Helping Relationships - CPCE

sour grapes vs. sweet lemon rationalization

(2 part answer... ____vs. _____) - expresses "I didn't really want it anyway"; underrates a reward - when someone tells you how wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is; overrates a reward (used to protect the self from a bruised ego)

the invisible self

- empirically based wellness model used by clinicians to support clients in improving their state of wellness - based on Alfred Adler's wheel of wellness model - has 17 wellness factors broken into 5 groups: essential self, social self, creative self, physical self, and coping self

Core beliefs of SFBT

1. if clients are already doing something that works, they should continue doing it 2. if clients try something that doesn't work, they should stop doing it and try something else 3. if clients try something that works, they should do more of it

6 conditions for client change (according to C. Rogers)

1. psychological contact between the counselor and client; relationship between the counselor and client 2. client incongruence - the client experiences incongruence b/t experience and awareness; this leaves the client feeling vulnerable and anxious 3. counselor congruence - the counselor demonstrates congruence within the therapeutic relationship and may use self-disclosure to establish and build rapport with the client 4. counselor unconditional positive regard - nonjudgemental attitude toward the client and unconditionally accepts the personhood of the client 5. counselor empathy - understanding of the client's worldview and communicates empathy to the client in order to reinforce the counselor's unconditional positive regard 6. client perception of the relationship - when the client perceives the counselor's empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard.

3 key/general stages of counseling

1. relationship building stage 2. action/intervention stage 3. termination stage

precontemplation stage

1st stage of change client is not aware that a problem exists; have not intention to change their behavior; often in counseling because of pressure from those around them (who recognize the problem exist) or are mandated

contemplation stage

2nd stage of change client is aware that a problem exists and is likely to realize the benefits associated with change; seriously considering change, but they ruminate on the cons of changing, may become ambivalent, and/or end up failing to commit to take action

preparation (stage of change)

3rd stage of change client has not yet been able to take successful action toward change, but are fully intending to make behavioral change in the very near future; begin to take baby steps

action (stage of change)

4th stage of change clients begin to modify their behaviors and take visible action toward change; begin to acquire and engage in new, functional behaviors

maintenance (stage of change)

5th stage of change clients are free from original problem and able to sustain action for extended periods of time, preventing the relapse of problem behavior

termination (stage of change)

6th stage of change clients no longer need to take action to prevent the relapse of problem behaviors; completed the change process

c. contracting

A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a place of action? a. empty chair technique b. ego state analysis c. contracting d. formal assertiveness training

d. sympathy

A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, "Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?" This is an example of .... a. EMDR b. accurate empathy c. confrontation d. sympathy

d. urge the client to stay with the feeling

A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would mist likely... a. ask the client to recount a dream b. urge the client to engage in thought stopping c. prescribe relaxation homework d. urge the client to stay with the feeling

b. change the verbalization to "I statement"

A client undergoing gestalt therapy who states "It is difficult to get a job in New York City" would be asked by the counselor to ... a. go to the ONET online website b. change the verbalization to "I statement" c. read the OOH d. take the Strong Interest Inventory (SII)

a. introjection

A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of... a. introjection b. repression c. rationalization d. displacement

a. a temperature trainer

A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize... a. a temperature trainer b. EMG feedback c. EEG neurofeedback d. EKG feedback

c. EMG feedback (a method of retraining muscle by creating new feedback systems)

A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontal muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on... a. the Jacobson relaxation model b. GSR feedback c. EMG feedback d. a simple yet effective mood ring

c. covert sensitization

A counselor has an obsession client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called.... a. behavioral rehearsal b. in vivo sensitization c. covert sensitization d. in vivo desensitization

b. behavioral rehearsal.

A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy or situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as... a. conscious rehearsal b. behavioral rehearsal c. fixed role therapy d. a and b

b. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation

A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely ... a. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind. b. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation c. a Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship. d. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract

d. Freud's topographic hypothesis

A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on... a. Pavlov's dogs b. Mary Cover Jones c. John B. Watson d. Freud's topographic hypothesis

c. EEG feedback (monitors brain activity)

A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize... a. EMG feedback b. GSR feedback c. EEG feedback d. EKG feedback

b. in a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game

A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Game are said to precent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games? a. in a first-degree game someone gets seriously hurt b. in a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game c. for a game to occur, three people must be involved d. games always involve parallel vectors of communication

a. playing the projection technique

A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client's projection via... a. playing the projection technique b. the empty chair technique c. concerting questions to statements d. a behavioral contract

a. displacement

A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a dollar per hour raise. He is furious but not assertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of... a. displacement b. denial c. identification d. a Type II error

c. using concreteness (used to specify something or to eliminate ague language)

A man says, "My life has been lousy for the past 6 months." The counselor replies, "Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last 6 months?" The counselor is..... a. using interpretation b. using summarization c. using concreteness d. using a depth psychology paradigm

d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role.

A man yell's at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn't know how be can continue doing all the housework because it is too difficult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Stephen Karpman's drama triangle would say... a. the man is stuck in the "I'm not ok - You're not ok" life position b. the Critical Parent is dominating c. the man is obviously an adult child of an alcoholic d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role.

b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles

A person centered therapist would... a. treat clients with everyday problems differently from psychotics b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles c. use more closed-ended questions with adjustment reactions d. use contracting with clients who are not making progress

c. secondary reinforcer

A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as.... a. a primary reinforcer b. covert processing c. secondary reinforcer d. SUDS

partial reinforcement

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently/ a portion of the time (aka thinning)

Thanatos

According to Freud, an instinctual drive toward death, leading to aggressive actions

a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior ex: if you eat your veggies, then I will let you have dessert

According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure..... a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior b. a higher-probability behavior is reinforced by a lower-probability behavior c. a and b are paradoxically both effective d. none of the above (also known's as Grandma's Rule/Law)

a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class

Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to... a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class b. practice relaxation techniques for 10 -20 minutes before the speech c. practice rational self-talk d. practice rational thinking

acting "as if"

Adlerian technique: encourages clients to act "as if" they are the person they hope to be someday; technique helps clients realize that they are capable of changing and being the person they want to be

Lifestyle analysis

Adlerian technique: entails interviewing clients about early life memories (prior to age 10), their perceptions of heir relationships wit their parens and siblings, family dynamics, their experiences in school and society, and their beliefs about themselves.

catching oneself

Adlerian technique: helps clients gain an awareness of their self-defeating thoughts and behaviors and gives them responsibility for creating change in their lives

miracle question / (asking the question -- How would your life be different if you were well?)

Adlerian technique: primary goal of this question is to help client think about the possibility of no longer having their problem and to show clients that they have the ability to change their lives

spitting in the client's soup

Adlerian technique: technique that points out certain client behaviors so that the behavior no longer seems as desirable to the client ex: Counselor may tell a client that she seems to disparage her sister to feel better about herself. In the future, the client is less likely to feel better when making these belittling comments to her sister, thus reducing the likelihood that the behavior will be continued

encouragement

Adlerian technique: technique whereby the counselor conveys to clients his or her belief and conviction that the client can make important lifestyle changes

pushbutton technique

Adlerian technique: used to teach clients that they play a role in maintaining their problems; clients are instructed that they have control over how they respond to, perceive, and recollect people and events; clients are encouraged to focus on their positive feelings and push the positive ____ rather than the negative _____

a. RBT

Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., is to.... a. RBT b. AT c. TA d. S-R research

a. the client's childhood is explored

All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true EXCEPT: a. the client's childhood is explored b. excuses are not accepted c. the unconscious is avoided d. therapy is concerned primarily with the here and now

d. Wolpe

All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement EXCEPT... a. Freud b. Jung c. Adler d. Wolpe

c. basic, subtractive, and additive

Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy... a. positive, negative regard, and cognitive b. reflective, micro-empathy, and forced choice c. basic, subtractive, and additive d. micro-empathy, basic, and level 8 empathy

d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures

Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for... a. being too short-term b. overemphasizing techniques c. ignoring group strategies d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures

d. none of the above

An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center's chemical dependency program. This is a practice of... a. sublimation b. repression c. introjection d. none of the above

c. sublimation

An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying... a. suppression b. rationalization c. sublimation d. displacement

d. aversive conditioning

An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called... a. systematic desensitization b. biofeedback c. back-up reinforcement d. aversive conditioning

a. Edward Thorndike's law of effect

B.F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on... a. Edward Thorndike's law of effect b. Alfred Adler's concept of lifestyle c. Arnold Lazarus's concept of the BASIC-ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic d. symptom substitutions

slower rate

Because gestalt therapists are generally rather confrontational, theorists assume that the client-counselor relationships will progress at a _______.

behavioral consultation model

Bergan and Kratochwill's consultation model that is based on operant conditioning and involves a collegial relationship between the consultant and consultee; consultant is viewed as the authority figure who assumes the primary responsibility for the outcome of the consultation; primary focus is on behavior modification

a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent (this state is closely related to Freud's superego)

