HDS 110 midterm 1, HDS 110 Final, HDS 110 midterm 2
10) What is so special about adolescence when it comes to learning? A) Adolescent brains have full executive function thus are best prepared for learning B) Adolescents, while still lacking in completely mature executive function, are still plastic and can overcome past biases unlike adults. C) Adolescence brains are just like children brains thus are still developing despite the difference in age D) Adolescents have a second wave of brain flexibility
b
10) Which of the following is true in relation to intelligence in humans? a) smaller brains are always more intelligent/smarter b) intelligence is affected by brain growth and experience. c) the least information the brain can process the more intelligent d) intelligence is best measured in IQ tests
b
1) For individuals with anxiety and affective disorders, MRI studies have reported structural anomalies in: A) the superior temporal sulcus, postcentral sulcus, and precentral gyrus B) the superior temporal gyrus, the ventral prefrontal cortex, and the amygdala C) the parahippocampal gyrus and entorhinal cortex D) the temporal lobe
b
1) Which area of the brain is the dominant location of language for the large majority of people? a) Right hemisphere b) Left hemisphere c) North hemisphere d) Hippocampus
b
1) Which of the following statements are not true? A) The limbic system is molded through the influences of both nature and nurture B) Emotion is processed equally in both sides of the brain C) The limbic system develops bottom up. D) None of the above
b
1) Which statement is true about intelligence in the frontal cortex? a) The prefrontal cortex tracks information from only the medulla b) Working memory and attention are critical to intellectual development c) Frontal lobes engage in the same kind of intelligence assessed by IQ tests d) All of the above
b
1. Between gastrulation and neurulation, which process occurs first in order to form the neural tube? a. they occur simultaneously b. gastrulation c. neurulation d. none, they only form the neural plate
b
1. What is the role of the subplate neurons in the developing brain? a. Develop structural and molecular elements that allow them to establish connections with other neurons b. directing the major sensory and motor pathways in the developing brain c. Direct movement by establish signaling pathways that either attract or repel migrating cells d. Guide and adhere to determine the direction of movement.
b
1. Which of the following negatively affects visual development the most? a. Stimulating environment b. Loss of vision in one eye: In the study of kittens' eyes being sown shut c. Synaptic pruning d. Loss of vision in both eyes
b
10) ____ is the first directional action system to operate in newborns, but it is not one where there is conscious awareness. a) Smooth pursuit b) Optokinetic nystagmus c) Where System d) None of the above
b
9) Testing memory in babies with a study known as "mobile conditioning" is based on what type of learning? a) habituation b) operant conditioning c) classical conditioning d) sensory-motor learning
b
9) Which two specific regions are especially involved in emotional experience? A) Left hemisphere and right hemisphere B) Orbitofrontal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus C) Hypothalamus and somatosensory system D) Limbic system and somatosensory system
b
9. What special sensory neurons are able to detect changes in a muscle when it is contracted? a. Motor neurons b. Proprioceptors c. Sensory neurons d. Supplemental neurons
b
9. Which of the following statements aligns with a nativist understanding in regards to nature-versus-nurture? a. Our understanding of concepts are based on our experiences with the environment. b. At the basis of conceptual development, there exists ubiquitous domain-specific core concepts. c. We acquire concepts through the process of experimentation. d. At the basis of conceptual development, there exists ubiquitous domain-general core concepts.
b
Are infants younger than 1 year old capable of deferred imitation? a. no b. yes
b
In Ancient Egypt, which organ did people believe was the most important organ for intellectual activity? a. stomach b. heart c. liver d. brain
b
Which approach to understanding neurodevelopmental disorders suggests that development plays a crucial role in shaping outcomes at that the environment changes throughout development? a. Empiricist b. Neuroconstructivist c. Nativist
b
Which aspect of vision is relatively well developed at birth? a. color vision b. peripheral vision c. contrast sensitivity d. depth perception
b
Which human sense bypasses the thalamus and can be transmitted directly to the cerebral cortex? a. taste b. smell c. vision d. hearing
b
Which improves more in childhood, declarative memory or implicit memory? a. implicit b. declarative
b
Which is the 'where' pathway for visual information? a. ventral b. dorsal
b
Which of the following is not a role of glial cells? a. producing myelin b. sending electrical signals c. regulating neural communication d. shaping cortical networks
b
Why do adolescents engage in risky behavior? a. They aren't able to inhibit their behavior b. The reward they experience from the risky behavior outweighs the knowledge of risks c. They don't understand the consequences of their behavior
b
2. Which of the following statements is false? a. Adolescents who go through puberty earlier, usually girls, tend to have better verbal skills. b. Adolescents who mature later, usually boys, tend to have better spatial skills. c. The right side of men's brains, which plays a bigger role in visual-spatial processing, is generally larger than the left. d. The right side of women's brains, which plays a bigger role in language processing, is generally larger than the left.
d
1. In the Hebel and Wiesel Study monocular deprivation resulted in: a. Different patterned results in the PVC, but the animals still showed little effect of input loss b. Similar patterned results in the PVC compared to the control group c. Different patterned results in the PVC and the animals had defective vision d. No organizational change of the PVC
c
1. What is false about the Maturational process that Johnson has hypothesized? a. As the brain begins maturing, it needs specific input to reach its optimal functionality b. The sensitive period is limited by physical maturation c. Certain regions of the brain are determined by their interactions with other regions of the brain, thus setting the end of the sensitivity period d. This indicates that there is a strong critical period
c
3) Which of of the following reduces AB errors in object permanence in infants? a) Self-locomotion b) Frontal maturation c) Long range axonal connections d) All of the above e) None of the above
d
1) What are the different aspects of the conceptual model linking cognition, brain development and cognitive development later in life? A) Lifelong behavioral economic and educational advantages B) Education C) Genes D) All of the above
d
1) What time of learning does an infant NOT perform before turning 6 months old? a) Habituation b) Operant Conditioning c) Mobile Conditioning d) Highly efficient memory storage
d
1) Which of the following statements is true? a) The dorsal stream processes local, detail-based stimuli b) The ventral stream is more prone to dysfunction c) Infants have relatively little trouble shifting attention when multiple stimuli are present d) Prefrontal and attentional processes play a significant role in visuomotor skills
d
10) Each child is born with his or her own unique emotional makeup, what we often refer to as "____". A) social-emotional growth B) emotional intelligence C) IQ D) temperament
d
10. What are the three cell layers in gastrulation and what is one thing they are responsible for? a. The ectodermal layer (responsible for the gastrointestinal tract), the mesodermal layer (cartilage and bone), and the endodermal layer (neural tissue). b. The ectodermal layer (responsible for the respiratory tract), the mesodermal layer (cartilage and bone), and the endodermal layer (PNS). c. The mesodermal layer (responsible for the respiratory tract), the endodermal layer (cartilage and bone), and the endodermal layer (PNS). d. The endodermal layer (responsible for the gastrointestinal tract), the mesodermal layer (cartilage and bone), and the ectodermal layer (neural tissue).
d
10. What would the neural strength and organization of the Primary Visual Cortex appear like in a binocularly deprived individual? a. Typical neuronal strength and organization within the PVC b. No Primary Visual Cortex due to lack of visual input c. Stronger representation of one eye over the other within the Primary Visual Cortex d. slightly weakened neural response but equivalent representation of both eyes within PVC
d
11) Which of the following is true about general cognitive ability and cortical surface area? A) Those with smaller cortical surface area and higher general cognitive ability are likely to experience better outcomes. B) Those with larger cortical surface area and lower general cognitive ability are likely to experience better outcomes. C) Those with larger cortical surface area and higher general cognitive ability are likely to experience worse outcomes. D) Those with larger cortical surface area and higher general cognitive ability are likely to experience better outcomes.
