HEH Semester 1 Final
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all of the following except
France had the highest literacy rate
Which of the following was not a motive for European exploration during the 15th and 16th centuries?
Italians hoping to find land for emigrants form their over populated states to settle
How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the HRE Charles V a the Diet of Worms?
Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices
The initial leader in Europe's exploration of the world during the fifteenth century was
Portugal
Why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work, especially after 1640?
Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine
The Reformation in England was primarily the result of
The dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII
The merchants of Florence established dominance over what aspect of the papacy's activities?
The papal banking system
Which was not a cause of the scientific revolution?
The search for the physical location of the soul within the body
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II
One of the central components of the Italian Renaissance was
a glorification of individual genius
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany
became either Lutheran of Catholic, depending on the preference of their Prince
The scientific revolution drew on all of the following for its origins except
efforts to prevent a recurrence of Black Death
The importation of massive amounts of gold and silver into Spain ultimately damaged Spain by
fostering an inflation, which increased royal debt
The Peace of Ausburg
gave rulers of member states of the HRE the right to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism as their state religion
Henry VII broke from the Catholic Church because of
his concerns about having an heir
Until the beginning of the sixteenth century, criticism of the Catholic Church was focused primarily on
immorality and ignorance among the clergy
The impact of the Protestant Reformation included all of the following except
improved social conditions for the peasants
Northern Renaissance art differed from its Italian counterpart in the
it was more religious
Not a supporter of the divine right of kings, Thomas Hobbes advocated strong governments, basing his views on
man's selfish and aggressive nature
The dissolution of English monasteries
resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth
Castiglione's manual on gentlemanly conduct
suggested that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, from athletics to music to art to mathematics
Ultimately the factor that MOST determined the spread of Lutheranism was
the decision made by princes of rulers to adopt or reject Protestantism as made possible by the Peace of Ausburg
Luther believed the church consisted of
the entire community of Chrisitian believers
The chief difference between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment is
the focus on rational inquiry
What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?
the methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life; reason involved logical patterns of thoughts that could lead one to deduce truths
Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art
to glorify themselves and their families
The Edict of Nantes was intended to
to promote religious and civil peace
The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was
to uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity
The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the 16th century was
to uplift the moral condition of both the clergy and the laity
In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that
was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes
The Renaissance was able to begin in Italy primarily because of
wealth created from Italy's extensive trade network
The works of Enlightenment philosophes
were profoundly secular
What aided Luther as his call to reform emerged?
Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works
Which of the following best describes Luther's doctrine of salvation?
Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace
Italian humanists stressed the
study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
Italian balance of power diplomacy
was designed to prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula
What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?
To discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate what should occur
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
The Peace of Westphalia, which marked the end of the Thirty Years' War, was a turning point in Europe because it signified
An end to the religious wars that began during the Reformation