Berne suggested 3 ego states: the parent, the adult, and the child (P-A-C). The parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of 2 functions in the parent ego state, the... a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent b. Critical Parent and the Repressed Parent c. Reactive Parent and the Active Parent d. Passive Parent and the Active Parent

b. homework

Bibliotherapy if a form of... a. psychodynamic intervention b. homework c. displacement d. musterbation

sibling position

Bowen Family Systems Therapy element: Bowen's term for birth order which affects the personality traits of siblings

triangles

Bowen Family Systems Therapy element: a relationship system comprising of 3 people; considered more stable than a dyad because stress and tension can be spread out among the 3 different relationships; a family creates this when 2 people (typically parents)are experiencing uncomfortable stress pull in a third person (usually a child) to help release the emotional tension (the more differentiated a person is the less likely he or she will need to create this to reduce the pressure of a relationship)

nuclear family emotional system

Bowen Family Systems Therapy element: formed on the basis of the parental subsystem's degree of differentiation; individuals are normally attracted to partners who have the same level of differentiation as they do

emotional cutoff

Bowen Family Systems Therapy element: occurs when children, who are highly fused with their families, may try to emotionally cut themselves off from their family of origin through moving, refusing to talk to family members, or only interacting with family members on the surface level in order to improve or maintain their well-being

societal regression

Bowen Family Systems Therapy element: occurs when society that is experiencing too much stress regresses in its level of differentiation

family projection process

Bowen Family Systems Therapy element: occurs when undifferentiated parents project their tension and anxiety onto their most susceptible or sensitive child; as a result of this triangulation, the child often becomes symptomatic and the parents focus on the child as the source of the problem, rather than themselves

multigenerational transmission process

Bowen Family Systems Therapy element: process by which a family emotional pattern and levels of differentiation are transferred and maintained over generations

differentiation of self

Bowen Family Systems Therapy element: refers to people's ability to separate themselves from their family of origin without cutting themselves off from their families (someone who is able to do this are able to remain connected with their family without becoming fused/enmeshed)

detriangulation

Bowen Family Systems Therapy technique: learning how to avoid becoming involved in triangles and how to avoid triangulating others

back home visits

Bowen Family Systems Therapy technique: recommended for clients who have unresolved issues with their family of origin; ultimate goal of these visits is to increase the client's differentiation

genogram

Bowen Family Systems Therapy technique: visual representations of approximately 3 generations of a family; include names, ages, marriage dates, divorce dates, dates of death, important events, symbols to describe relationship patterns, etc.

b. logos; eros

C G Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ____ principle, while women are intuitive and operate on the ___ principle. a. eros; thanatos b. logos; eros c. reality; pleasure d. transference; countertransference

c. anima; animus

C J Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ___ and women to deny their masculine side known as ___. a. eros; thanatos b. animus; anima c. anima; animus d. yin; yang

d. Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning relates to the work of ... a. EG Williamson b. BF Skinner c. Victor Frankl d. Ivan Pavlov

Multimodal Therapy

Created by Arnold Lazarus; it is a form of technical eclectisism. Clients are assessed in seven domains which can be easily remembered by the acronym BASIC ID (behavior, affect, sensations, imagery, cognition, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological functioning/nutrition/exercise. During the assessment process, the counselor also determines from which domain (modality) the client prefers (the client prefers to operate from teh behavioral domain). The counselor might start off with a behavioral approach to strengthen the therapeutic alliance key concepts: bridging, firing sequence

c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns

Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an effective treatment that... a. often fails to emphasize the importance of dreams b. ignores nonverbal behavior c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns d. uses the making the rounds technique, which is not appropriate for group work

d. b and c

Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that... a. it does not emphasize relationship concerns b. some degree of directive ness is needed after the initial phase of counseling c. more confrontation is necessary, though rogers did encourage caring confrontations d. b and c

reaction formation

Defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate. ex: "Mark is stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is _____."

d. extinction

During a family counseling session, a 6 year old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor , who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing ... a. negative reinforcement b. chaining c. reciprocal inhibition d. extinction

d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution (behaviorist do not believe in symptom substitution which is why c is incorrect)

During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor... a. is using ACT or acceptance and commitment therapy, a mindfulness based behavior therapy b. is using Donald Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution

c. irrational thinking at point B

Ellis feels that ____ is at the core of emotional disturbance. a. a trauma before age 5 b. a current traumatic activating event c. irrational thinking at point B d. repression of key feelings

d. only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord).

Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist's new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since... a. he does not believe in the scientific method b. the study would not take transference into account c. Ellis thoroughly dislikes hypothesis testing d. only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord).

d. Carkhuff and Gazada

Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of... a. Perls and Berne b. Ellis and Harper c. Prochaska's trans theoretical model (TTM) d. Carkhuff and Gazada

c. gestalt therapy

Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized by his books "Games People Play" and "What Do You Say After You Say Hello?". TA therapists are most likely to incorporate ___ in the treatment process. a. Meichenbaum's self-instructional therapy b. reality therapy c. gestalt therapy d. vegotherapy

d. id, ego, and superego

Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes... a. oral, anal, and phallic b. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious c. a and b d. id, ego, and superego

b. associationism (associated with John Locke -- pg. 181 purple book)

Existentialism is to logo therapy as ___ is the behaviorism. a. operants b. associationism c. Skinner d. Socrates

d. physical, relationship, identity

Existentialist speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the _____ world, the Mitwelt or the ____ world, and the Eigenwelt or the _____ world. a. unconscious, preconscious, conscious b. id, ego, superego c. self-identity, relationship, physical d. physical, relationship, identity

b. the client's perception in the here and now

Existentialists focus primarily on... a. the teenage years b. the client's perception in the here and now c. childhood traumas d. uplifting childhood memories

Eric Berne

Father of Transactional Analysis

Alfred Adler

Father of individual psychology

c. Yalom and May

Frankl is an existentialist. So are... a. Ellis and Perls b. Perls and Stampfl c. Yalom and May d. Janov and Beck

b. that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response

Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him... a. the value of stimulus-response (SI) psychological paradigm b. that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response c. that blaming others can be truly therapeutic d. the value of active directive counseling

Integrated Counseling Approach

Frederick Thron was an early proponent of this type of counseling because he believed that no single counseling theory encompasses all the elements necessary to effectively help a client. This type of counseling transcends theoretical approaches through the integration of several diverse psychological theories and techniques into one combined approach to therapy 4 main approaches: 1. technical integration (technique from wide range of theories to treat client problems) 2. theoretical integration (strive to combine 2 or more theories) 3. assimilative integration (1 primary theoretical approach, but maintain flexibility to use techniques from additional approaches when needed) 4. common factor approach (use factors that are common across all approaches)

c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint

Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, content that... a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo b. he failed to emphasize sex c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint d. he was pro female

topographic notion

Freud's notion that the mind has depth like an iceberg; means "mapping"; Freud is mapping the mind

superego

Freud's personality development: operates on the morality principle; it also exists in the unconscious; it is someone's conscious, their inner voice that urges the person to do the right thing and always expects perfectionism; develop on the basis of interactions with their parents and societal norms, through which a sense of morality is engrained; when people fail to follow their conscience, the rest is often a sense of guilt

ego

Freud's personality development: operates on the reality principle and balances the id and the superego; found mainly in the conscious part of the mind; exists to keep the person from being either too self-indulgent or too morally restrained; it is the logical, rational part of the personality that allows the person to function effectively in society

Id

Freud's personality development: present from the time of birth and operates on the pleasure principle; residing in a person's unconscious it is considered the unprincipled, selfish part of the personality; ruled by primitive drives (food, sex, aggression) and concerned foley with achieving pleasure, no matter the consequences.