d
11) Which of the following statements about language development is true? a) Damage to Wernicke's area, which is more sensitive to experience in the critical period than Broca's area, causes an impairment in grammar usage. b) Adults are much better at categorizing speech sounds than babies, and adult brains are better at acquiring language. c) Broca's area is where the brain stores the associations between the sounds of words and the physical entities that they represent. d) Phonemes are the different individual sounds of speech that babies' brains are biased to differentiate.
d
11) Which structure is the "gate keeper" for emotion in the brain? A) Hippocampus B) Thalumas C) Cerebral cortex D) Amygdala
d
11. What is happening during tangential migration of cells? a. Neurons generated early in corticogenesis traverse relatively small distances to exit the VZ b. The cell extends a process to the pial surface, and the cell nucleus moves radially away from the VZ c. Radial glial guides provide a scaffold for neuron migration away from the VZ d. Migrating cells traveling long distances move across the plane of the developing brain to reach their target location in the cortical plate
d
11. Which of the following ideas would a nativist agree with? a. we are all born already knowing how to speak, read and write b. We inherit traumas from our parents c. Some things don't require any experience to learn d. Babies are born with a basic understanding of certain core concepts
d
2) According to psychologists, what is source memory? a) A lower-order skill that is one of the slowest types of recall to emerge in development. b) A lower-order skill order that is one of the fastest types of recall to emerge in development. c) A higher-order skill that is one of the fastest types of recall to emerge in development. d) A higher-order skill that is one of the slowest types of recall to emerge in development.
d
2) Which one of the following statements is true about the somatosensory system of an infant? a. Their somatosensory axons are undergoing the process called myelination. b. Their mouth is more sensitive to touch than their hands. c. Early touching experience is important for an infant's healthy and emotional well-being. d. All of the above
d
2) Why are "baby IQ" tests poor predictors of adult IQ? a) Baby IQ tests are actually the best way to predict Adult IQ b) The test is racially and culturally biased c) Because babies are dumb d) They tend to be heavily weighted by motor and perceptual skills
d
2. What is the principal role of hypoblast cells in the early embryo? a. Differentiation into the three principal germ layers b. Condensation to form the notochord c. Signaling other cells to differentiate d. Formation of extraembryonic structures\
d
7. Which environmental factor is crucial to the healthy development of a fetal brain? a. Vitamin A b. Teratogens c. Music d. A warm climate
a
1) _____ cultures develop a self-concept through interactions that emphasize core values of independence and individualism. While ____ cultures emphasize core values of interdependence and collectivism. A) Western and Eastern B) Eastern and Western C) Southern and Northern D) None of the above
a
1) Which discovery is false of an individual with a fully-formed adult brain with Williams syndrome? A) The William syndrome is 45% of normal volume B) There is abnormal layering, orientation, clustering, and size of neurons C) The cerebrum is particularly small D) Total cerebral grey matter is significantly reduced
a
1) Which of the following (is/are) present at birth? a.The preference for sweet tastes b.The ability to discern good smells from bad smells (hedonics) c. Ability to localize bodily sources of pain d. Permanent structure of olfactory pathways
a
1. Choose the best answer that correctly describes Apoptosis i) It is similar to necrotic cell death. ii) The outer membrane of the cell is maintained until the tail end of the process. iii) During this process, the mitochondrial tissue shows no inflammatory change. iv) The volume of the cell increases during this process. a. ii & iii b. ii & iv c. i d. iv & i
a
1. Why does "reflexive walking" disappear after around 6 weeks? a. babies get too fat b. the cerebral cortex begins taking over the involuntary reflexes c. myelination in the CPG causes cortical maturation to seems to decline before it restores d. only infants with cerebral palsy lose the reflex
a
10) What is the best way to describe brain reserves? A) it refers to the brain's ability to manage the changes in normal aging and be able to handle pathological changes B) refers to the brain's ability to manage pathological changes C) it refers to how an individual performs compared to others and if one is more resilient than the others D) it refers to how an individual performs compared to others
a
10) What is the difference between cutaneous sensation and proprioception? a. Cutaneous sensation refers to the obvious sense of touch, while proprioception deals with the sense of the position and movement of the body. b. Proprioception refers to the obvious sense of touch, while cutaneous sensation deals with the sensation of the position and movement of the body. c. Cutaneous sensation refers to touch on the extremities of the body, while proprioception is touch on other outer parts of your body. d. Proprioception refers to touch on the extremities of the body, while cutaneous sensation is touch on other outer parts of your body.
a
10) What is the peak age of onset for any mental health disorder in adolescents? A) 14 years B) 11 years C) 17 years D) There is no peak age because disorders can develop at any point in time E) None of the above
a
10) Which is NOT a way to best promote early language enrichment? a) Muddled baby talk b) Early language stimulation c) Repetition d) Listening
a
10) ____ model describes disorders being caused by genetic defect while environment is seen to be static. ____ model describes disorders being caused by environmental causes and genetic defect is see to be a limited interest. A) Nativist, Empiricist B) Empiricist, Nativist C) Neuroconstructivist, Nativist D) Nativist, Neuroconstructivist
a
10. Both sex difference traits, evolutionary and hormonal traits will leave an innate impact on a child's developing intelligence. Televised commercials would be considered an outside, environmental factor that also puts the sex roles pressure on a growing child's developing mind. Which of the following answers correctly fills in the blanks? According to the nature debate, one of the reasons men have better _________ is because they have ________. On the other hand, women have better ________ due to better ________ in their brains. a. spatial skills, larger brains; verbal skills, better organization b. verbal skills, larger brains; spatial skills, better organization c. spatial skills, better organization; verbal skills, larger brains d. verbal skills, better organization; spatial skills, larger brains
a
11) The visual spatial cortex is divided into process more dependent on dorsal stream functions or more dependent on ventral stream functions. What is the difference between the two? a) Dorsal stream functions include the visual control of action, while ventral stream functions include recognition. b) Ventral stream functions include visual control of action, while ventral stream functions include recognition. c) There is no difference. d) The dorsal stream develops before the ventral stream.
a
11) Volumes of cortical ______ gradually decline after peak levels at the time of puberty onset and volumes of _____ show a rather clear linear increase throughout childhood and adolescence. A) Grey matter, white matter B) white matter, neural connectivity C) Neural connectivity, neural transmission D) White matter, neural transmission E) none of the above
a
11) What part of the limbic system is responsible for learning and remembering odors and their associations? a. Entohirnal cortex b. Amygdala c. Orbitofrontal cortex d. None of the above
a
12) Children with poor visuospatial constructive skills but good language and face-processing abilities are likely to have which disorder? A) William's Syndrome B) Down Syndrome C) Dyslexia D) Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
a
12) Cycling eye movements, in which infants show brief periods of "passive" attention and visual following of an object followed by saccadic return in the opposite direction of the object are referred to as ____ while stabilizing eye movements, that show anticipation of an object in space is referred to as _____ a) Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN), Smooth pursuit eye movements b) Smooth pursuit eye movements, Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN) c) Switching Attention, Preferential Looking d) Directional Mechanisms, Preference-directed Movement
a
12. As a baby ages, foveal cones __________ to increase visual acuity. a. Become long and skinny b. Become short and fat c. Become short and skinny d. Become long and fat
a
12. Which answer best represents the protocortex view of the origins of areal specification? a. initial organization is undifferentiated and areal specification is dependent on activity in a specific developmental stage b. progenitor cells in the VZ give signals that indicate neuron fate c. neither d. both a and b
a
2) What was not one of the results from either experiment 1 or experiment 2 in the Gopnik et al studies? A) Adolescents maintained their biases when presented with contradictory evidence B) As learners become older, they rely more on prior beliefs C) Adolescents and adults have a preference for disjunctive explanations D) In the person condition, all of the age groups used trait attribution explanations
a
2. In the development of the thalamocortical pathway (TC), the axons remain in the subplate for a waiting period before projecting their final target. In what layer of the cortex is this final target projected? a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3
a
2. What did the Binocular deprivation study by Hubel and Weisel find? a. Basic organization in ODC is preserved once it is established, but responsivity of cellsto visual input decreases b. deprivation was modulated by the timing of onset and how long it lasted c. Basic organization in ODC and responsitivity of cells to visual input decreases d. One eye expanded above normal controls while the other eye drastically decrease visual input
a
3) This sensory system is responsible for the sense of balance and personal movement, and starts development at the same time as the auditory system. It can be said that this system is important (along with visual and motor functions) to do things such as sitting upright and walking. The system most likely being described is the... a. Vestibular system b. Lighvan system c. Olfactory system d. Somatosensory system
a
3) Which of the following is true about a baby's brain when they are born? a) The right hemisphere of the brain has a slight advantage over the left. b) The frontal lobes of the brain have a slight advantage over both the right and left hemispheres. c) The left hemisphere of the brain has a slight advantage over the right. d) None of the above are correct.
