HEALTHCARE WASTE

proportion percentage of cement in the inertization mixture

15%

proportion percentage of lime in the inertization mixture

15%

Recyclable Wastes and Biodegradable HCW

2 Types of General Wastes

proportion percentage of water in the inertization mixture

5%

proportion percentage of pharmaceutical waste in the inertization mixture

65%

Bacteriostatic

Agents that inhibit bacterial growth but generally do not kill the organisms

Bactericidal

Agents that usually kill target organisms

Pathological Wastes

Animal Carcasses is an example of what waste?

Minimization and segregation

Basic Steps in Handling wastes

Source reduction, recyclable products and Good management and control practices

Benefits of Minimization

Comprises for instance, left over food or garden waste that can be composted

Biodegradable Waste

Vegetative Bacteria

Boiling kills what organism/ bacteria

paper, cardboard, non contaminated plastic or metal, cans or glass that can be recycled.

Example of Recyclable Waste

Types and number of microorganism present temperature pH Concentration of disinfectant Amount of organics present Nature of surface to be disinfected Type of water available

Factors Effecting Disinfection

Flushing down the drainage system Incineration Landfill burial Recycling

Four Basic Waste Disposal Techniques

Non risk healthcare waste HCW

General Wastes is also known as?...

Municipal Waste Disposal System

General Wastes is dealt with what system?

75%-90%

General Wastes represent how much percentage of the total amount of HCW generated by medical institutions

Autoclave

Has been used in hospitals for the sterilization of reusable medical equipment

Pressurized container

Has inert or potentially harmful gases that can explode if incinerated or accidentally punctured

Cleaning

Helps to remove pathogens or significantly reduce their load on contaminated surfaces

0.1% or 1000 ppm

Hypochlorite inactivates most other pathogens that may be present in the healthcare setting

proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

Inactivation processes in the disinfection include denaturation of:

Infectious waste

Instruments in contact with infectious patients is an example of what waste?

Inertization

Involves the mixing of waste with cement and other substances before disposal

Segregation

Is an important step to waste management

Radioactive wastes

Liquid or gaseous materials from radioactive substances

Sharps Wastes

Materials that are closely linked with health care activities and pose a potential risk of injury and infection due to their puncture or cut property.

chemical disinfection

Most suitable in treating blood, urine, and stool

Mercury, silver and copper

Most widely used heavy metals

food pathogens

Pasteurizing kills what organism or bacteria?

Minimization

Preventing or reducing generation of waste through an emphasis on source reduction and recycling

Biological Processes

Requires regulation of temperature, pH, enzyme level and other variable

Wastes with high heavy metal content

Subcategory under hazardous chemical wastes

Low touch surfaces

Surfaces that have minimal contact with hands

Pyrolysis or Thermal Process

The decomposition of organic matter by heat

Disinfection/ decontamination

The process of removing or neutralizing contaminants that have accumulated on workplace, personnel, and equiptment

Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol

Two most effective alcohols used in hospitals for disinfection purposes are

Pathologic Wastes

Type of waste that comprises non- infectious human body parts, organs or tissues

Non- Infectious dry waste

Type of waste that the Color of the container is BLACK

Non Infectious wet waste

Type of waste that the Color of the container is GREEN

radioactive waste

Type of waste that the Color of the container is ORANGE

sharps and pressurized container

Type of waste that the Color of the container is RED

infectious and pathological waste

Type of waste that the Color of the container is YELLOW

Chemical waste including those with high heavy metals

Type of waste that the Color of the container is YELLOW WITH BLACK BAND

Autoclave and Microwave

Types of Thermal treatment

Iodine

Used as an antiseptic and disinfectant for blood culture bottles and medical equipment such as thermometers and endoscopes

Hydrogen Peroxide

Used as antiseptics to clean wounds, cleaning surgical sites after closure but can prolong healing time if used in high concentrations.

antiseptics

Used on skin and mucous membranes to kill organisms and not used on inanimate objects

Incineration

Used to be the method of choice in treating healthcare waste but due to the implementation of Clean Air Act, this method is no longer allowed.

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Used to disinfects bench tops or other surfaces in the laboratory

disinfectant

Used to kill microorganisms on inanimate objects and not use on skin

Radiation Technology

Wastes containing potentially infectious microorganisms (sewage sludge, biomedical wastes, wastewater) are treated using irradiation systems which are currently being used in waste treatment operations.