c. thanatos

Freud's theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by ... a. eros b. prod and the id c. thanatos d. both eros and thanatos

holistic doctrine

Gestalt Therapy component: the belief that the mind0body connection is paramount and key to clients' improvement and self-understanding; thinking and doing are inextricably linked

unfinished business

Gestalt Therapy component: the past which remains in the present; unexpressed emotions

b. a form, figure, or configuration united as a whole

Gestalt means... a. a group b. a form, figure, or configuration united as a whole c. a dyad d. visual acuity

experiments

Gestalt technique: conducted spontaneously

here and now therapy

Gestalt technique: encourages clients to discuss only what is bothering them in the present moment

exercises

Gestalt technique: preplanned (psychodrama, role-playing, and the empty chair technique)

psychodrama

Gestalt technique: used to help clients understand their internal conflicts; can be achieved by having clients play a variety of roles simultaneously, which allows them to engage in discussion with conflicting parts of their personalities

empty chair technique

Gestalt technique: when a client may be in conflict with someone the counselor may facilitate a dialogue between the client and the other individual by placing an empty chair in front of client

b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson

Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles ... a. successive approximations b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson c. free association d. paraphrasing with emotional reflection

d. awareness in the here and now and dream work

Gestalt therapy emphasizes a. cognitive behavioral issues b. transference issues c. traumatic childhood memories d. awareness in the here and now and dream work

a. psychodrama

Gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates... a. psychodrama b. Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy, which asserts that maladaptive thinking creates emotional disturbance and thus clients should record dysfunctional thoughts c. conditioned reflex therapy d. client centered therapy

failure identity

Glasser believed that an individual with a ____ identity would be irresponsible and be frustrated in an attempt to feel loved and worthwhile; will develop this identity and a faulty perception of reality

success identity

Glasser believed that an individual with a _____ identity feels worthy and significant to others; typically a responsible person has this;

a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up

Glasser suggested 8 steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts... a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up b. that some problems will not respond to any known plan of action c. that counselors should contract with the client for no more than 5 counseling sessions d. that a client who does not respond to the first 7 steps is most likely a borderline personality

b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible

Glasser's positive on mental illness is that... a. it is best explained by DSM guidelines b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible c. it is best explained by ICD categories d. it is the result of a deep internal conflict

d. Schools Without Failure

Glasser's theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote... a. Choice Theory b. The Interpretation of Dreams c. Positive Addiction d. Schools Without Failure

d. a and b

In Albert Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as... a. self-talk b. internal verbalizations c. impulses d. a and b

a. CS; UCS

In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the ____ and the meat was the _____. a. CS; UCS b. UCS; CS c. CR; UCS d. UCS; CR

b. social factors

In contrast with Freud, the Neo-Freudians emphasized... a. baseline measures b. social factors c. unconditional positive regard d. insight

d. a and c

In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _______, while behavior therapy emphasizes______. a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning b. Pavlovian principles; Skinnerian principles c. Skinerian principles; Pavlovian principles d. a and c

a. unfinished business

In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as ... a. unfinished business b. the emerging gestalt c. form/figure language d. the top dog

c. parent, superego

In transactional analysis (TA), the ____ is the conscious, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the _____. a. adult, unconscious b. parent, ego c. parent, superego d. parent, id

b. pictures in your mind

Internal verbalizations are the REBT as ___ are to Glasser's choice theory. a. contracting b. pictures in your mind c. lack of punishment d. a therapeutic plan

a. cure

John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to _____. a. cure b. Skinner c. Piaget d. NLP

c. Little Albert

John B. Watson's name is associated with ... a. Little Hans b. Anna O. c. Little Albert d. b and c

c. subjective units of disturbance scale

Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for... a. standard units of dysfunction b. a given hierarchy of dysfunction c. subjective units of disturbance scale d. standard units of distress scale

d. archetypes

Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as... a. a hierarchy of needs b. instinctual c. paradox d. archetypes

a. mandalas

Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them... a. mandalas b. projective drawings c. unconscious automatic writing d. eidetic imagery

the shadow

Jung's Archetypes: characterized as the repressed or unknown aspects of each person; part of the self that people find undesirable about themselves; can be constructive or destructive ex: hard and tough on the outside, but more vulnerable and soft on the inside

the self

Jung's Archetypes: contains the conscious and unconscious aspects of a person and is the primary archetype

anima

Jung's Archetypes: female traits that exist in the collective unconscious of men

animus

Jung's Archetypes: male traits that exists in the collective unconscious of women

the persona

Jung's Archetypes: psychological masks that all humans wear; allows people to be like chameleons -- allows people to change their behavior depending on the social situation; able to disguise their true selves to adapt to new situations and function appropriately in society

amplification

Jungian techniques: helps understand images in dreams; the amplify an image, Jung compared the dreamer's image to stories or images in myths, fairy tales, literature, art, and folklore; helps therapist identify central archetypes and possible meaning in dreams

active imagination

Jungian techniques: requires clients to actively talk to characters in their dreams

explication

Jungian techniques: used to help clients determine the reason why certain objects appeared in their dreams; believed an object in a dream is exactly what it appears to be but that it is important to discover why the unconscious chose that specific objet as opposed to other / similar objects.

dream interpretation (Carol Jung)

Jungian techniques: when a counselor helps a client understand the personal meaning behind their dreams

collective unconscious

Jungian term: complex concept; all human beings have a collective unconscious, which is not unique to each individual but, rather, shared by the entire human race; residing within the _________ are archetypes, or overarching human tendencies, which are important for every person to become aware of so that they can become whole and individuated

personal conscious

Jungian term: synonymous with Freud's unconscious; unique to the individual and includes information (e.g., memories, desires, drives) that, at one time, had been conscious but has been forgotten or repressed

complex

Jungian term: used to describe amalgamating unconscious feelings, thoughts, and desires; the existence of many kinds of complexes and that each complex revolves around a universal experience, or archetype ; symbolize issues a client needs to resolve

d. competence, power, and intimacy

Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor's self-image are... a. choice of a modality and a learning disability b. age and the lack of a doctoral degree c. lack of NCC d. competence, power, and intimacy

circular questioning

Milan systemic family counseling technique: counselor uses questions to highlight family connections and differences among family members ex: who fights more with your mom: your sister or brother?

hypothesizing

Milan systemic family counseling technique: counselors formulate ___ to help family members change and gain more insight into their behavior; they are supposed to be accepted as absolute truths

neutrality

Milan systemic family counseling technique: refers to the objective position that counselors adhere to when working with families; means that the counselor does not take sides with any family members....rather all members' perceptions and beliefs are deemed valid and are used to provide the counselor with helpful information to guide questioning and develop hypothesis

ritual prescriptions

Milan systemic family counseling technique: usually paradoxical assignments that indicate certain actions to be taken on specific days and times by particular family members; help families try new ways of behaving and interacting

counterparadox

Milan systemic family counseling: asks family members to not change too quickly and helps the family avoid resistance

positive connotations

Milan systemic family counseling: counselors attach positive motives to a family member's problematic behavior

paradox

Milan systemic family counseling: used in this model to interfere with games that family members play to exert control over one another; also used to address the family paradox of coming to therapy for help but then not wanting to make any changes

strategic family therapy

Milton Erickson developed main tenets; the behavioral approaches to counseling which emphasize altering behavior rather than hep clients fain isight and personal awareness within the family system; aim to resolve the problem as quickly as possible; short-term 4 steps: 1. define problem 2. ask family members to discuss what they have done to try to sole the problem themselves 3. establish the goal of counseling for the family, 4. develop a strategy to help the family reach the goal.

b. the late 1960s

Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy (e.g., gestalt, behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.) was during... a. the late 1970s b. the late 1960s c. the 1980s d. the mid-1950s

a. repression

Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is... a. repression b. reaction formation c. denial d. sublimation

bridging

Multimodal therapy: the counselor matches their approach to a client's preferred domain ignorer to strengthen the therapeutic alliance and increase the client's comfort with the counseling process

firing sequence

Multimodal therapy: the counselor works with the client to determine the chain of events leading to a stressor that affects the client's life in a maladaptive way

therapeutic letters

Narrative therapy technique: letters that review what was discussed in the session and highlight important work that occurred during the session going long after the session has ended; helps internalize self-narrative -- written by the therapist

outside witness

Narrative therapy technique: sometimes brought into counseling to help clients gain an outside perspective on themselves, or to meet people who share a similar concern (family members, friends, previous clients); then the client processes the experience and what it was like hearing from the witness

definitional ceremony

Narrative therapy technique: when clients tell their new stories to an audience of outside witnesses; once telling is completed, the witnesses are given the opportunity to comment now hat they heard (helps to thicken client stories)

c. is not the same thing as punishment

Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and... a. is really the same thing as punishment b. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young children c. is no the same thing as punishment d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization

ego psychology

Neo-freudian approach: based on Freud's concepts of the id, ego, and superego; Heinz Hartmann believed that the ego could act independently under favorable conditions; help people whose egos have become conflicted by drives and desires adapt to their environment through resolving these conflicts, leading to a more autonomous ego major contributors: Heinz Hartmann, Anna Freud, Edith Jacobson, and Margaret Mahler

self-psychology

Neo-freudian approach: developed by Heinz Kohut; asserts that psychological disorders result from unsatisfied developmental needs (e.g., lack of empathy in the caregiver - child relationship); believed that clients benefit more from analyst empathy than interpretation

interpersonal psychoanalysis

Neo-freudian approach: developed by Henry Stack Sullivan; contends that people's mental disorders stem from dysfunctional patterns of interpersonal interactions; analysts help clients by exploring their interpersonal relationships and their relationship with the analyst in the hope of finding explanations for their disorder; more focused on present client International patterns rather than events from the past.