a
3. A _________ is a time in postnatal development when specific input is required to establish a particular behavior. a. critical period b. prenatal period c. postnatal period d. differentiation period
a
3. Environment is known as a temporal constraint development in which each factor should influence change in the cell (directly or through cascades). What factor is not a constraint of the development of an organism? a. nutrients from the paternal system b. temperature c. sensory input d. teratogens introduced into the fetus through ingestion
a
3. What is the purpose of asymmetrical division? a. Differentiation of progenitors and neurons b. To enlarge the progenitor pool c. To create two identical daughter cells d. To create equal distribution of intrinsic determinants between daughter cells
a
4) Along the temperament spectrum, children who never seem to warm up to strangers are considered _______ and have more activation on the _______ side of the brain while children who gravitate towards novelty are identified as ________ and have greater activity on the _______ side of the brain. A) Inhibited, right; uninhibited, left B) Inhibited, left; uninhibited, right C) Uninhibited, left; inhibited, right D) Uninhibited, right; inhibited, left
a
4) Children's low executive control and high plasticity allow them to maximize _____. On the other hand, adults switch to ____ to maximize reward. A) Exploration, exploitation B) Exploitation, exploration C) Imitation, planning D) Planning, imitation
a
4) What causes Williams syndrome? A) a micro deletion on the long arm of chromosome 7 B) deletion of the entire chromosome 7 C) having an extra chromosome D) facial dysmorphia
a
4) What language deficits would appear in someone with damage in Broca's area? a) difficulty producing language b) Difficulty comprehending language c) Difficulty reading language d) There are no language deficits associated with Broca's area damage.
a
4. How do the proteins notch and numb play a role on the differentiation of cells during asymmetrical division? a. Daughter cell containing numb becomes the neural progenitor, while the daughter cell containing notch becomes a neuron b. daughter cell containing notch becomes the neural progenitor, while the daughter cell containing numb becomes a neuron c. Both daughter cells contain the notch protein d. The daughter cells differentiate without the help of cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic factor
a
4. In what way is brain development adaptive? a. The process of brain development supports the emergence of alternative pattern of neural organization in case of perinatal stroke. b. The process of brain development proceed in "typical" trajectory regardless of injury. c. The process of brain development supports the emergence of superpower when the brain is injured. d. The process of brain development happens in successive steps.
a
4. Which of the following statements is false? a. The TC pathway is the major cortical output pathway that projects from the deep layers of the neocortex down to the thalamus. b. Apoptosis is the process of cell death that serves to eliminate excess cells from the developing system. c. Neurotrophic factors support the survival of developing neurons. d. Subplate neurons play an important role in the early establishment of the TC and CT pathways.
a
5) Why are young children better at acquiring a new language rather than older adults? a) children have higher neuroplasticity b) adults have higher neuroplasticity c) children have more language centers in their brain d) adults only have one critical period to learn one language
a
5. During which mode of neuronal migration in the developing nervous system does the cell extend a long basal process to the pial surface and the cell nucleus moves radially away from the ventricular zone? a. somal translocation b. tangential migration c. radial glial-guided locomotion d. none of the above
a
5. Which of the following is FALSE about synapses based on the reading? a. A synapse cannot form when there is no neural firing b. A synapse can form when there is no synaptic activity c. Bdnf helps synaptic formation d. Neurotrophins are important when it comes to the formation and elimination of synapses
a
6) Compared to older children and adults, young children perform ___________on social and physical casual learning problems, but perform __________ on cognitive tasks. A) Better, worse B) The same, better C) Worse, better D) Better, the same
a
6. TrkA is a receptor that is responsive to which growth factor? a. Ngf b. Bdnf c. Ntf5 d. Ntf3
a
6. Which of the answers is INCORRECT: a. The embryo cannot generate all of the cell lines of the body until gastrulation and neurulation occurs b. The three progenitor cell lines are ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal c. The neural tissues and epidermal tissues can be found in the ectoderm d. Fusion of the neural tube has an alpha and beta point.
a
7) A learner who observes someone performing a complicated series of actions can approach this information in two ways. The learner may use ____ skills, reproduce the action in detail, or the learner may use____ skills, apply existing causal knowledge to the situation, in order to complete the task. A) Imitation, innovation B) Innovation, imitation C) Exploitation, exploration D) Exploration, exploitation
a
7) According to a new theory, people with damage to Broca's area are not impaired in producing language but... a) are impaired in using grammar b) are impaired in comprehending speech and using grammar c) are impaired in communicating more complex vocabulary d) are impaired in retaining rules for connecting words
a
8) According to Karmiloff-Smith, which scientific approach seems to provide the most viable framework in studying developmental disorders in both normal and atypical development? A) Neuroconstructivist B) Nativist C) Neuropsycholgical nativist D) Empiricist E) None of the above
a
8) Which is true about the volumes of cortical grey matter during childhood? A) It reaches peak levels at the time of puberty onset B) Local volume of cortical grey matter increases during childhood and adolescence in most regions C)Levels always display a linear relationship with age D)All the above are true
a
8. During what phase is the notochord formed? a. Gastrulation b. Neurulation c. Both d. It forms in neither phase
a
8. Which of the following correctly describes the basis of Hebbian learning? a. It is associated with activity-dependent organization b. It is associated with intrinsic-dependent organization c. It is associated with signal-dependent organization d. It is associated with molecular-dependent organization
a
9) The claim that "domain specificity is the starting point of ontogenesis, with development relegated to a relatively secondary role" most likely belongs to which developmental theory? A) Nativism B) Empiricism C) Neuroconstructivism D) None of the above
a
9) Without diagnosis of dementia or alzheimer's, normally aging adults ____________ of their cognitive function, especially in the areas of executive function, cognitive control, and memory. A) Lose some B) Gain some C) Retain D) Lose most
a
9. Based on chapter 10 of the Elliot reading, how are vision and hearing similar? a. Both are able to be modified by experience b. Both emerge early and mature gradually c. The input of both are divided into separate subcortical and cortical routes d. The input for both is strictly segregated
a
9. Select the answer below that correctly fills in the blanks: Type 1, or asymmetrical synapses are _______ in activity and make up ______ of the synapses. Type 2, or symmetrical synapses are ______ in activity and make up _____ of the synapses. a. excitatory, most; inhibitory, 15-20% b. excitatory, 15-20%; inhibitory, most c. inhibitory, 15-20%; excitatory, most d. inhibitory, most; excitatory, 15-20%
a
Learning to play the piano would be an example of what type of plasticity? a. Experience dependent plasticity b. Experience independent plasticity c. experience expectant plasticity
a
True of False: Cell death is a normal part of neural development. a. True b. False
a
True or False: We only use 10% of our brain. a. False b. True
a
Which of the following is not a lobe of the brain? a. Brain stem b. Temporal c. Parietal d. Frontal
a
Which of the following is not true about anxiety and affective disorders? a. they are very rare b. environment may play a role in what specific disorder develops c. the are usually comorbid with another anxiety or mood disorder d. they may share a common underlying genetic predisposition
a
Which test is given to demonstrate a full theory of mind? a. false belief test b. rouge test c. name test d. mirror self-recognition test
a
Why does the infant stepping reflex usually disappear around 2 months of age? a. the infant's legs get too heavy b. the infant has learned to walk c. increased cortical development
a
10. All of the following describe roles of the GABA and/or glutamate neurotransmitters, EXCEPT: a. Signaling to neural progenitor cells when to shift from symmetrical to asymmetrical cell division b. Triggering the apoptotic cascade in abnormal or incorrectly-formed cells c. Modulating the growth of neurites in various types of neurons d. Controlling the length of cell cycles in the VZ and SVZ
b
10. Swatting movements by the whole arm, reaching and grasping (including the pincer grasp) are examples of _______ motor skills, where control of the head, rolling over, sitting, crawling, standing, and walking are examples of ________ motor skills. a. Gross; Fine b. Fine; Gross c. Nature; Nurture d. None of the above
b
10. What are the differences in perinatal strokes and adult strokes consequence in brain development? a. There are no differences, they have the same effect on brain function and structure b. Perinatal stroke mildly affects brain development while an adult stroke can be more detrimental to the structure and formation of neural pathways. c. Perinatal strokes affect language skills, while adult strokes affect processing and visuospatial functions. d. Perinatal strokes have a long lasting detrimental effect on brain development, while an adult stroke has a minimal effect.
