HDFS Final
Which of the following correlations is the strongest?
-.77
At ________ years of age, romantic relations are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships.
17 to 19
A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes divides by mitosis to form two new cells. How many pairs of chromosomes does each new cell contain?
23
Aaron is a healthy, 65-year-old man. Compared with his 24-year-old son Harry, Aaron has much less brain volume. Which of the following is most likely the reason for this difference?
Aaron is experiencing shrinkage of neurons.
Which of the following is true of children in divorced families?
Children in divorced families are no more likely than children in nondivorced families to have academic problems.
Which of the following statements is true of peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood?
Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately thirty percent of their time with peers.
Which of the following can be the most useful benefit of denying one's imminent death?
Denial can help insulate the dying person from coping with intense feelings of anger
Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills?
Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children.
Which of the following is true of the influence of education on the cognitive functioning of older adults?
For older adults with less education, frequently engaging in cognitive activities improve their episodic memory.
Hashim, a 69-year-old, makes errors while performing tasks. He is unable to detect and correct the errors. He is also unable to deal effectively with difficult or novel circumstances. Given this information, it can be said that:
Hashim has deficiencies in executive attention.
Kevin is 60 years old. What should he do to delay the onset of physical disability?
He should walk regularly.
Which of the following statements is true of the hormonal stress theory of aging?
It argues that when faced with external challenges such as stressful situations, the human body adapts by altering internal physiological processes.
_____ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes.
Proteins
Baku is a local guide living and working in Kenya. While explaining some of the local cultures and practices to a group of tourists, he tells that some tribes have customs that relate to rites of passage. A tourist asks Baku about the importance of rites of passage. Which of the following statements would most likely be Baku's response?
Rites of passage mostly focus on the transition of adolescents to adult status.
Which of the following statements is true of the development of self-understanding in children?
Self-understanding becomes more complex in middle and late childhood.
Which of the following observations is true of finding meaning and purpose in lives in the event of death?
Studies have found that spirituality helps buffer dying individuals from severe depression.
Which of the following is true of research findings on depression in older adults?
Suicidal ideation is strongly associated with depression severity in older adults.
If born today in the United States, which of the following persons would have the highest life expectancy?
Susanna who is a Latino female
Identify a true statement about retirement in the United States.
The option to retire is a late-20th-century phenomenon.
Which of the following is an advantage of a dying individual knowing that he or she is dying?
The person can close their lives in a way that is consistent with their own ideas about proper dying.
Mike is an American citizen residing in Colorado. He is diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer. He decides to undergo chemotherapy, but his doctor informs him that there is only a slim chance for an improvement in his condition. The doctor also tells him that he has only a few weeks to live. Suffering from deep pain and discomfort, Mike loses the hope to live. He then requests his doctor to provide a lethal injection that can be self-administered. After consulting his family and completing the paperwork, he self-administers the injection and passes away peacefully. Which of the following statements is true of this scenario?
This is a case of assisted suicide.
Which of the following strategies would be most helpful in improving memory in middle age?
Use an organization strategy to categorize information to be remembered.
According to research studies, which of the following statements about widows is true?
Volunteering reduced widowed older adults' loneliness.
Which of the following is true of attention?
When two competing tasks are reasonably easy, age differences among adults are minimal or nonexistent.
In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, children of authoritative parents differ from children of authoritarian parents in that children of authoritative parents
are more achievement-oriented.
Regular binge drinking can change blood flow, and it can be a precursor for developing ________, which refers to hardening of the arteries.
arteriosclerosis
Mrs. Hernandez has considerable pain and inflammation in her wrists, fingers, and knees. It is becoming quite difficult for her to maintain her usual routines as her stiffness increases. Mrs. Hernandez has
arthritis.
Gisela is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lenses of her eyes. This causes her vision to become cloudy or distorted. Identify the condition that Gisela is suffering from.
cataracts
The majority of older adults aged 80 and over
continue to live in the community.
Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to the decline in fluid mechanics in late adulthood?
decline in processing speed
The vision of older adults can be affected by age-related changes. One of these changes, which can make steps or street curbs difficult to manage, is a decline in
depth perception
Landon is 45 years old, and he is obese and suffers from hypertension. He was recently diagnosed with a condition called metabolic syndrome and was advised to exercise every day as well as eat small and healthy meals. In this scenario, which of the following is Landon most likely to suffer from because of his condition?
diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Which of the following biological reasons explains women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases?
estrogen production and the additional X chromosome
Angelique is in the final stage of breast cancer. Her latest reports indicate that the cancer cells have spread to her lungs and other organs. She knows that she does not have a chance to fight this battle and hence accepts the fact that she will die in a couple of weeks. She requests her doctor to end her life painlessly through medication as she is not able to bear the pain. Which of the following acts is Angelique requesting her doctor to perform?
euthanasia
Rhett is looking for the most effective way to lose his excess weight and keep it off. You would tell him that the most effective weight-loss programs invariably include
exercise.
Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is
experiencing pain.
A fertilized human egg cannot grow into a crocodile, duck, or fish specifically because of:
genetic code.
Currently in the United States, approximately 90 percent of hospice care is provided
in the patients' homes.
Which of the following is a probably reason for the decline in working memory in older adults
increased distractibility
Stuart is 67 years old, widowed, and lives alone. Recently, he has started drinking too much and frequently engages in binge drinking. Stuart's example presents a case of
late-onset alcoholism.
The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the lifespan perspective that development is:
lifelong
Studies support the conclusion that gifted people tend to be:
more mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate.
Molly is writing an article for her school newspaper about frequent causes of death in children in middle childhood. Which of the following is the most common cause?
motor vehicle accidents
Basilio, a cocaine addict, sustained severe and irreversible brain damage because of an accidental overdose of drugs. After spending weeks in the hospital, he did not show any signs of improvement. His wife and children then decided to request the hospital authorities to remove his life-support system in order to allow Basilio to die. In this scenario, the withholding of the life-support system is an example of ________ euthanasia.
passive
Venette recounts a funny story that she had recently heard to her friend Clarice. Clarice tells her that she has heard the story before, and, in fact, she had been the one to originally tell the story to Venette. From the scenario, it can be said that Venette has poor ________ memory.
source
Kim is having difficulty coping with the death of her baby who appeared healthy at birth but stopped breathing and died with no apparent cause within 4 days. The doctor who attends to her baby informs her that her baby died in his sleep during the night. He also tells Kim that the reason for the baby's death is unknown. Which of the following is most likely the cause of the baby's death?
sudden infant death syndrome
Nadine is a 1-year-old infant. Her doctor wants to assess the development of her fine motor skills. In this scenario, which of Nadine's abilities is the doctor most likely to focus on?
the ability to reach and grasp
Baby Jane, a three-day-old infant, is shown four drawings: a bright blue square, a white oval, a yellow circle, and a drawing of a face. According to Robert Fantz's visual preference method, which drawing would she probably prefer to look at for a longer time?
the drawing of a face
Which of the following was considered to be clear signs of death 30 years ago?
the end of certain biological functions such as breathing
According to fuzzy trace theory, ________ consists of the precise details of the information.
the verbatim memory trace
Identify the dual struggle often faced by immigrants to the United States.
to preserve identity and to acculturate
Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer than B and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is:
transitivity.
Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?
typing on a computer while talking to a friend
According to Paul Baltes, which of the following is most likely to deteriorate as a person's age increases?
visual and motor memory
Which of the following statements is true about brain development?
Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later.
Which of the following statements is true about circumstances when mothers should not breast feed their infants?
Mothers should not breast feed when they are infected with HIV.
A recent study of college students from low-SES backgrounds and high-SES backgrounds conducted by VanKim and Laska showed that college students from low-SES backgrounds ________ than their higher-SES counterparts.
ate more fast food and fewer fruits and vegetables
The idea that no singular theory can explain lifespan development as a whole, but that each theory plays an important role, is referred to as a(n):
eclectic theoretical orientation.
The children of ________ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.
emotion-coaching
Eight-year-old Sara's mom has repeatedly called her fat and worthless, which has caused Sara to become withdrawn at home and in school. These actions are best characterized as
emotional abuse.
Peter is a senior partner at his law firm and is a leader in his church and community. Both of his children are in college. Peter's situation is most representative of which period of development?
middle adulthood
Which of the following statements is true of sleep in middle age?
Habitual sleep deprivation in adults is linked to morbidity, especially among people with cardiovascular disease.
Ajith was able to pursue gymnastics with the support and encouragement from his family. During his career as a sportsperson, he represented his country at several international gymnastic competitions. In the context of physical performance and development, which of the following is most likely true of Ajith?
He won most of his medals during his late teens.
Which of the following statements is true about cardiovascular disease in children?
High blood pressure goes undiagnosed in seventy-five percent of children with the disease.
Which of the following statements is true about the various aspects of emerging adulthood?
Increased freedom that is available to emerging adults in Western society places a premium on the capacity to plan ahead and make positive choices.
Which of the following is true of life expectancy in the United States?
It increased by 32 years in the 20th century.