object relations theory

Neo-freudian approach: maintains that people's personalities are developed through early parent-child interactions; healthy personality development is dependent on satisfying interpersonal relationships; objects are people or things that meet a child's need and object relations theorists are concerned with how children represent and relate to the objects in their environment; major contributors: WRD Fairbairn, Otto Kernberg, Melanie Klein, Margaret Mahler, and DW Winnicott

a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination

One distinction between flooding (also known as deliberate exposure with response prevention) and implosive therapy is that... a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination b. flooding is always conducted in the imagination c. flooding is always safer d. implosive therapy is physically more dangerous

a. created the TAT

One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs.... a. created the TAT b. was the first person to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice c. was a noted Freud hater d. created the hierarchy of needs

b. Alfred Adler's individual psychology (term coined by Alfred Adler ,the famous psychologist, to describe how people who found themselves born with certain psychical defects develop feelings of inferiority and start taking actions to compensate for their weaknesses)

Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of... a. C G Jung's analytical psychology b. Alfred Adler's individual psychology c. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory d. Josef Breuer's work on hysteria

five layers of neurosis

Perls suggested this which states that it must be peeled away to reach emotional stability; 1. phony layer 2. phobic layer (fear that others will reject his or her uniqueness) 3. an impasse layer (person feels stuck) 4. the implosive layer (willingness to expose true self) 5. the explosive layer (person has relief due to authenticity) (gestalt therapy)

d. a client who is not very verbal

Person centered counseling would prove least effective with ... a. a bright verbal male b. a bright verbal female c. a graduate student who had a knowledge of phrenology d. a client who is not very verbal

cycle of violence

Phase 1 - Tension Building Phase 2 - Battering or Acute Incident Phase 3 - The Honeymoon/Recapture/Makeup

reverse role play

REBT technique: can be used to show clients how to dispute their irrational beliefs; usually the counselor pretends to be the client and holds dearly to the client's irrational beliefs while the client plays the counselor and attempts to persuade the client to think in a more rational manner

emotional control cards

REBT technique: help reinforce the disputation of irrational beliefs outside of the counseling session; these card list appropriate and inappropriate feelings, which can serve as reminders to clients who are having a difficult time

shame attack exercise

REBT technique: this exercise ask clients to participate in an activity that normally creates anxiety to help them realize that the outcomes are not nearly as embarrassing or devastating as they imagine

rational emotive imagery

REBT technique: uncomfortable, potent, technique sometimes used in REBT; client is asked to imagine the anxiety provoking situation, whatever that may be...next the counselor asks the client to stay with the difficult, painful emotions that surface. The client is then urged to allow himself to be flooded with all of his irrational beliefs. After staying in this thought for a few minutes, the counselor asks the client to construct his new rational belief and then repeat this new rational belief over and over until he can palpably feel a shift from his dysfunctional emotion to a self-helping emotion

disputing irrational beliefs

REBT technique: when the counselor challenges the client's irrational belief

a. existential or humanistic

Roger's approach is characterized as a _______ approach. a. existential or humanistic b. cognitive c. cognitive-behavioral d. neodynamic

b. three conditions are necessary

Rogers felt that _____ for client change to occur. a. conditions must be in accordance with the problem b. three conditions are necessary c. nine conditions are necessary d. two conditions are necessary

miracle question

SFBT technique: help clients to think about how to solve their problems by using a questions that asks if the problem was solved, what would be different

skeleton keys

SFBT technique: technique that "have worked before and have universal application"; asking clients to do something different or to behave in a new manner are examples because clients can use them to improve many different situations and concerns

scaling question

SFBT technique: used to keep track of clients' progress and help them continue making small changes ex: on a scale of 1 to 10 (with 10 being your problem is solved), how close are you to meeting your goal?

positive blame

SFBT technique: used to reinforce clients' capabilities when they successfully make a change or engage in a behavior that brings them closer to their goal ex: How did you do that? What did you do that prevented the conversation from turning into a fight?

visitors

SFBT: clients who are not ready or willing to change; don't recognize the problem exits

complainants

SFBT: clients who recognize the existence of problem and can define it, but have yet to commit to solving it

customers

SFBT: most ideal clients; recognize that a problem needs to be fixed and are committed to finding a solution

a. musterbations

Should and oughts are ___ according to Ellis. a. musterbations b. masturbations c. awfulizations d. rational

a. instrumental learning

Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as ... a. instrumental learning b. classical conditioning c cognitive learning d. learning via insight

enactment

Structural Family Counseling technique: deliberate process by which the counselor encourages the family to play out its problem in the session; allows counselor to experience family issues and patterns of interaction firsthand

joining

Structural Family Counseling technique: imitating the manner, style, affective range, or content of a family's communications for purposes of solidifying the therapeutic alliance

restructuring

Structural Family Counseling technique: intervention that involves actively working to change the structure used to better establish a proper family hierarchy

structural maps

Structural Family Counseling technique: visual representations of a family's coalitions, alignments, boundaries, and conflicts; counselors use these to help assess family strengths, weaknesses, and needs

reframing

Structural Family Counseling technique: when one reframes a problem to sound more positive, understandable, or controllable, making families more confident in their ability to solve it and change their behavior

boundaries

Structural Family Counseling: between the various family subsystems which should be semi-permeable and clearly delineated, allowing for balance between autonomy and involvement with the family unity; - rigid, impermeable ____ are characterized by too much subsystem independence and separation (I.e. disengagement) - diffuse, permeable boundaries, characterized by enmeshment (I.e. over-involvement) and dependence -- lead to dysfunction

coalitions

Structural Family Counseling: occur when some family members form an alignment against another family member

alignment

Structural Family Counseling: refer to the alliances between family members

structure

Structural Family Counseling: refers to how a family organizes itself (e.g., how families interact with each other, rules, boundaries, rituals, authority, and subsystems)

power

Structural Family Counseling: refers to who exerts authority in a family in different situations

subsystems

Structural Family Counseling: most important categories are spousal (husband and wife, partners), parental (mother, father, partners), and sibling (brother and sister)

d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization

Systematic desensitization consist of these orderly steps... a. autogenic training, desensitization in the imagination, and construction of the hierarchy b. relaxation training, construction of anxiety in the hierarchy, in vivo desensitization, and desensitization in imagination c. relaxation training, desensitization in imagination, and construction of hierarchy d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization

I'm OK - You're Not Ok

TA life position: blames others for misery; typically taken by adolescents or adult criminals

I'm Not Ok - You're Ok

TA life position: generally self-abusive, generally engages in self-mutilation, & generally suicidal

I'm Not Ok - You're Not Ok

TA life position: it's the most pessimistic position; may present signs of schizoid behavior and in worst-case scenario the tendency to kill someone else and then take one's own life.

I'm Ok - You're Ok

TA life position: this is the orientation that successful winners choose

a. ratio; interval

The 2 basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the ____, based on the number of responses and the ____, based on the time elapsed. a. ratio; interval b. interval; ration c. continuous; ratio d. interval' continuous

d. processes facts and does not focus on feelings (adult corresponds with Freud's ego)

The Adult ego state (aka neopsyche)... a. contains the "should" and "oughts" b. is the seal of feelings c. is like Freud's superego d. processes facts and does not focus on feelings

d. all of the above (resembles Freud's id)

The Child ego state (aka archaeopsyche) is like the like kid within. The child may manifest itself as... a. the Natural Child b. the Adapted Child c. the Little Professor d. all of the above

b. Donald Meichenbaum (self-inoculation technique)

The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is... a. Albert Ellis b. Donald Meichenbaum c. Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr. d. Aaron Beck

b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness

The counselor's social power is related to... a. age b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness c. sex and age d. degree of directiveness

c. Neal Miller

The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by ... a. Edward Thorndike b. Joseph Wolpe c. Neal Miller d. Ivan Pavlov

d. variable ratio

The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the ... a. fixed ration, for example giving a child an M&M for each 5 math problems she completes b. fixed interval, which describes the way most agency counselors are paid (once a month, although the amount of work may vary from month to month) c. variable interval d. variable ratio

d. is .5 or half a second (if time exceeds this, more trials are needed for effective conditioning)

The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US.... a. is irrelevant--it does not influence the learning process b. is 5 seconds c. is the .05 level according to social scientists d. is .5 or half a second

d. Carl G. Jung

The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of... a. psychoanalysis b. Sigmond Freud c. Alfred Adler d. Carl G. Jung

b. Epictetus

The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be ... a. Buber b. Epictetus c. Locke d. Jaspers

c. like a friend who asks what is wrong

The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is... a. detached but very empathetic b. like that of a warm caring mother c. like a friend who asks what is wrong d. friendly, nevertheless punishment is used when it is appropriate

a. nondirective; client centered; person centered

The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, PhD, has undergone three name changes. It was initially called ______, then _____, and in 1974 it changed to _______. a. nondirective; client centered; person centered b. directive; nondirective; client centered c. person centered; rogerian; nondirective d. client-centered; person-centred; nondirective

a. a phobia coulee be a learned behavior (fear was not due to psychopathology deep within the unconscious mind, but rather due to learning)

The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that ... a. a phobia could be a learned behavior b. it provided concrete proof that Skinner's model was correct c. it provided concrete proof that Pavlov's model was correct d. none of the above

b. Alfred Adler's theory

The statement "Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction" describes... a. Sigmund Freud's theory b. Alfred Adler's theory c. insight d. Carl Jung's theory

a. perfectionism; pleasure

The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ___, rather than ____ like the id.... a. perfectionism; pleasure b. pleasure; perfection c. morals; ethics d. logic; reality

d. Jung

The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with... a. psychoanalysis b. Freud c. Adler d. Jung

a. Frederick C. Thorne

The word eclectic is most closely associated with... a. Frederick C. Thorne b. Sigmund Freud c. Jean Piaget d. Burrhus Frederic Skinner

a. occur where vector of communication run parallel

Transactional Analysis (TA) is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions .... a. occur where vector of communication run parallel b. are known as crossed transactions c. are always between the Child and Adult ego states d. are always empathetic

True

True or False: All reinforcers tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.