b
10. Which of the following is not true regarding a newborn baby's vision? a. Their vision is blurry and is not sensitive to contrast b. They see better toward the center of their visual field c. They can only focus on objects close to them d. Their dimension is two-dimensional
b
11. Which of the following best described the "Where" stream of the brain? a. The "Where" stream is responsible for sorting visual input into different areas of the brain b. The "Where" stream is responsible for visual space information such as speed, direction, and location of visual input. c. The "Where" stream is responsible for helping humans know where to find an item based on its category. d. The "Where" stream focuses on small details of an object such as its color and shape.
b
12) What is the critical period for language acquisition? a) between 0 and 24 months of age b) before the age of six c) between the age of six and twelve d) during puberty
b
13) Intelligence in males in correlated more closely to ____ whereas intelligence in females in linked more closely to ____. a) White matter in Broca's area; grey matter in fronto-parietal lobe b) Grey matter in fronto-parietal lobe; white matter in Broca's area c) White matter in fronto-parietal lobe; grey matter in Broca's area d) None of the above
b
2) Choose the correct statement: A) A larger head circumference increases the risk of AD and individuals with smaller regional brain volumes are at increased risk for AD B) A larger head circumference reduces the risk of AD and individuals with smaller brain regional volumes are at increased risk of AD C) A larger head circumference reduces the risk of AD and individuals with smaller brain regional volumes are at a reduced risk of AD D) A larger head circumference increases the risk of AD and individuals with smaller regional volumes are at a reduced risk of AD
b
2) Sensitivity to motion direction (directionality) and stereo depth information (binocularity) associated with input to the cortex through the _________________ pathway, whereas, form (orientation or slant) and color associated with the ________________ pathway. a) Parvocellular-ventral; magnocellular b) Magnocellular; parvocellular-ventral c) Posterior; anterior d) Anterior; posterior
b
2) The _______ controls the manifestations of emotions such as an adrenaline rush or facial expression while the ______ controls the conscious experience of emotion. A) Limbic cortex, lower limbic system B) Lower limbic system, limbic cortex C) Limbic cortex, prefrontal cortex D) None of the above
b
2) What does aphasia mean? a) The ability to acquire a useful vocabulary. b) Clinical term for any kind of language loss. c) Rapid acquisition of language. d) The act of learning language in a predictable way.
b
2) Which of the following is FALSE? A) Volumes of cortical grey matter seem to increase during childhood, reaching peak levels at approximately the time of puberty onset, after which they gradually decline B) Volumes of cortical grey matter seem to decrease during childhood, reaching low levels at approximately the time of puberty onset, after which they gradually increase. C) Volumes of white matter show a clear linear increase throughout childhood and adolescence, maximum volumes are often reached as late as the third decade of life. D) The emergence of certain psychopathologies is probably related to anomalies or exaggerations of typical adolescent maturation processes acting in concert with psychosocial factors and/or biological environmental factors
b
2. There are three primary classes of glial cells: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. What is the function of the oligodendrocytes? a. respond to insult or injury to the neural system b. form myelin cells in the brain c. support immune function in the brain d. modulate neural activity at the synapse
b
2. Which of the three hypothesized levels proposed by Elman et al. (1996) do nativists follow? a. architectural b. representational c. chronotopic d. all of the above
b
3. Failure to undergo gastrulation and neurulation.... a. Can cause minor neural issue but are not life threathening b. Can cause serious neural defects and affect the viability of the embryo c. Cause the embryonic undifferentiated stem cells to not differentiate into the progenitor lines d. Has no impact
b
3. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Adults have more synapses than children b. The protomap view suggests that neurons are organized and maintain a similar layout as they migrate to their intended area. c. The TC and CT have no affect on one another d. Apoptosis is random cell death
b
4) Which of the following is not a finding mentioned in "Early life sets the stage for aging?" A) Birth size is related to total brain size B) There is no relationship between tests of intelligence in early life and later in life C) Both genes and early life variable contribute to cognitive aging D) Childhood socioeconomic status has been linked to volume of the hippocampus in older people
b
8. Which of the following are not a motor area in the cerebral cortex? a. Primary motor cortex b. Locomotor area c. Supplemental motor area d. Premotor cortex
b
4) Which of the following statements about memory and types of learning is incorrect? a) Explicit memories include facts and events that we can recall, while implicit memories include skills, habits, and conditioned responses learned through experience. b) Explicit memories are unconscious while implicit memories are conscious. c) Classical conditioning is a learned association between stimuli, while operant conditioning is the association between a person's action and some kind of reward or punishment. d) Recall is the ability to remember something without some kind of cue, while recognition has to do with identifying something from seeing it before.
b
4. Question: According to Constructivists Domain-Specific Knowlwge ..... a. Is knowledge that falls into a category, therefore grouping it with other similar information b. Is the result of domain general-mechanisms and is built off of prior acquired knowledge. c. Provides integrity to systems by constraining and directing learning. d. provides the frame for other information to build off of
b
4. When one eye is deprived of stimulus, a disparity in activity is seen because... a. The eye that is deprived has less external input and therefore can expand its synaptic space b. The eye receiving external input has more connection forming because of synaptic firing and is able to take up a greater synaptic space. c. Both eyes receive the same amount of input d. One eye does not develop at all
b
5) Which is the biggest contributing factor to the development of memory? a) Infants' repeated practice of memory tasks b) Innate brain maturation timeline c) Caregiver input d) None of the above
b
5. What is significant about the complex relationship between genetic inheritance (nature) and environment (nurture) in development? a. Genetic inheritance (nature) is the only reason humans learn how to navigate their environment. b. The environment and ones genetic composition are biologically inseparable and work hand in hand to contribute to the complexity of human development c. The environment and experiences a human has while developing is the only reason humans learn. d. None of the above.