In the context of neurons, which of the following statements is true of the myelin sheath?
It is a layer of fat cells that insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon.
Which of the following women has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome?
Jane, a 41-year-old Euro-American woman
Sandra and Selena are both in high school. Sandra thinks that being a member of a crowd is more helpful in forming friendships than being a member of a clique, but Selena thinks otherwise. Which of the following statements most likely supports Selena's argument?
A crowd is less personal than a clique.
As an orthopedic surgeon, Carla is advising her patient who is in his mid-20s to make some changes to his diet and include exercises in his daily routine as that would ensure his bone density is normal. Which of the following statements, if true, best supports her advice?
By the end of midlife, bones break more easily and heal more slowly.
Which of the following statements is true about adopted children?
Children who are adopted early in life are more likely to have positive outcomes than those adopted later in life.
In the context of the developmental changes in emotions during the middle and late childhood years, who among the following children most likely exhibits the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions?
Chris, who has learned to tone down his anger when one of his classmates irritates him.
Clark's eyes are brown in color. However, both his parents have eyes that are blue in color. According to the dominant-recessive genes principle, the most likely reason for Clark's eyes being brown in color is that:
Clark's parents are carriers of genes contributing to brown eyes.
Which of the following statements is true about the timing of identity development?
College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students.
Which of the following statements is true of working memory?
Decline in working memory is more likely to occur when individuals do not use effective memory strategies, such as organization and imagery.
Which of the following statements is true about the trends in juvenile delinquency in the United States?
Delinquency rates among lower-socioeconomic-status youth are higher than the proportions of these groups within the general population.
According to Piaget, the ________ stage of cognitive development characterizes adults as well as adolescents.
formal operational
James, an American, will be most likely considered as an adult by his peers and community when he ________, whereas Nirmal, who lives in Bangladesh, will be most likely considered as an adult by his community when he ________.
gets a full-time job / gets married
The National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health that surveyed more than 12,000 adolescents found that those who did not eat dinner with a parent five or more days a week:
had dramatically higher rates of smoking and drinking.
According to an increasing number of studies in the United States, compared with younger people, older people:
have better relationships with people they care about.
Shane's family wants him to decide on the career that he wants to pursue. His parents are doctors and would prefer that he study medicine. However, Shane does not seem very keen on deciding on his career at the moment. In this scenario, which of the following statuses of identity is Shane experiencing?
identity diffusion
According to Erik Erikson, during the ________ stage, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.
identity versus identity confusion
Julio, a 12-year-old, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. In the context of Erik Erikson's eight stages of human development, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of
inferiority
According to Denise Park, much of the blame for declining memory in late middle age is a result of
information overload that builds up over the adult years.
When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is
insecure resistant.
In a controversial study to know the extent to which self-esteem changes during adolescence, it was found that self-esteem:
is almost nonexistent in adolescence.
Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child, they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of
joint parenting.
The ________ is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.
least restrictive environment (LRE)
Lillette, 9, has been diagnosed with ________, a cancer in which the bone marrow manufactures an abundance of abnormal white blood cells that crowd out normal cells, making her susceptible to bruising and infection.
leukemia
When developing his class, Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs throughout adulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a(n) _____ approach to developmental change.
lifespan
Most individuals who have X-linked diseases are males because:
males have only one copy of the X chromosome.
Megan, who is eight years old, has a test tomorrow. "It's an easy test," she tells her mother. "I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart. I finished studying for it yesterday. I know that I'll remember everything I need to know." Megan is exhibiting her
metamemory.
As people enter adolescence, they start focusing more time on romantic relationships and spend less time with friends as a result. This illustrates how development is:
multidirectional.
Red-feathered and blue-feathered birds occupy the same environment. The birds with the red feathers are better able to survive and avoid predators. This means that the population of red-feathered birds will increase in future generations. This illustrates the process of:
natural selection.
Similar to the epigenetic view, the ________ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development.
neuroconstructivist
Andrew is 60 and is starting to have memory lapses and struggling to complete things that used to take him no time at all. He finds himself forgetting driving routes that he used to know. Andrew might be experiencing the developmental pattern called _____.
pathological aging
Anthony is just starting to crawl and has taken to following his mother around the house. He also lifts his arms up to her when he wants to be picked up. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which phase is Anthony currently in?
phase 3
Which of the following would be an appropriate course of treatment for a person diagnosed with cystic fibrosis?
physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics
Floods in the Midwest left 40,000 people homeless, and Keith's family is one of the families affected by the disaster. He is trying to help his son, Judd, cope with the tragedy. In this scenario, which of the following is a recommendation that Keith should follow to help Judd cope with the stress?