True

True or False: Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational.

True

True or False: Variable schedules are more effective than fixed schedules & ratio schedules are more effective than interval schedules

True

True or False: the following are ranked from most effective to least effective 1. Variable ratio 2. variable interval 3. fixed ratio 4. fixed interval

b. ego defense mechanisms

Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called... a. slips of the tongue b. ego defense mechanisms c. id defense processes d. latent dream material

a. healing through meaning

Viktor Frankl is the father of logo therapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means.... a. healing through meaning b. healing through the unconscious c. logic cures d. all of the above

b. reality therapy

Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to ... a. rational therapy b. reality therapy c. rational emotive imagery d. RBT

b. postive reinforcer, negative reinforcer

When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ______, and when something is taken away it is called a _____. a. negative reinforcer, postive reinforcer b. positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer c. extinction, shaping d. classical conditioning, operant conditioning

d. successful behaviors

When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on... a. failures b. irrational internal verbalizations c. transference issues d. successful behaviors

d. Little Albert

Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement? a. Little Hans b. Little Albert c. Anna O. d. Daniel Paul Schreber

Rogers (person centered)

Who am I? believe that individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization

Skinner (behavior modification)

Who am I? believed that humans are like other animals; mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not bad or good; no self-determination or freedom

Glasser (reality therapy)

Who am I? believed that individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others; brain as control system tries to meed needs

Adler (individual psychology)

Who am I? believed that man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order

Jung (analytic psychology)

Who am I? believed that man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment

Berne (Transactional Analysis)

Who am I? believed that messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script

Freud (psychoanalysis)

Who am I? believed that people are deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression

Perls (gestalt)

Who am I? believed that people are not bad or good; people have the capacity to govern life effectively as "whole"; people are part of their environment nd must be viewed as such.

Ellis (REBT)

Who am I? believed that people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently

Frankl (logotherapy)

Who am I? believed that the existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice

Bandura (Neobehavioristic)

Who am I? believed that the person produces and is a product of conditioning; observation and modeling are extremely important

Williamson (trait and factor)

Who am I? believed that through education and scientific data, man can become himself; humans are born with potential for good or evil; others are needed to help unleash positive potential; man is mainly rational, not intuitive

b. Adler

____ emphasized the drive for superiority. a. Jung b. Adler c. Constructivist therapists d. Freud and Jung

c. projection

____ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window. a. repression b. sour grapes rationalization c. projection d. denial

a. Truax; Carkhuff

_____ and _____ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy. a. Truax; Carkhuff b. Roger; Berenson c. Rogers; Brill d. Carkhuff; Satir

introjection

a defense mechanism that sometimes causes the person to accept an aggressor's values (ex: prisoner of war might incorporate that value system of the enemy after a period of time)

wellness

a holistic concept that refers to a person's overall healthy state of being; not only physically healthy, but also mentally, psychologically, and spiritually healthy; state of positive well-being rather than an absence of illness

existentialism

a humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by doing a deed (e.g., an accomplishment), experience a value (e.g., love), or suffering; rejects analysis and behaviorism for being deterministic and simplistic; stresses growth and self-actualization

Yerkes Dodson Law

a principle that states that a moderate amount of arousal actually improves performance; thus mild anxiety often can be a plus, since it keeps arousal at a moderate level

rackets

a term in TA that describes the unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game; when a client manipulates others to experience a childhood feeling

problem saturated stories

a term used in narrative counseling to refer to self-narratives that are harmful and detrimental to client well-being

biofeedback device

a type of device that does not change the client, but provides the client and helper with biological information such that the client can master self-regulation; examples are a bathroom scale and mirror;

continuous reinforcement

a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

back-up reinforcer

a type of reinforcer that can be purchased using tokens ex: a teenager in a residential facility has earned enough token to buy his favorite brand of candy bar

life script

according to Eric Berne this is a life drama or plot based on unconscious decision made early in life; a person's ongoing drama which dictates how a person will live his or her life (purple book pg. 236 for examples)

Eros

according to Freud, means self-preservation

retroflection

act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else (gestalt concept)

catharsis

aka the talking cure/ abreaction; emotional release

stages of change

also known as the transtheoretical model; one of the most widely used models of behavioral stage; developed by Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross; the model conceptualizes the client change process as a series of 6 progressive stages that develop over time 1. precontemplation 2. contemplation 3. preparation 4. action 5. maintenance 6. termination

psychological first aid (PFA)

an evidence based approach used to respond to individuals who have experienced a disaster, terrorist attack, or other disturbing event; specific guidelines include... 1. asses their most basic needs (food, water, clothing, shelter) 2. provide victims with a comfortable environment and accurate, developmentally appropriate information about the situation to clear up any confusion or misconceptions 3. help connect survivors to family and friends to help support them and to community organizations to assist them in any fulfilling additional needs they may have (housing, employment, medical evaluation, ongoing psychological support) - respect each individual's desire and not to coerce people into talking if they are not ready or interested

five factor model

an evidence based model of personality; frequently referred to as the "Big Five" OCEAN: o = openness c = conscientiousness e = extraversion a = agreeableness n = neuroticism commonly measured by the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-3) and used to create helpful interventions

stimulus generalization (Pavlov termed it irradiation)

an example of this is when you've trained a dog to salivate when they hear a bell, and yet when they hear a car horn/timer/etc. they begin to salivate as well

simultaneous conditioning

an example of this term would be if you presented the UCS (meat) and the CS (the bell) at the same time; conditioning would not take place.

backwards conditioning

an example of this term would be if you put the UCS (meat) before the CS (the bell); it is ineffective and doesn't work

long brief therapy

another name for the Milan approach because counseling sessions only occur with the family once per month and meet for up to 12 months; counselors try to work in teams, with 2 counselors invoked in each session and additional counselors observing behind a 2 way mirror

directive

another term for describing when a counselor gives a suggestion

reflexes

another term used to describe respondent behavior (Pavlov focuses on this when describing conditioning)

paradigm

another word for model; a counseling ______ = a treatment model

logotherapy

approach created by Victor Frankl that focuses on individuals' search for meaning in their lives; meaning can be found in everything, even the worst circumstances; without meaning clients experience an existential vaccum

existential vacuum

associated with existential counseling that describes the experience of life as empty, meaningless, purposeless, and so on.

conscious mind

aware of everything occurring in the present (Freud)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

based on Jung's theory of personality; 16 personality types made up of 4 categories - extraversion or introversion - sensing or intuition - thinking or feeling - perceiving or judging

giving information

basic counseling skill: can give clients the tools to help achieve their goals ex: a client applying to college may receive information from the counselor about financial aid and the admissions process for the schools that the client is interested in.

summarizing

basic counseling skill: condensing the important aspects discussed over a substantial period of time into succinct synopsis; often used at the end of a session to recap on the important topics discussed

empathy

basic counseling skill: counselor's ability to accurately understand a client's perspective in a give situation, while remaining separate from the client's experience;

confronting

basic counseling skill: informing clients about discrepancies in their words, behaviors, feelings, or nonverbal communication in order to increase their self-awareness so they can become more congruent. ex: you say you want to spend more time with your dad, but over the past few weeks you have not made any attempts to visit with him, and when he suggests an activity, you decline.

open question

basic counseling skill: invite client to elaborate on a topic and can't be answered with a simple yes or no ex: how did you feel when your husband yelled at you?

door opener

basic counseling skill: invites the client to talk ex: tell me more about that, what can we talk about today that would be helpful?

minimal encourager

basic counseling skill: one to two word responses made by the counselor to let the client know he/she is listening ex: mhm, okay, right, I hear you

questioning

basic counseling skill: open and closed ended questions to elicit information from the clients, often for clarification or to encourage deeper explorations of topics

paraphrasing

basic counseling skill: repeating the essence of what a client has said in the counselor's own words; used to convey understanding, check the accuracy of the counselor's comprehension, and summarize the significant elements that have been disclosed ex: you want to romantically reconnect with your wife, but you are unsure if she will reciprocate your feelings."

self-disclosure

basic counseling skill: sharing personal information with clients; can be used to help connect with the client, give feedback, or provide the client with alternative perspective or ideas ex: I, too, have experienced a difficult breakup, and I can related to your feelings of loss and loneliness.