b
5. Which of the following is associated with a reduction in connection strength within the brain? a. High correlation between pre- and postsynaptic firing b. Low correlation between pre- and postsynaptic firing c. Activation of other cells d. Networks of cells firing synchronously
b
5. Which of the following is false regarding a trophoblast? a. It refers to the outer cell mass that forms after cleavage before gastrulation b. It refers to the outer cell mass that forms after cleavage after gastrulation c. It forms the chorion (embryonic portion of placenta) d. Its separation from the inner cell mass results in the formation of the blastocele (aka blastocyst cavity)
b
5. Which of the following photoreceptors are responsible for detecting color? a. rods b. cones c. photons d. A and B
b
6) According to Paus, which of the following is true about substance abuse? A) adolescents are less likely to experiment with drugs B) high levels of novelty seeking is a risk factor for substance abuse C) high levels of harm avoidance is a risk factor for substance abuse D) a later onset of drug use predicts a greater severity of addiction
b
6) Studies found that visual control of locomotion was likely to be controlled by the ________. a) ventral stream b) dorsal stream c) peripheral stream d) none of the above
b
6. Of the three hypothesized levels of constraints for innateness by constructivists, which one(s) is/are the most aligned with the nativist definition of innateness? a. Chronotopic Constraints b. Representational Constraints c. Architectural Constraints d. Representational and Architectural Constraints
b
7) In early infancy ___ and ___ are skills that can predict later intelligence. a) Performance on baby IQ tests and visual spatial skills b) Recognition memory and cross-modal transfer c) Early babbling and reaching d) Cross-modal transfer and symbol manipulation
b
7) Question: What is "sticky fixation"? a) Baby's inability to fixate their heads b) Baby's inability to easily switch visual attention from one target to another c) Baby's inability to stare at a single object d) All of the above
b
7) Touch sensitivity develops in a _____ sequence a. Somatosensory b. Head-to-toe c. Cutaneous d. Proprioception
b
7) What is not true about the amygdala in emotion? A) People who suffer amygdala damage undergo profound changes in their emotional and social responding. B) The amygdala alerts the higher brain areas, but not the lower brain areas, when something emotionally significant happens. C) The amygdala receives information from every one of the senses. D) The amygdala activates brain nuclei that release norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine.
b
7) What is one major problem with specific accounts of developmental disorders? A) Development is progressive. B) No gene identified is expressed solely in a specific region of the neocortex. C) Cross-sectional studies. D) None of the above.
b
7) Which best describes the increased brain activity in older adults? A) there is no increase in Brain activity in older adults, only cognitive decline. B) Aging alters networks of brain activity, either by reducing the efficiency/ function or by recruitment of networks. C) New synapses are formed to compensate for age-related changes in brain structure. D) B and C E) None of the above
b
7. Put the processes of neurulation in the correct order. a. closure of neural tube, formation of neural plate, bending of neural plate, shaping of neural plate b. formation of neural plate, shaping of neural plate, bending of neural plate, closure of neural tube c. closure of neural tube, bending of neural plate, shaping of neural plate, formation of neural plate d. formation of neural plate, bending of neural plate, shaping of neural plate, closure of neural tube
b
8) The vestibular system is made up of chambers and ducts within the: a. Midbrain b. Inner ear c. Spinal Cord d. Brain Stem
b
8. What is the main characteristic of the Hebbian Model? a. The firing of the postsynaptic neuron follows the firing of the presynaptic neuron b. The firing of the pre- and postsynaptic neuron is synchronized c. The firing of the presynaptic neuron follows the firing of the postsynaptic neuron d. None of these describe the main characteristic of the Hebbian Model
b
1. What is the difference between core concepts and acquired knowledge from a Nativist's perspective? a. Core concepts are essentially the idea that in order to develop the child must have direct experience with the concept. Acquired knowledge is the idea that a child can experience an absence of direct experience to a situation, yet still have an innate understanding of it. b. There is no difference between core concepts and acquired knowledge. c. Core concepts are the ideas that in order to develop the child doesn't need direct experience with the concept, an absence of experience. Acquired knowledge is the idea that a child must have direct experience of a situation in order to gain knowledge. d. A Core concept differs from Acquired knowledge because Core Concepts do not have to do with the development of a child, while acquired knowledge is the only way a child learns.
c
1. Why is having "specific subpopulations of neuroprogenitors that generate the neurons for each cortical layer" an unlikely model behind layer specific neuronal production? a. The signal to change neuron subtype production is intrinsic b. Studies have found that external signals within the VZ or cortical plate generate cell differentiation c. Studies have shown neurons generated by the same progenitor migrate to different layers of the cerebral cortex d. The number of sequential cell divisions dictates when a new neuronal subtype is initiated in a cell
c
10) Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a) reading a book b) playing an instrument c) remembering what you had for breakfast d) riding a bike
c
10. Which of the following best describes Constructivism? a. Skill acquisition, knowledge, and abilities are non-learned, innate and are pre-determined/existing b. Neurobiology is the pre-determining factor that makes significant contributions to psychological processes c. Humans/learners are able to understand and acquire knowledge based on their own experiences d. Language development is instilled in you the second you are born and you already know how to speak your native language due to your blood
c
10. Which statement is NOT true about the developmental progression of myelination? a. Myelination within the occipital pole is complete before the myelination within the frontal lobe b. Myelination in the human spinal column can begin as early as GW12 to GW14 c. Myelination is well established by the end of the first year d. Myelination begins prenatally in the brainstem, midbrain, and some areas of the cerebellum
c
11) According to the text, human children enjoy the benefits of care from other sources in addition to biological mothers. These source(s) are: A) Pair-bonded fathers and alloparents B) Pair-bonded fathers and grandmothers C) Pair-bonded fathers, alloparents and grandmothers D) None of the above
c
11) Which of the following closely relates to the neuroconstructivist way in choosing domain of study in resulting research strategies? A) Focus on general processing efficiency and learning B) Focus on single, impaired higher-level cognitive modules C) Identify lowest level of impairment and study its developmental effects on higher-level cognition are both proficiencies and impairments D) None of the above
c
11) Which of the following is not associated with poor frontal lobe function? a) Shorter attention span b) Poor sense of time c) Heightened self-consciousness d) Reduced self-control or behavioral inhibition
c
11. What is not a function of Bdnf? a. Regulates neurotransmitter release and synaptic formation b. Increases development of inhibitory GABAergic system development c. Signals to progenitor cells where to go in early development d. All of the above are true about Bdnf
c
11. Which is not considered a step during primary neurulation, which forms the neural tube? a. Formation of the neural plate b. Shaping of neural plate c. Elongating neural plate d. Closure of neural tube
c
11. Which view is characterized by the theory that neural progenitor cells of the ventricular zone provide molecular signals to their progeny that specify their areal fate, that is, their position in the cortex and their associated function? a. Protocortex b. Thalamocortical c. Protomap d. Corticothalamic
c
12) According to the paper, which of the following is the most likely reason out of plausible causes to be a reason behind the observable decrease in the gray matter of an adolescent brain? A) A reduction in glial cells B) Synaptic pruning C) Myelination of intra-cortical axons D) All are equally a plausible, though more research must be conducted.
