Health Psychology chapter 1

Galen

The Greek physician best known for dissections and providing us with anatomy data

Hippocrates

The father of Western medicine is:

Freud

The first psychologist to link illness with psychological causes is:

Culture is best defined as:

a. (a) set of beliefs shared by a group** b. race and ethnicity c. religion, family values, and race d. the values of our parents and family members

Which is the strongest correlation listed?

a. .34 c.-.23 b. .56 d. (a) -.76****

Which of the following is FAlSE?.

a. Death rates of African Americans are significantly higher than those of Americans overall. b. American Indians have a suicide rate that is higher than the national average. c Health care and disease incidence vary significantly across cultural groups. d. (answer) Most health disparities are caused by factors related to sex rather than cultural factors.***

African Americans (indicated as "blacks") are at a higher risk for death from heart disease than Caucasians (indicated as "whites").

true

Helen Dunbar and Franz Alexander were instrumental in establishing the earliest organization to study psychological determinants on health. It is called:

Psychosomatic Medicine

When the three main biological units, enzymes, tissues, and excretory functions, are in harmonious condition and when the mind and senses are cheerful, this would best describe this medicine system:

Ayurveda

Regarding the culture of religion: of the 302 million Americans accounted for in the last United States census, the top three specified religions of those individuals, with the highest percentage listed first is:

Christian, no affiliation, Jewish

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has the following understanding of health:

Eat and drink an equal amounts of hot and cold qualities.

Correlation coefficient

A(n) ____________ measures the strength of the relation between two variables.

_____________ refers to a person's chance of developing a disease independent of any risk that other people may have

Absolute risk

Which group of individuals ranked at the top for causes of death that included homicide, heart disease, diabetes and cancer?

African Americans

This Harvard psychologist wrote the first book in psychology. _________was also one of the earliest psychologists to write about spirituality, health, and psychology:

James

The multidisciplinary organization formed to focus on the influences of hehavior on health and well-being is:

Society of Behavioral Medicine

_______ are most likely to consider health and medical care within the context of cultural systems.

Medical anthropologists

Because using naturally occurring groups is not a perfect experiment, such designs are referred to as quasi-experimental designs, and the independent variables are called subject variables.

True

Context

Members of different cultures use different definitions of health, which in turn vary from place to place. This highlights the importance of studying the general concept of:

People of the __________faith make up the smallest percentage of Americans today.

Muslim

The "state in which disease is absent" is a common definition for:

Western medical circles.

socioeconomic status

Which of these circumstances is related to a higher occurrence of most chronic and infectious disorders?

Morbidity

_______ refers to the number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time. _____

Every day, each of our behaviors can influence our health. Given the many components of being healthy, health is best conceptualized as:

a continuum

Rates of smoking go up as SES goes down. This is an example of:

a negative correlation

Which of the following is the primary focus of health psychology?

a. (a) health promotion and maintenance and preventing and treating illness++ b. understanding the etiology of health and illness c. revising the health care system d. finding the cure for disease like HIV and cancer

Which of the following is FALSE?

a. Perceptions of how well-off your family is have been found to influence health. b. (a) SES is related to morbidity, but not to mortality.** c. SES is related to a higher occurrence of most chronic and infectious disorders. d. Neighborhood SES has been associated with poorer health practices.

Based on oral traditions and pictoral evidence from early civilizations,, history suggests that our ancestors considered the mind and body to:

be one

The major approach used by health psychologists is the:

biopsychosocial model

The Purnell Model is a model of:

cultural competence

A 2012 study was conducted to examine the effect of an expressive writing intervention among Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors. Participants were asked to write about their thoughts, feelings, coping efforts each week for three weeks to determine potential health benefits of this intervention. Health outcomes (fatigue, quality of life, and psychological adjustment) were assessed at baseline, 3, and 6 months after the intervention. It was found that expressive writing was associated with improvements in fatigue, quality of life, and psychological adjustment (posttraumatic stress, intrusive thoughts, and positive affect). Multiple "health outcomes" were measured, so there are multiple:

dependent variables

The study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of different disease is known as:

epidemiology

Ayurveda is an ancient Native American system of medicine that focuses on the body, the sense organs, the mind and the soul.

false

Health psychology is different from other psychology fields in that is does not need to rely firmly on the scientific method.

false

Leonardo Da Vinci, an Italian artist during the Renaissance, was able to draw detailed diagrams of the human body due, in part, to the encouragement of the Roman Catholic Church for scientists and artists of that era to perform dissections. This is one example of the spiritual/physical connectiveness of Health Psychology.

false

Native Americans draw distinctions between physical, spiritual, and social entities, and especially draw distinctions between religion and medicine.

false

Regarding research and the change in statistics: all change in the data is statistically significant, and all statistically significant change is meaningful change.

false

One of the most important aspects of culture is socioeconomic status (SES). SES is commonly measured by:

family income, parental education and occupational status

Morbidity is defined as the number of deaths related to a specific cause.

fasle

The best indicator of an individual's health is the extent to which they:

follow general healthy behaviors

In studying about cultural differences in health, we should remember that

in-group differences and between-group differences both occur.

The frequency of new cases of a disease during a year is known as:

incidence rate

This is one critical factor in a research study that can make previously insignificant changes significant:

increasing the sample size

Experiments are powerful and help determine cause because the experimenter manipulates a variable between groups holding other factors constant. This manipulated variable is the:

independent variable

When we define our culture, our views of ourselves reside at different levels of conscious awareness. This is the definition for:

level of analysis

Health psychologists are most likely to define health as:

mental, physical, spiritual, and psychological well-being.

The analytical research question whether men or women have a higher occurrence of heart attacks is called:

odds ratio

Inactive substances similar to the experimental drugs given to test the power of expectations are called:

placebos

The proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a particular time refers to:

prevalence rate

Health psychology is best described as an interdisciplinary subdiscipline of psychology primarily focused on:

promoting and maintain health and preventing and treating illness.

Studies that follow a group of people for a number of years to determine whether certain variables predict disease are called:

prospective

Researchers select individuals who are HIV positive, and those who are not HIV positive, and train both in a certain form of coping. After a year, their health and well-being are compared and measured. This design is most likely a(n):

quasi-experiment

Sometimes we cannot manipulate some of the variables we are most interested in (e.g., having cancer). We use naturally occurring groups. This form of research is known as:

quasi-experimental

Studies where one group gets an experimental drug and another gets a placebo are called:

randomized clinical trials

One of the strongest cultural determinants of health beliefs and behaviors (e. g. eating)

religion

The WHO (World Health Organization) defines health as:

state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

An experiment is being conducted to determine the effects of caffeine intake on student performance. One group is made to drink 5 cups of coffee, the other group drinks 1 cup of coffee. They then take the exam. The independent variable is ________.

the amount of caffeine consumed.

Psychosomatic medicine studies:

the influence of mind on health.

The answer to "are you healthy" can vary according to how old you are, what your parents and friends think constitutes health, and what your religious or ethnic background is, and what a variety of other factors indicate about you.

true

Traditional Mexican American patients may go to a Western doctor to cure a biological problem but only curanderos, or healers, can be trusted to cure spiritual problems.

true