interpreting

basic counseling skill: suggesting possible reasons for client behavior, thought, or feelings or helping clients recognize hidden meaning in their actions ex: it sounds like you spend all your time in the company of others because you are afraid of what you might have to deal with if you are alone with your thoughts.

closed question

basic counseling skill: used to gather factual or specific information and can usually be answered with a yes or no ex: when was the last time you spoke with your mother?

attending

basic counseling skill: verbal and nonverbal behaviors used by the counselor to convey to the client that the counselor is actively listening and interested in the client's self-disclosures Nonverbal behaviors = eye contact, facing client, head nodding, gesturing, silence, etc. verbal behaviors = minimal encouragers and door openers

reflecting

basic counseling skill: verbal responses to clients that indicate that the professional counselor understands their emotions, thoughts, or the meaning behind their disclosure; require the counselor to listen attentively to the client and observe not only their verbal responses, but nonverbal too; allows counselors to express empathy and encourages further discussion ex: you fee hurt because your friend chose to hand out with Jennifer instead of you.

time-out

behavioral technique: an aversive behavioral technique (I.e. punishment) that removes a child so that he or she is no longer able to receive any kind of positive reinforcement

overcorrection

behavioral technique: an aversive behavioral technique, requires the client to return the environment to its original condition prior to the undesirable behavior and then to make the environment better; often done repeatedly to serve as a deterrent to future misbehavior

maintenance

behavioral technique: client's ability to perform desired behaviors without continual reinforcement or help from others

role playing / behavioral rehearsal

behavioral technique: clients practice or rehearse new behaviors in a safe environment until they feel confident enough to try the new behaviors outside of the counseling environment;

implosion / implosive therapy

behavioral technique: involves having clients imagine hypothetical scenarios that would cause them severe anxiety until they become desensitized to them

environmental planning

behavioral technique: involves having clients rearrange their environment to encourage or discourage certain behaviors ex: a client who has the problem of eating too much junk food would be encouraged to organize his kitchen so that unhealthy foods are not present or available

token economy

behavioral technique: most commonly used with children and provides clients with rewards for demonstrating desired behavior; usually given tokens / secondary reinforcers to students when they behave appropriately

contingency contracts

behavioral technique: often presented in the form of a chart or table that lists desired behaviors, provides a space for noting whether the desired behaviors were achieved, and describes the conditions that must be met for the individual to be rewarded; commonly used with children ex: parents use to keep track of and encourage their children's regular completion of chores

response cost

behavioral technique: reduces undesirable behaviors by removing a positive reinforcement (e.g., removing a token if a child calls out before being called on to speak); often used in conjunction with a token economy

assertiveness training

behavioral technique: teaches clients the distinction between aggression, passivity, and assertiveness; through the use of shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal, clients learn to speak up for themselves in an appropriate manner

shaping

behavioral technique: technique that reinforces successive approximations of a desired behavior; thus a difficult, anxiety provoking, or new tasks is broken down into smaller steps with the successful accomplishment of each step being reinforced, gradually building up to the performance of the target behavior ex: client who is afraid of flying would first be encouraged to just spend time in an airport, and the counselor would praise the successful completion of that task. then the client would be encouraged to complete a series of more difficult tasks until eventually he or she is able to fly in a plane without excessive anxiety

extinction

behavioral technique: the termination of a behavior by withholding reinforcement

middle child

birth order: often feel left out and they do not receive adequate parental attention but they are the children best able to adapt to new situations

only child

birth order: often not as socially adept as other children; it is not uncommon for only children also to be spoiled and perpetually placed in the center of attention, making it hard for them to adjust when they do not get what they want from others excel in their pursuits

firstborns

birth order: often the leaders of the family; reigning monarchs before the 2nd child arrives; take over familial responsibility should a parent be impaired or unavailable

youngest child

birth order: sometimes pampered or spoiled and thus may have a hard time later in life acting independently; they usually receive the same amount of attention as firstborns and benefit from the examples set by their siblings

second child

birth order: strive to differentiate themselves from the firstborn and may become competitive; often are more relaxed & easy going compared to firstborns but expend more energy seeking their parents' attention

Little Hans

case used used to explain psychoanalytic explanations of behavior by using the Oedipus complex and castration anxiety - 5 year old with a phobia of horses - freud thought the horse represented his father as he was scared his father would castrate him for desiring his mother - this is the Oedipus complex theory

resistance

characterized by the client's unwillingness to work on their problems and initiate change in the lives - 3 reasons why clients show _____: anxiety control, noncompliance, and negative social influence

phenomenological perspective

client / person centered therapy: counselor focuses on how client perceives an event rather than the event itself; clients must reconcile their "ideal self" and their "real self"

core counseling conditions

client / person centered therapy: genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard -- used to promote client change, growth and self-actualization

Anna O.

client's real name was Berta Pappenheim; was considered the first psychoanalytic patient; was the patient of Josef Breuer; she suffered from symptoms without an organic basis, which was later termed hysteria; during hypnosis she would remember painful events which she was unable to recall while awake; lead the way for the "talking cure" (aka catharsis)

scriptotherapy

cognitive therapy technique: aka therapeutic writing; client writes down thoughts which help to clarify and enhance them

cognitive rehearsal

cognitive therapy technique: helps clients practice using their new thoughts before implementing them in an actual situation

homework

cognitive therapy technique: reinforces learning and skill acquisition outside of counseling sessions

thought stopping

cognitive therapy technique: technique that teaches clients how to interrupt a pattern of negative self-statements or thinking, and it usually involves the substitution of one thought for another; typically the client saying "stop" in their heads until their self-defeating thoughts end.

preconscious mind

combines characteristics of both the conscious and unconscious minds ex: contains forgotten memories and vast stories of knowledge and information, with assistance or cues, they can be easily recalled (Freud)

stress inoculation training

combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to help clients learn how to cope with stress 3 phases: 1. conceptualization 2. skills acquisition & rehearsal, 3. application & follow through

Ralph Green

composed 3 interrelated elements to describe the therapeutic relationship (working alliance, transference relationship, and the real relationship)

Bordin (1979)

conceptualized the working alliance as "collaboration of change" into 3 constructs... 1. agreement no the goals of counseling 2. agreement on the task that will help the client achieve his/her goals 3. the psychological bond between counselor and client - the strength of the working alliance is related to the degree of change a client makes in counseling

Sigmund Freud

considered the father of psychoanalysis; first psychological theory to be widely accepted in Europe and North America; believes that psychological disorders stem from people's unconscious conflicts and repressed desires; chief goal in psychoanalysis is to bring the unconscious conscious

personality typology

consist of 2 attitudes (extraversion or introversion) and 4 functions (sensation/intuition and thinking/feeling); people usually express all, but there are 2 more dominant functions; Myer's Briggs Type Indicator is based on this theory (Carol Jung)

process consultation model

consultation model that emphasizes the establishment and development of a relationship b/t the consultant and the client; through the relationship, consultants can help clients to take proactive steps to deal with their problems and improve their situation (Schein) 10 key principles: 1. always try to be helpful 2. always stay in touch with current reality 3. access your ignorances 4. everything you do is an intervention 5. client owns the problem and solution 6. go with the flow 7. timing is crucial 8. be constructively opportunistic with confrontational intervention 9. everything is a source of data; errors are inevitable, so learn from them 10. when in doubt share the problem

cognitive behavior modification

created by Donald Meichenbaum; a cognitive-behavioral approach that trains clients to alter their internal cognitions, aka self talk, in order to change the way they read and respond to situations

Gestalt Therapy

created by Fritz Perls; in relation to human nature, is the organization of facts, perceptions, behavior or phenomena, and not the individual items of which they are composed, that defines them and gives them their specific and particular meanings; stay in the here and now goal is to eliminate "it talk" and replace with "I statements"

Narrative therapy

created by Michael White & David Epston; concerned with how individuals "re-author" their lives; construct stories about themselves and their lives (self-narrative) to help develop a consistent identity; goal is to help clients who are experiencing difficulties in their lives to zeauthoer their self-narratives to promote greater wellness

WDEP system

created by reality therapist Robert Wubbolding as a procedure for applying principles of reality therapy to the clinical practice W = wants D = doing E = evaluation P = plan

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)

created from the belief of Albert Ellis; addresses the relationship between thinking and emotion; asserts that somewhere b/t the activating event and the emotional consequence, people engage in self talk (either rational or irrational) that triggers certain emotions; these rational beliefs or irrational beliefs are what produce people's emotional responses to any given event; seeks to reduce client's interpersonal difficulty by modifying their irrational thoughts

Fritz Perls

created of gestalt therapy; used the empty chair technique, top dog, and underdog concepts

compensation

defense mechanism that is evident when a person attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation (I.e. perceived inferiority) ex: a person going to the gym for 4 hours a day and takes a lot of steroids to build his muscles, while also feeling intellectually inferior."

identification

defense mechanism that results when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.