c
12) Damage to the ______________ will cause feelings of overwhelming depression or worry, while damage to the __________________ will cause a person to be too cheerful and will not take control of their own seriousness. A) right medial frontal cortex, left medial frontal cortex B) limbic cortex, lower limbic system C) left medial frontal cortex, right medial frontal cortex D) lower limbic system, limbic cortex
c
12) Fill in the blank: The view of how intelligence is influenced by genes is that a ____ number of genetic variants have ____ effects. a) Small, small b) Large, large c) Large, small d) Small, large
c
12) _____________ refers to the sharing of emotional experience, while _____________ refers to the sharing of emotional knowledge. A) Cognitive empathy; Affective empathy B) Emotional suppression; Cognitive reappraisal C) Affective empathy; Cognitive empathy D) Cognitive reappraisal; Emotional suppression
c
2) Once a domain relevant mechanism is repeatedly used to process a certain type of input what does it become? A) It becomes domain- general as a result of its developmental history. B) It becomes domain-relevant as a result of its developmental history. C) It becomes domain- specific as a result of its developmental history. D) None of the above.
c
2. From first to last, in what order do the following major gross motor skill milestones come in: sitting, walking, crawling, standing, and control of head? a. control of head, standing, crawling, sitting, walking. b. control of head, crawling, sitting, standing, walking c. Control of head, sitting, crawling, standing, walking. d. crawling, control of head, standing, sitting, walking
c
2. Which of the following forms of migration is used for cells in the ganglionic eminences? a. Locomotion along radial glial guides b. Somal translocation c. Tangential migration d. None of the above
c
2. Which of the following statements is false? a. Vitamin A is good for your vision b. Photoreceptors are specialized nerve cells that contain pigment molecules capable of capturing a photon and converting its energy into a chemical reaction. c. Rods and cones are specialized photoreceptors that are useful for detecting color. d. Cones have three pigment molecules that absorb blue light, green light, red light
c
2. Which one of the following would be considered "experience-dependent"? a. A baby saying their first word b. Knowing colors of the rainbow c. Learning a new way to add d. Learning shapes
c
3) How does damage to the temporal lobe (Wernicke's area) affect language in the human brain? a) Loss of hearing in just one ear b) Are not able to produce language c) Incapable of comprehending language d) Meaningful speech but are not capable of understanding others
c
3) Which disorders have the earliest onset time? A) Impulse-control disorders & mood disorders B) Mood disorders & schizophrenia C) Anxiety disorders & impulse-control disorders D) Anxiety disorders & schizophrenia
c
3. The mechanisms underlying the change in the PVC organization under conditions of monocular deprivation involves the processes of which of the following? a. synaptic exuberance and asymmetrical progenitor b. neuritogenesis c. elimination and synaptic exuberance d. symmetrical progenitor and elimination
c
4. What is the main difference between neurulation and gastrulation? a. neurulation happens after birth while gastrulation happens 2 weeks after conception. b. Gastrulation is the formation of gut cells in an embryo while neurulation is the formation of neurons in an embryo c. Gastrulation is the process of early embryonic cell differentiation while neurulation is the physical formation of the neural tube which later give rise to the brain and central nervous system. d. there is no difference between gastrulation and neurulation
c
5) Among the different stabilizing mechanisms for smooth eye movements and saccadic movements, _________ is responsible for target tracking and ________ is responsible for orientation. a) modulation, fixation b) fixation, modulation c) smooth pursuit, saccadic movement d) saccadic movement, smooth pursuit
c
5) Which of the following is NOT a good predictor of IQ in early infancy? a) Visual recognition memory b) Cross- modal transfer c) Theory of Mind d) Object permanence
c
5) Which of the following is true about the neuroconstructivist view? A) it seeks to identify impairments to domain-specific cognitive modules B) it does not fully recognize innate biological constraints C) it seeks more indirect, lower level causes of abnormality D) it highlights how large variations in the end state could give rise to domain-modular differences in the initial state
c
5) _______ is the ability to recognize and control feelings, as well as reading and responding to feelings of others. A) Social smiling B) Self-control C) Emotional Intelligence D) None of the above
c
5. Which of the following is true of handedness? a. Babies hand preference in the first few months of life reliably predicts handedness later in life. b. About 75% of people are right-handed c. In some cultures, the percentage of left handedness is less than the percentage of left handedness in Western cultures d. People who are right-handed have a higher IQ than people who are left-handed
c
5. Which of the following statements are not true a. Male brains are more right-brain advantaged b. Women use their brains more symmetrically c. Play styles do not have an influence on brain development d. The male brain has more mass than the female brain
c
5. Which of the following transmits information from the thalamus to the cortex? a. Apoptosis b. Neurotrophic Factors c. TC Pathway d. CT Pathway
c
6) The _______ is well formed by the end of gestation, and its connections to the hypothalamus and numerous brain-stem sites are fully functional. This brain structure also explains why newborns have so much emotional capacity immediately after birth. A) Orbitofrontal gyrus B) Anterior cingulate gyrus C) Amygdala D) Fornix
c
6) What region is the first to become sensitive for babies? a. Hands b. Toes c. Mouth d. Fingers
c
6) Which of the following is false about Nativists and/or Empiricists? A) Nativist believe that the brain has specific deficit in prewired cortical circuit and plasticity is the primarily response to damage B) Empiricists draw that there is general brain deficit expected C) Nativists primarily focus on the domain-general outcome for behavior D) Empiricists main research strategy for seeking the 'cause' of an outcome is by identifying environmental factors
c
6) ________ memories are facts and events that can be recalled while __________ memories are skills, habits, and conditioned responses that are formed from lots of practice. a) Implicit, explicit b) Explicit, long term c) Explicit, implicit d) Short term, explicit
c
6. Which of the follow is NOT TRUE? a. deafness often goes unnoticed in babies early in their life b. There is evidence that babies can hear in the womb c. Right after birth, babies prefer the sound of their dad's voice to other mens' voices d. 6 month olds are better able to perceive higher frequencies than newborns
c
6. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about reelin? a. Reelin is critical for providing stop signals for neuron migration b. Reelin regulates neuron migration and creates the inside-out organization of cortical layers in the brain c. Reelin moves to layers that are inconsistent with their birthday d. Mice with reelin mutations have profoundly disorganized cortices
c
6. Which of the following is NOT a constraint in the process of development? a. Environment b. Time c. Appearance d. Inheritance
c
6. Which of the following provide the initial distinctions of the sensory and motor cortical areas? a. synaptic pruning b. progenitor cells c. Emx2 and Pax6 d. synaptic exuberance
c
7) Which of the following is the best explanation for why psychiatric disorders become prevalent during adolescence? A) Adolescents' dopamine receptors show decreased activity in adolescence, causing them to seek more rewarding experiences B) The underdeveloped prefrontal cortex prevents them from inhibiting unwanted thoughts and behaviors that are characteristic of major depression and anxiety disorders C) Small changes in various parts of the nervous system create many points of developmental vulnerability D) None of the above are true
c
7) Which of the following statements about learning and memory is false? a) Memory generally matures more rapidly in girls than boys. b) One type of learning is called operant conditioning, which is the association between a subject's own action and some reward or punishment. c) Recognition is the ability to remember something without any kind of cue, while recall has to do with remembering something from encountering it before. d) One type of learning is called classical conditioning, which is a learned association between stimuli.