Infectious waste

Wastes from hemodialyzers is an example of what waste?

Pharmaceutical Wastes

Wastes that comprises expired pharmaceuticals or pharmaceuticals that are unusable for other reasons.

Detergents and Soaps

Widely used as surface active agents, wetting agents and emulsifiers

Incineration or combustion

a type of disposal method in which municipal solid wastes are burned at high temperatures

Recyclable Waste

a type of general waste that includes paper, cardboard, non contaminated plastic or metal, cans or glass that can be recycled.

at least 48 hours or up to 1 week

administered cytostatic drugs or of their metabolites should be considered genotoxic for at least how much time after drug administration?

Sodium Hypochlorite

also known as a household bleach

Landfill Burial/ Sanitary Landfill

an engineered method designed to keep the waste isolated from the environment

Encapsulation

appropriate for the disposal of sharps and chemical or pharmaceutical residues

Disinfectant concentration and contact time

are also critical for effective surface disinfection

saturated fatty Acids

are more effective against gram negative bacilli

High touch surfaces

are those that have frequent contact with hands

100 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes

boiling includes heating up at what temperature and how long

Phenolics

disinfectants that are effective against bacteria and enveloped viruses

Inertization

especially suitable for pharmaceutical waste

unsaturated fatty acid

have greater action against gram positive

UV rays

have long wavelength and low energy

3%

how much percentage does phenolic detergent can be used to clean laboratory

least soiled to most soiled or cleanest to dirtiest and from higher to lower level

in cleaning, it should progress to what area?

easy to load and unload, have to sharp edges that could damage waste bags or containers and easy to clean

in collection and on site transport, the carts should be.....

Regular basis

in order to avoid accumulation of the waste, it must be collected on a __________________ basis

Genotoxic Wastes

includes cytostatic drugs, vomit, urine, feces from patients treated with cytostatic drugs, chemicals and radioactive chemical.

Encapsulation

involves the filling of containers with waste, adding and immobilizing material and sealing the containers

Formaldehyde

is a solution useful for disinfecting certain instruments

Sterilization

is achieved by breaking down the DNA molecules of the contaminated organism.

General Wastes

is also comparable to Domestic Wastes

Recycling

is collecting waste and processing it into something new.

Formaldehyde

is the main aldehyde used for disinfection

70% alcohol followed by an iodophor

is the most common compound used for skin disinfection before drawing blood specimens for culture and surgery

Chlorine

is the most often used in the form of sodium hypochlorite

ionizing radiation

is very efficient at DNA disruption and requires far less total energy than would be used in an equivalent thermal process

Chemical Wastes

maybe hazardous or non hazardous it may be Toxic, corrosive, flammable, reactive and genotoxic

boiling, pasteurization and non ionizing radiation

physical Methods of Disinfection

Radioactive wastes

produced as a result of procedures such as in vitro analysis of body tissue and fluid, in vivo imaging and tumor localization

before and after disinfection

shredding of waste in microwave thermal process is done _________ and _______

63 celsius for 30 mins or 72 celsius for 15 secs

temperature and duration in pasteurizing

121 °C, 15 psi for 30 mins

the temperature, pressure measurement and duration of the Autoclave thermal treatment

Aldehydes, chlorine compound and Phenolic compound

these chemical compounds are added to wastes to kill or in activate pathogens present in health care waste

Biological Processes

these process uses an enzyme mixture to decontaminate healthcare waste and the resulting biproduct is put through an extruder to remove water for sewege disposal

Autoclave

uses steam sterilization to render waste harmless

route or zone

waste collection schedule should either by......

100°C, for atleast 30 mins

waste is exposed to microwaves that raises on what temperature and duration

Less than 2

what measure of ph does a chemical will be considered as Acid

Greater than 2

what measure of ph does a chemical will be considered as Base

Alcohols Aldehydes Heavy Metals Quaternary ammonium compounds Phenolics Hypochlorite Iodine Hydrogen peroxide Detergents and soaps halogens

Chemical Methods of disinfection

Infectious waste

Comprise all biomedical and healthcare wastes known or clinically assessed by a medical practitioner or veterinary surgeon to have a potential of transmitting infectious agents to humans or animals

Infectious waste

Cultures and stocks from a laboratory is an example of what waste?