Cognitive Therapy

developed by Aaron Beck; states that people's emotions and behaviors are a direct result of their cognitions; if clients can change their cognitions, they also can change their negative or harmful feelings ad actions; particularly interested in discerning and then restructuring client's automatic thoughts

Individual Psychology

developed by Alfred Adler; aka Adlerian Psychology; based around the core belief that healthy individuals have social interest and compassion for other people; believed that all individuals strive to become successful and that each person strives for growth; examines clients lifestyles, cognitive fictions, and family constellations to help them develop insight to their lives and change their lifestyles to one that promoted greater growth and wholeness; ultimate goals of counseling are to help clients increase their social interest and reduce feelings of inferiority; include inferiority complex, birth order, lifestyle, fictions, and techniques - keen on analyzing organ inferiority and methods in which the individual attempts to compensate for it.

client / person centered therapy

developed by Carl Rogers; focused on the role of the counselor in controlling sessions and were focused predominantly on clients' problems or issues; believed it was not necessary for therapists to be directive for client change to occur; clients set the pace of counseling and determine the focus of each session; utilized techniques like trust, genuineness, and accepting therapeutic relationship

Symbolic-Experiential Family Therapy

developed by Carl Whitaker; therapy that helps families strike a balance between independence and togetherness and learn how to interact with each other in a meaningful and natural way, while moving away from the tendency to behave in the same monotonous patterns hat led to the dysfunction; bring in multiple generations in the family to study the family interaction (experiential family therapy)

Jungian Analytic Psychology

developed by Carol G. Jung who was an original follower of Freud, but ventured off; focuses on the role of the larger culture, spirituality, dreams, and symbolism in understanding the human psyche; through exploring the unconscious people's psychological health could be improved; goal is to help people develop appropriate contact with their unconscious so that they are neither overwhelmed by it nor completely unaware of its forces

Transactional Analysis

developed by Eric Berne; a cognitive theory with roots in psychoanalysis; examines how clients interact with others; people operate from 3 ego states in their interactions (parent, adult, and child)

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

developed by Hayes, Strosahl and Wilson; form of CBT that emphasizes acceptance and mindfulness process; central tenet is is that maladaptive behaviors develop from clients' attempts to avoid or suppress negative thoughts and feelings 6 core process: acceptance, defusion, present moment awareness, self as context, values, and committed action

Mental Research Institute (MRI) Interactional Family Therapy

developed by Jay Haley; strategic family therapy approach; encourages the exploration of family interactional patterns to understand and effectively resolve family issues

General Systems Theory

developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy; provides basic framework for understanding interactions and issues that occur within family systems; more helpful to examine family relationships and transactions between members than to scrutinize the personalities or actions of any one family member in isolation; families are viewed as complex, organized systems where each member influences other members

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

developed by Marsha Linehan; it is a CBT originally created for the treatment of chronically suicidal clients; today it is also effective for substance abuse, mood disorders, and sexual abuse survivors; integrates problem solving with acceptance based strategies

Structural Family Counseling

developed by Salvador Minuchin; incorporates many of the general systems theory concepts; the model of family counseling is concerned with examining and changing the structure and organization of families, including their hierarchies and subsystems; the counselor is responsible for restructuring the family's organization to bring about improved functioning

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

developed by Segal, Williams Teasdake and Gemar; integrates elements of CBT with mindfulness baed stress reduction to reduce the risk of relapse in clients with reoccurring depression

Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)

developed by Steve de Shazer; based on the assumption that all individuals possess the ability and resources to solve their problems; maintains that people become immobilized by unsuccessful attempts to solve problems that they need only to find new solutions to achieve change and progress; believe client is expert and the counselor is there to collaborate with client to help them unearth the potential solutions; primary goal is installing change and hope; short-term & not concerned with past; language plays a key role because counselors focus on how clients view and talk about their situations and goals

child centered play therapy

developed by Virginia Axline; type of play therapy that adhere's to client centered therapy; emphasis the need to set limits to create a safe place for children to explore emotional and behavioral self-regulation

Human Validation Process Model

developed by Virginia Satir; believed in the innate goodness of humans, their desire to grow and learn, and their ability to change; goal was to create a safe, warm, and welcoming environment in which families could feel comfortable exploring their issues and begin the change process 4 types of dysfunctional communication patters: placaters (try to please everyone, lack self-confidence), blamers (critical of others, fail to take responsibility), intellectualizers/super-reasonables (detached, rationalize everything to decrease expression of emotion), & distracters (avoid dealing with situations, distract others by introducing irrelevant topics)

Reality Therapy

developed by William Glasser that is based on choice theory; therapeutic delivery tool that assists individuals in regaining control over the choices in their lives; focuses o the impact of unsatisfying relationships on client emotional well-being; contends that most client problems stem from a lack of relationships or relationships that fail to meet our belonging needs; goal of this therapy is to help clients connect or reconnect with those they enjoy being with

Milan systemic family counseling

developed by the Milan group in Italy; departure form strategic family therapy; focuses more on exploring family member's perceptions of each other and their interactional patterns as well as asking questions to increase their awareness of unhealthy family behaviors ; counselor collaborates with client to set goals, and it is the family's responsibility to either work toward change or remain in their current style of functioning

paradoxical intention

existential technique: developed by Victor Frankl; involves prescribing the symptom ex: if a client laments about how she can't seem to stop crying, the counsel might tell her to try to cry all day

Family Sculpting

experiential family therapy technique: used to help the counselor and the family more fully understand one family member's impression of family relationships; asks one member to physically arrange the family in a room -- the end result can be very telling (were certain members put close together/far apart? were some sitting/standing?...etc.)

ABCDEs of REBT

explain the core beliefs of the theory and help clients understand the root of their emotions... A = any event or experience that elicits negativity or unease B = rational or irrational response to (A) C = emotional consequence D = disputed irrational beliefs E = developing an effective new philosophy that allows people to replace their irrational beliefs with rational beliefs

relationship building stage

first general stage of counseling counselor establishes an open, trusting, and collaborative relationship with the client; explain concept of informed consent, counseling process, and clarify roles and responsibilities of both counselor and client

sensate focus

form of behavioral sex therapy, which relies on counterconditioning; a couple is told to engage in touching and caressing (to lower anxiety levels) on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible; developed by William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson

collaborative-dependent model

form of consultation: consultee relies on the consultant for help while both parties contribute their unique background and skills to resolve the problem; consultee and consultant must collaborate to help the client because they both possess distinctive abilities and information that are critical to reaching a resolution ex: teacher goes to school counselor for help with a behavior problem in the classroom with a student. teacher is looking for advice, but the counselor needs information from the teacher to better solve the problem since the teacher works with the student constantly

collaborative-independent model

form of consultation: ideal for addressing problems that are intricate and involve the larger society; no expert is part of this model; everyone who participates in the consultation process holds equal authority and depends on the others for their specialized knowledge ex: to reduce the amount of homeless youth in one's community... counselor, students, social workers, community members, etc. would be a part of the discussion and work cooperatively and collaboratively together to brainstorm and implement potential solutions

triadic-development model

form of consultation: consultation process is defined by the type of interaction that occurs b/t a consultant and a consultee; generally the consultee seeks advice from an expert about a 3rd party; consultee relies on the consultant for help in resolving the client's problem; the consultee puts the consultant's comments/ suggestions into action ex: a counselor in training looks to their supervisor to help a certain client. the supervisor may give the intern advice, but it is up to the intern to apply it in their counseling sessions

Carl Jung

founded analytic psychology

family subsystems

general systems theory: distinct and somewhat independent parts of a larger system; in family therapy they would be spousal, parental, or sibling divisions

open family system

general systems theory: flexible boundaries, open to change, have ongoing interaction and involvement with their communities

boundaries

general systems theory: help to separate the family system from outsides and define roles and responsibilities within a family unit; help to delineate what is and isn't acceptable

closed family system

general systems theory: rigid boundaries, are averse to change, and cordon themselves from the outside world

rules

general systems theory: term used to refer to the unique family guidelines every family establish and expects its members to abide by; some perseverance and enhance family functioning, while others do the opposite; can be stated, subtle, or unspoken

homeostasis

general systems theory: the tendency for families to sustain their normal functioning and patterns of interaction unless someone or something intervenes

Post-modern theories

group of theories that is inspired by social constructionism and strength based perspectives; emphasis on understanding the clients' unique worldview, without disputing the accuracy or objectivity of such views; consists of narrative therapy and solution- focused brief therapy