c
7. The auditory organ of the inner ear is known as the___________. Which is where the vibration is converted into electrical signals. a. the malleus b. the incus c. the cochlea d. the stapes
c
7. The psychobiological approach of cognitive development would consist of: a. Viewing the context of development through a biological framework, focusing on the neural, local, and macro-level circuits b. Viewing the context of development through an organism-internal versus organism-external argument c. Viewing the context of development as bidirectional influence at all levels of the neurobehavioral system d. None of these describe the psychobiological approach
c
7. Which of the following is NOT a theory (or evidence) of the root cause of the sex differences in intellectual development? a. Sex differences in intellectual development is innate and the result of adaptive behavior during hunter-gatherer civilization b. Sex differences in intellectual development is innate and the result of the differences in brain size of males and females c. Sex differences in intellectual development is environmental and the result of adaptive behavior during hunter-gatherer civilization d. Sex differences in intellectual development is environmental and the result of play styles
c
7. While intrinsic factors such as signaling molecules have an important role at _______, extrinsic inputs including experience have an outstanding effect, particularly in ________. a. all stages of brain development; early prenatal period b. early prenatal period; late prenatal and postnatal periods c. all stages of brain development; late prenatal and postnatal periods d. early prenatal period; early postnatal period
c
8) One of the action models for reaching, grasping, and motor planning develops from _____________, which is when two hands are capable of carrying out two different actions simultaneously. a) Preferential looking b) Switching attention c) Bimanual coordination d) Reaching e) None of the above
c
8) What is it called when the child repeats the same actions without having practiced or seen them a number of times? a) Classical Conditioning b) Operant Conditioning c) Deferred Imitation d) Verbal Recall
c
8) What is/are reasons why the elderly use more brain activation than younger adults while doing some tasks? A) Overcompensation B) Neural Inefficiency C) A and B D) None of the above
c
8) When are higher limbic areas in babies brains activated? A) At birth B) At 6 weeks C) At 6 months D) At 1 year
c
8. GABA is the primary _________ which is expressed in most interneurons in the _________, and it is the first neurotransmitter to become active in brain development. a. excitatory neurotransmitter; neocortex b. excitatory neurotransmitter; cerebral cortex c. inhibitory neurotransmitter; neocortex d. inhibitory neurotransmitter; cerebral cortex
c
8. Which of the following best defines innateness? a. When genes and cellular mechanisms make it possible to use information coded in genes b. The proportion of phenotypic variance that can be accounted for by genetic variance c. When concepts emerge in the absence of learning d. When psychobiological development depends on bidirectional influence at all levels of neurobehavioral system
c
8. Which of the following is NOT a role of the subplate in establishing the TC and CT pathways? a. Projecting to and receiving input from layer 4 of the cortex b. Interacting with TC axons as they invade the subplate c. Blocking contact between the pathways' axons and the cortex d. Mediating contact between the pathways' axons and the cortex
c
9) Changes in synaptic pruning and myelination have been the most popular explanations for the _____________ findings in the adolescent brain, whereas age-related alterations in neural connectivity and neurotransmission might underlie the _____________ changes associated with adolescence. A) Functional, Structural B) Grey Matter, White Matter C) Structural, Functional D) White Matter, Grey Matter E) None of the above
c
9) Peoples with Broca's aphasia have trouble ________ language and people with Wernicke's aphasia have trouble _______ language. a) comprehending; producing b) hearing; seeing c) producing: comprehending d) producing: learning
c
9. What initiates the formation of the neural tube? a. the notochord expands and hollows out b. two folds form on the endoderm above the notochord c. two folds form on the ectoderm above the notochord d. the primitive pit deepens
c
9. When Hubel and Wiesel experimented on monocular and binocular deprivation, what did they notice was different in the pattern of their ocular dominance column bands? a. There was no ODC organization or connections in both experiments. b. The Binocular deprivation experiment showed normal ODC organization while monocular deprivation showed no elaboration or modification in either eye pathway. c. Binocular deprivation had smaller ODC bands and basic ODC organization, while the monocular deprivation experiments noticed that the eye more exposed to visual input had larger ODC bands and the deprived eye had a shrunken spaced band compared to normal. d. The ODC bands were normal in both experiments, showing evenly spaced bands in both LGN and PVC.
c
9. Why does Stiles say the brain doesn't have a blueprint for development? a. The brain doesn't have a blueprint because it is an organic organism not something man made needing a blueprint. b. The brain doesn't need a blueprint because gene expression is inherent in all humans. c. The brain doesn't have a blueprint that dictates everything the same way, rather due to the temporal nature of development, the brain builds on everything even if there is an issue that will lead to a deficit in a person. d. The brain actually does have a blueprint because all organisms have gene expression and other actions due to being innate that lead to brain development.
c
What is true about normal aging? a. Only people with brain problems experience decline in aging b. All aspects of cognition are equally affected by normal aging c. Some aspects of cognition are stronger in aging people than in younger people
c
When does neurulation occur? a. during the fetal period b. during the germinal period c. during the embryonic period d. throughout the entire period of gestation
c
Which brain region is involved in social behavior? a. orbitofrontal cortex b. amygdala c. all of these d. anterior cingulate cortex
c
Which of the following is not an excitatory neurotransmitter? a. glutamate b. dopamine c. serotonin d. norepinephrine
c
3) Which of the following is NOT true? A) Four-year-olds can accurately make person or situation attributions depending on the evidence presented B) Six-year-olds make more person attributions than four-year-olds C) Adolescents are more likely to override a trait bias than adults D) Adults are more sensitive to social evidence and are more likely to make a situation attribution than younger children and adolescents
d
3) Which of the following is NOT true? A) Temperament and personality are governed by the lower limbic system B) Temperament is more malleable than personality C) A mother's depression can alter the wiring of her baby's limbic system D) A and B E) All of the above.
