitive, psychoanalytic

Which of the following issues in development compares change that is gradual and incremental versus abrupt or uneven?

Continuity vs discontinuity

___ period is a specific time when a given event, or its absence, has a specific impact on its development.

Critical

Which of the following are important contributions of Erickson's psychosocial theory of development?

Cultural influences, social influences, and the focus on development beyond adolescence

Key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory?

Culture and Social interaction

____ is the information gathered by research

Data

Which if Piaget's stages of cognitive development involves a person being able to think abstractly, reason through hypothetical situations, and think about possibilities?

Formal Operations

Piaget's theory of cognitive development was comprised of what?

Four stages, states that we organize our experiences and adapt to change.

The theorist who developed psychoanalytic perspective is?

Freud

A middle-aged father works hard to ensure that all of his children are able to attend college. Erickson would call this stage _____ versus stagnation.

Generavity

Sexual reawakening happens in which of Freud's stages of psychosexual development?

Genital

Baby boomers share the memory of the Cuban missile crisis from their youth, This is an example of a normative ____-graded influence.

History

The scientific study of pattern of change and stability for people across the life span is called _______ _______.

Human Development.

A ______ is a tentative explanation or prediction that can be tested by further research.

Hypothesis

What stage of Erickson's theory establishes "who am I" part of their lives? The _____ vs identity ____ stage of development?

Identity, confusion

Konrad Lorenz coined the term ____ which describes the rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen when a young goose hatches.

Imprinting

Which of the following is not a domain in the nature of human development? Individual domain Cognitive domain physical domain Psychosocial domain

Individual Domain

The stage of Erickson's theory that children usually in elementary school years direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills

Industry vs inferiority

Which theoretical approach asserts that individuals develop an increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering information that allows them to require increasingly complex knowledge and skills?

Information-processing

A family with the parents and their immediate children is called a ____________.

Nuclear Family

The stage of psychoanalytic theory that involves feeding as the main source of sensual pleasure

Oral Stage

According to the ____ model, people are viewed as active and growing organisms that set their own development in motion.

Organismic

Evolutionary developmental psychologists study topics of evolutionary principles in

Parenting strategies, gender differences, and peer relationships

What psychoanalytic stage do boys and girls develop sexual attachment to their mothers and fathers?

Phallic stage

The term ____ in development refers to the capacity for change.

Plasticity

About 2-7 years of age children reach what stage of Piaget's cognitive development?

Preoperational

What comprises the late adulthood period of development? Coping with the loss of one's faculties Preparing for death A time of economic growth and career development

Preparing for death & coping with the loss of one's faculties

When Rebecca holds the bird, it bites her. Therefore she doesn't want to hold the bird anymore. This reaction is an example of the effect of _______.

Punishment

If a researcher is interested in measuring how many friends a person has based on peer status rather than what friendship is, then he/she is looking at a change from a ____ view.

Quantitative

Baltes believed that what three goals of human development (which corresponded to the three broad stages of life) often conflict and compete with each other?

Regulation of loss, Maintenance, and Growth.

According to Vygotsky's work, the temporary support that parents, teachers, or others give a child in doing a task until the child can do it alone is called ____.

Scaffolding

People create increasingly complex cognitive structures called ______, ways of organizing information about the world that govern the way the child thinks and behaves in a particular situation.

Scheme

What happens to children when they receive too much or too little of gratification in any of Freud's psychosexual stages?

They are at risk of fixation and this disruption in development can show up in adult personality

Culture includes a groups' __________ Language Traditions values size

Traditions, Values, Language

True or false, John Locke = blank slates, & Jacques Rousseau = noble savages

True

True or false: Through operant conditioning, a behavior followed by a reward is more likely to recur.

True

Erickson's first stage, basic ____ versus basic___, babies develop expectations about the world that sets the stage for later development.

Trust, mistrust

Characteristics of a nonnormative life event in a person's life include:

Unusual event, it can have a major influence on one's life, and it disturbs the expected sequence of the life cycle.

What are examples of cognitive theories of development?

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, information-processing theory, and Piaget's developmental theory

The virtue gained in integrity versus despair is _____.

Wisdom

Kids in colonial times were excepted to ______.

Work

The nurture portion of the nature Vs nurture controversy can be described as ____.

a psychological and environmental perspective on how people develop

Qualitative change is considered to be _____.

discontinuous

The shift from assimilation to accommodation that occurs as we are faced with new information is called ___.

equilibration

In contemporary psychology, much attention is focused on the biological and _____ bases of behavior

evolutionary

Behaviors that developed to solve problems, in adapting to an earlier environment are called _____.

evolved mechanisms

In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the ___ consist of links between a social setting in which the person does not have an active role and the person's immediate environment.

exosystem

When a child's parents are involved in his/her education and attend parent-teacher conferences, volunteer in the classroom, and work on a PTO the child's grades improve.

mesosystem

In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the environmental system that includes the setting in which the person lives is the

microsystem