Keith should allow Judd to retell the details of the event and be patient in listening to him.
Identify a true statement about Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
Kohlberg's theory puts justice at the heart of morality.
Derek is a young adult who recently graduated from college. Despite excelling at academics, he is unable to find a meaningful job. Derek has maturity fears, which he has been experiencing since his early adolescent years. He continues to live with his parents and relies on them for financial support. According to Joseph and Claudia Allen, which of the following should Derek's parents have done to launch him adequately into the adult years?
They should have created service learning opportunities for him.
Jana's doctor is treating her for ADHD. Which of the following treatment plans would her doctor most likely recommend to achieve better results?
a combination of stimulant medications and behavior management
Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to:
a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Infancy experts Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby stress that ________ is an important ingredient in developing a strong bond between the infant and the caregiver.
a quick, comforting response to the infant's cries
A longitudinal study of individuals from their early 30s through their late 60s/early 70s showed that
a significant increase in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood.
Karen believes that her qualities and learning abilities cannot change despite all her efforts. Therefore, she has decided not to try at all and let her grades plummet. In the context of Carol Dweck's description of mindsets, which of the following best describes Karen's mindset?
fixed mindset
Mark is a 4-month-old toddler. Which of the following emotions would he show at this age?
primary
Clara has been recently diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. She has fevers frequently and has chronic fatigue. She is also losing weight at an alarming rate. There is no cure for her condition. Given this information, it can be said that Clara has been diagnosed with _____.
AIDS
Identify an outcome, which is supported by research, for infants who are breast fed when compared with bottle-fed infants.
Breast-fed infants are less likely to develop type 1 diabetes in childhood than bottle-fed infants.
Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant?
Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
Darren is an active twelve-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, Darren tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?
self-regulation
Maribel works as a housekeeper at a hotel. She has no autonomy in her work, works long hours, and feels quite stressed by her job. Kim is a lawyer who works long hours but has control over her work and a great office environment. Ann Crouter would say that
Maribel's children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Kim's children.
According to Petersen and Hyde, which of the following statements is true about sexual attitudes and behavior among men and women?
Men usually hold stronger permissive attitudes about casual sex than their female counterparts.
Which of the following statements is true of changes in weight in middle age?
On average, body fat accounts for about 20 percent or more of body weight in middle age.
In the context of child maltreatment, which of the following would most likely constitute child neglect?
allowing chronic truancy
Suzie, aged three, must eat everything on her plate at dinner. When she does not, her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, watching television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's father is most likely a(n)
authoritarian parent.
Paul has a gene-linked abnormality, and as a result suffers from an X-linked inheritance disease. Because of this disease, Paul suffers from internal and external bleeding due to delayed blood clotting. Which of the following will effectively treat Paul's condition?
blood transfusions
Howard, a middle-aged man, is suffering from erectile problems. He consults his doctor to know about the likely causes for his condition. He tells his doctor that he has been suffering from diabetes and low blood pressure. He also tells his doctor that he is a weight lifter and hence spends 2 hours every day at the gym. He also tells his doctor that his recent blood test shows a lower level of natural killer (NK) cells. In this scenario, which of the following would the doctor mention as the most likely cause for Howard's condition?
diabetes
Infant nighttime waking problems have consistently been linked to
excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions with the infant.
Tara holds her two-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in
face-to-face play.
A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of
scaffolding.
The social role theory suggests that
social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.
Quimby, a 15-month-old child, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in
social referencing.
Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because he is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says that Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny most likely describing?
stimulation and ego support
Fourteen-year-old Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed to end uncontrollable seizures. His right hemisphere gradually began to reorganize and take over functions that normally occurred in the brain's left hemisphere. This case study is cited in the chapter in order to demonstrate that
the brain is both flexible and resilient.
Which of the following is most likely to allow information to pass from neuron to neuron?
the chemical interactions in synapses that connect axons and dendrites
Caroline, a 25-year-old professional, has been dating Mike, her colleague, for the past 6 years. She wants to get married to him by the age of 30 and have kids with him before she turns 35. She feels that getting married to Mike and raising a family with him are her main goals in life and that these goals will show her the meaning of life. In the context of the four main needs for meaning proposed by Roy Baumeister and Kathleen Vohs, which of the following needs is highlighted in this scenario?
the need for purpose
Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that ________ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.
the structural immaturity of the infant brain
Four-year-old Harlan says, "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, has self-descriptions that are typically
unrealistically positive.
Mr. Trahan teaches English. He adopts a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is most likely that the students will be
working in groups to discover the meaning of a poem.