d
3) Which of the following is not consistent with the neuroconstructivist approach to development? A) involves indirect, lower-level causes of abnormality and innately specified starting points that are considered to be initially domain-relevant B) fully recognizes innate biological constraints that are considered to be less detailed and less domain-specific C) the course of developmental pathways is expected to be subtly changed by the deletion, reduplication, or mispositioning of genes with strong or weak effects on outcomes D) involves identifying impairments to domain-specific cognitive modules
d
3) Which of the following structures is crucial for storing long-term, explicit memories: a) Hippocampus b) Medial thalamus c) Basal forebrain d) All of the above
d
3. The formation of the subplate includes the creation of major sensory/motor pathways in the brain. During the pre-plate stage, what part of the neuron invades the intermediate zone and projects to the thalamus? a. myelin sheath b. cell body c. dendrites d. Axon
d
3. Which of the following is FALSE about speaking in "motherese"? a. It is a slower, higher pitched and intoned way of speaking b. Its slower pace is easier for babies to follow c. It helps babies distinguish background sounds d. Babies only respond to mothers speaking in "motherese"
d
3. Which of the following statements is true? a. It possible to separate what is innate and what is due to the environment b. Nativists are people who believe that "nurture" plays a bigger role in shaping someone than "nature" c. The definition of innateness is something that all psychologists agree on d. One way to test core knowledge in infants is with preferential looking experiments
d
3. Which of these environmental factors reinforce sex differences in intellectual development? a. Having parents who have high SES (socioeconomic status) b. Parents encouraging sex appropriate play c. sex-role stereotypes displayed on tv and commercials d. All of the above
d
4) Key functions of the visual system with respect to locomotion abilities include: a) Depth perception b) Balance c) Avoidance decision d) All of the above
d
4) Touch is not only essential to babies' sensory-motor development, it also has strong influences over their __________. a. Physical growth b. Emotional well-being c. Cognitive potential d. All of the above
d
4) Which choices, might underlie the onset of anxiety and depressive disorders during adolescence? A) Robust changes in hormones and hormonal receptors B) Increasingly powerful emotional responses to social stimuli C) Rapid alterations in motivation and rewards systems D) All of the above
d
4) Which of the following is TRUE about brain speed gains in childhood? a) Reaction and inspection times grow longer as children get older b) The greatest speed gains are during adolescence c) At 12 years old, a child's brain functions at about 1/4 the speed of adults on most cognitive tasks d) Children's brains perform faster as they get older
d
4. What is the purpose of each section of the ear ? a. Outer ear-converts vibrations into electrical signal ;Middle ear-amplifies vibrations; Inner ear- sound waves are funneled to the ear canal b. Outer ear-amplifies vibrations; Middle ear-sound waves are funneled to the ear canal; Inner ear-converts vibrations into electrical signal c. Outer ear-sound waves are funneled to the ear canal; Middle ear-converts vibrations into electrical signal; Inner ear-amplifies vibrations d. Outer ear - sound waves are funneled to the ear canal; Middle ear- amplifies vibrations; Inner ear- converts vibrations into electrical signal
d
4. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The cell membrane of the presynaptic neuron must be depolarized in order for the neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft b. Somal Translocation are for neurons traveling the least amount of distance to leave the ventricular zone c. Growth Cones are the site for axon extension d. Reelin (Reln) provides signals to continue neural migration, by being secreted into the extracellular space to create a signaling pathway
d
4. Which statement is false about a central pattern generator? a. A central pattern generator controls walking b. A central pattern generator is a type of neural circuit that is located in the central nervous system c. This central pattern generator is located in the spinal cord d. The central pattern generator matures around 36 weeks in utero
d
4. Which was not one of the reasons mentioned for the sex differences in females for intellectual development? a. higher density of neurons in wernicke's area b. posterior part of the corpus callosum is larger c. higher testosterone levels increase spatial skills d. larger brains, particularly on the right side
d
5) According to the explanation of the exploration/exploitation trade-off, what is/are the characteristic(s) of early life development? A) low executive control B) high plasticity ability C) high executive control D) A and B E) B and C
d
5) The ____________ and ____________ are structures that are known to assist in coding new information. A) White matter; hippocampus B) Gray matter; white matter C) Entorhinal cortex; myelination D) Hippocampus; entorhinal cortex
d
5) Vestibular system important for a. Maintaining head and body posture b. Moving many parts of our body efficiently c. Helps keep the visual field in front of you constant d. All of the above
d
5. Which of the following is/are the intrinsic factor(s) which contribute to the fate of asymmetrical cell differentiation? a. Beta-catenin b. Catenins c. Cadherins d. Notch and Numb
d
6) Which of the following is FALSE about brain efficiency? a) Glucose use peaks at around age four and declines throughout middle childhood and adolescence. b) People with higher IQ require less energy than those with lower IQ to perform the same task. c) In the Tetris study, all subjects used less energy as they improved at the game. d) Adults use more brain energy than children do.
d
6) Which of these statements describes what "grammar" does for human language? a) Sets our language apart from most other forms of animal communication b) Makes language infinitely creative c) Combines abstract words in new ways to produce new meanings d) All of the above
d
6. Quiz question: Which of the following was mentioned about the Flynn Effect? a. The Flynn Effect shows how important genetic influence is b. There is no skepticism about the Flynn Effect whatsoever c. Each generation scores 10 points more than the generation before d. People are getting smarter because of bettering their lifestyle (environment influence)
d
6. What neurological tests are used by pediatricians to asses for lower brain function? a. Rooting reflex b. Pupillary Reflex c. Moro Reflex d. All of the above
d
7. Which of the following is not a role of the growth cones ? a. Facilitate target recognition b. halt axonal growth c. directional guidance of the neuron d. developing signals along the axon potential
d
7. Which of the following statements about motor skills is true? a. The sequence of motor development varies widely across individuals b. Blind babies develop motor skills equally as well as babies with regular sight c. Rearing styles and developing motor skills are consistent across cultures d. Right- or left- handedness can be influenced by environment
d
7. Which of these statements are true about role of the subplate neurons? i) They play a role in the formation of TC pathways. ii) They play a role in the formation of CT pathways. iii) They help mediate dynamic interactions between TC axons and cortex. a. i & iii b. i & ii c. ii & iii d. i, ii, & iii
d
8) What are characteristics of human beings that make us so unique? A) Extended childhood B) Shorter interbirth intervals C) Larger brains D) All of the above
d
8) When a person trains at Tetris, you would typically expect their brain to use ____ energy than when they started because _____. a) More; they formed more synaptic connections b) More; they use more advanced techniques when playing c) Less; they learn shortcuts to the game d) Less; their brain gets more efficient when processing the game
d
8) Which of the following statements is true? a) People who lack early language exposure can still excel in grammar but struggle with vocabulary b) Phoneme refers to only vowel sounds c) Babbling begins when babies are about a year old d) By the age of six, children understand around 13,000 words
d
8. What is strabismus? a. Another world for farsightedness (the inability to clearly see nearby objects) b. A type of hearing impairment caused by damage to the ossicles c. none d. When two eyes are improperly aligned
d
8. Which statement is true about the role of environment on intellectual development? a. Improved environments can have a positive impact on disadvantaged children. b. The vigorous interactions with people, places, and objects impacts the neural network. c. Improvements in lifestyle such as education are contributing to a steady rise in IQ in industrialized nations. d. All of the above
d
9) Which is not a function of the developing vestibular system? a. Balance b. Checkpoint for the proper neurological development of the baby c. Soothing mechanism d. None of the above
d
9) Which of the following describes the theory of mind? a) self-awareness and the ability to relate to other people b) ability to make a distinction between reality and false beliefs c) understanding others' feelings d) all of the above
d
9) Which of the following is NOT a skill a young child would struggle with? A) executive control B) attentional focus C) working memory D) imitation
d
9. Which of the following factors would leave an impact on a child's developing intelligence? a. Sex difference traits b. Televised commercials c. Vaccines d. A & B e. All of the above
d
9. Which of the following makes apoptosis LESS likely to occur (antiapoptotic)? a. Bax and Bad b. Caspasde-3 (Card 3) expressed c. A signaling apoptotic cascade d. Bcl2 and BclxL
d
What is the "Flynn Effect"? a. the effect the movie 'Tangled' has on children b. the effect fetal environment has on intelligence c. the effect of stimuli deprivation on development d. the steady increase of IQs/intelligence in generations
d
Which is an example of declarative memory? a. conditioning b. priming c. habits d. autobiographical memory
d
Which of the following is a reliable (average) sex difference in children's brains? a. girls' brains are larger than boys' brains b. girls' brains take longer to develop than boys' brains c. boys' brains develop faster than girls's d. boys' brains are larger than girls' brains
d
3) Which of the following is associated with reduced risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease? A) Higher socioeconomic status B) Educational attainment C) Parental educational attainment D) None of the above E) All of the above
e
5) What are the current explanations for age differences in brain activity? A) Older adults show more brain activity but the same performance level as younger adults B) Older adults have equal or greater brain activity but worse performance C) Compensatory overrecruitment when older adults perform the same, but recruit a brain region that is of active in young adults. D) Older adults perform better by recruiting brain regions not seen in younger adults E) All of the above
e
6) What is "overrecruitment" in the aging brain indicative of? A) The heightened and improved ability of older adults in tasks of cognition and memory, in comparison to younger adults and adolescents B) A response to altered functions in the brain, perhaps indicative of compensatory activity C) A sign of neural inefficiency D) A and B E) B and C
e
9) Which of the following is needed for the development of action modules for locomotion and navigation: a)Shift of attention b) Balance c) Information about one's own locomotor abilities d) Visual information e) All the above
e