Family theories

group of theories that provide practitioners with a systemic way to conceptualize problems within the family

automatic thoughts

immediate, unhealthy internal cognitions

determinism

in Freud's psychoanalytic theory which contends that people's actions are predetermined by forces of which they are unaware

consultation

in counseling this is the formal process by which individuals meet to solve a problem; involves 2 people who have a collegial, nonhierarchical relationship

playing the projection

in gestalt therapy, this technique is used to hit this type of defense head on by making the client act like the person they dislike

distorted thinking

inaccurate thoughts or ideas that maintain dysfunctional thinking and negative emotions includes the following: dichotomous thinking, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification/ catastrophize, labeling, mind reading, & negative predictions/fortune telling

superiority complex

individual psychology/adlerian psychology: overcompensation for feelings of inferiority

birth order

individual psychology/adlerian psychology: referred to as sibling position; the position children occupy in their families of origin; Adler believed that where people fell chronologically in their family influences their personalities includes: firstborns, second children, middle children, youngest, & only children

inferiority complex

individual psychology/adlerian psychology: the characteristics of an individual unable to move beyond feelings of inferiority; interferes with an individual's ability to live a healthy, socially interested, and goal-directed life; can lead to overcompensation which results in a superiority complex

archetypes

inherent templates for human thought and behavior; patterns of human experience that have existed since the dawn of humanity ex: the self, the persona, the shadow, the anima, the animus, the father, the mother, the family, the wise old man, the trickster, & the hero (Carol Jung)

self-talk

internal messages people give themselves

behaviorism

is a scientific, research-based theory of counseling that aims to modify clients' maladaptive behavior; in general concerned with what can be observed and seen

countertransference

it occurs when clinicians transfer feelings from past relationships onto the clients

Neo-Freudian Approach

modifications of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis and psychosexual development; includes ego-psychology, interpersonal psychoanalysis, object relations, and self-psychology - in contrast with Freud, they emphasized social factors (stressed both cultural and social / interpersonal relations) - include Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stacks Sullivan, and Erich Fromm

Oedipus complex (and Electra complex)

most controversial aspect of Freud's theory...

unconscious mind

most nebulous part of a person's mind; it contains memories, instincts, and drives that are exceedingly difficult to bring to a person's conscious awareness (Freud)

thick description

narrative therapy: self-narrative that involves clients' interpretation of themselves and the labels that are put on them by others

thin description

narrative therapy: self-narrative that is imposed on a person by others (e.g., society) that the individual then internalizes ex: teenage girl thinks she is fat because of her society's preference for thin women

problem externalization

narrative therapy: technique in which the counselor seeks to help clients distance themselves from their problems; problems in relation to clients are seen as separate, outside entities; use externalizing questions to separate the problem from the client (ex. of externalizing question: how has depression been holding you back these past few months?)

seek unique outcomes

narrative therapy: when therapists ask client to identify times when their problems were not present or were less pronounced

dominant narrative

narratives involving cultural customs that affect a client's life and worldview (e.g., sexism, racism, ageism)

transference

occurs when a client brings feelings from a past relationship into the counseling relationship, often transferring those feelings onto the clinical. ex: a client who is upset about her relationship with her mother may take those feelings out on a therapist who reminds her of her mother

subliminal perception

occurs when you perceive something. unconsciously and thus it has an impact on your behavior

psychodynamic theories

often referred to as the "first force" in counseling (concerned with the psychological forces that drive human behavior, in particular the interaction b/t people's conscious and unconscious motivations

Conscientiousness

one of the Big 5/ OCEAN: people with a high degree of ____ often plan carefully, act responsible, strive for achievement, and are adept at self-regulating their behavior. people with low degree of ____ are more spontaneous and often considered risk takers

Neuroticism

one of the Big 5/ OCEAN: people with high degree of __ are often emotionally imbalanced, anxious, depressed, have trouble coping with stress and experience negative moods people with low degree of ___ are typically more stable and better able to regulate their emotions.

Agreeableness

one of the Big 5/ OCEAN: people with high degree of ___ are often friendly, easy to get along with, interested in other people, sympathetic, compassionate, and trusting people with low degree of ___ care less about other people's feelings and more about chivvying their own wants and needs

Extraversion

one of the Big 5/ OCEAN: people with high degrees of ___ are often social, outgoing, and energetic. people with low degrees of ___ prefer to spend more time alone and engage in quieter activities

Openness

one of the Big 5/ OCEAN: people with high degrees of _____ have rich imaginations, a strong awareness of their emotions, intellectual curiosity, and the desire to seek out new experiences and ideas people who are low in _______ are considered to be closed or more conventional

homeostasis

one of the most important premises of Gestalt psychology is that humans seek to maintain a state of balance; Perls proposed that it is more psychological than physiological; gestalt therapist attempt to help these people by facilitating an awareness of their most important needs and what they must do to allay these needs

Bowen Family Systems Therapy

one of the most prominent theories in family counseling; stemmed from his own relationship with his family of origin (FOO); states that people are affected by their FOO and that they must resolve any issues from their childhood to keep them from repeating dysfunctional patterns of interaction in future relationships 8 elements: differentiation of self, triangles, the nuclear family emotional system, the family projection process, the multigenerational transmission process, emotional cutoff, sibling position, and societal regression

Drama Triangle/ TA Game (Stephen Karpman)

part of transactional analysis; is a transaction with a concealed motive; games prevent honest intimate discussion and one player is always left with negative feelings contains 3 roles: persecutor, rescuer, and victim

positive addiction

people can be addicted to positive behaviors that instill self-confidence; must be noncompetitive activity which can be performed alone for about one hour each day; person can see that the activity will lead to personal improvement; needs to be able to perform this activity without becoming self-critical

Feminist Therapy

pioneered by Carol Gilligan, helps clients become more aware of the effect of gender on their lives and to empower them and improve their lives and the lives others. Feminist therapy contents that women have been oppressed and put at a disadvantage by society; therefore, they encourage clients to become social agents of change. Strive to create an egalitarian relationships and educate women about how their problems are often common to other women

existential counseling

pioneered by Victor Frankl and Rollo May; concerned with helping clients to find meaning and value in their lives and to explore philosophical concepts, such as life, death, freedom, and responsibility; believe that people have free will and maintain that everyone has the ability to change their lives and their actions to create a healthy, meaningful life; accomplish goals by being honest and congruent and establishing meaningful relationships with clients

existential dilemmas

proposed by Irvin Yalom; states that most individuals issues stem from facing certain givens in life which are central to the experience of being human and have no clear resolutions or answers .... include: death, freedom and responsibility, isolation, meaninglessness

dream analysis

psychoanalytic technique: dreams are explored and interpreted according to manifest (literal/obvious meaning) and latent content (hidden meaning) (Freud called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious")

free association

psychoanalytic technique: helps clients decrease their self-censorship, which they think helps the clients come closer to exploring the unconscious drives in their id; clients are encouraged to speak about early life memories without thinking; say anything that occurs to them, no matter how absurd

interpretation

psychoanalytic technique: plays a critical role; interpret the meaning of clients' thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and dreams to increase their self-awareness and understanding o their unconscious desires

latent content

psychoanalytic technique: symbolism in dreams that is harder to understand and interpret

manifest content

psychoanalytic technique: the symbolism in dreams with meaning that is easily perceived

negative social influence

reason for resistance: - caused by the presence of negative dynamic in the counselor-client relationship or a client's desire for power or control within the counseling relationship; can manifest as silence, minimal self-disclosure, intellectualizing, missing appointments, and excessive small talk.

anxiety control

reason for resistance: - resistance is due to a client's attempts to express unsavory, anxiety -causing memories that are part of their unconscious; may repress disturbing memories to preserve their self-concept or ability to function in their lives. (Freud's theory)

noncompliance

reason for resistance: - the idea is that the behavioral framework for conceptualizing resistance; displayed with clients who do not complete their behavioral homework; reasons for __________ consist of lack of skills or knowledge, negative expectations or cognitions about the outcome of therapeutic process, and undesirable environmental conditions

horizontal relationship

refers to I-Thou; assumes equality between client and counselor (ex: Existential counselors and Rogerian person-centered counselors)

therapeutic relationship (aka therapeutic alliance or working alliance)

refers to the relationship between the client and the counselor; one of the most important predictors of whether clients will benefit from counseling, regardless of the theoretical orientation of the counselor and the type of client problem

fixed role therapy

refers to the treatment model created by psychologist George A. Kelly; the client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role then he or she is instructed to read the script at least 3 times a day and to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script

vertical relationship

refers to when the counselor is viewed as the expert

action/intervention stage

second general stage of counseling counselor works with client to target the issues to be addressed; establish meaningful SMART goals; assessments, psychological test, strategic questioning to elicit information about clients strengths and weaknesses; use techniques and interventions to help the client work towards their goals; continuous evaluation of progress and address obstacles or resistance

feedback

sharing thoughts, feelings, and impressions about the client directly with him/her; helps clients gain increased self-awareness so that clients can confront attitudinal inconsistencies and how the client is affecting others; counselors should ask permission before offering _____ and the statement should be an "I statement" ex: I think you have made real progress on your goal of making friends with some of your co-workers. I notice that although you said it was hard, you were able to invite one coworker out to lunch this week.

Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)

somewhat based on Milton H. Erikson, Fritz Perls, and Virginia Satir; made claims that this had the ability to cure a longstanding phobia in less time than it takes to conduct a typical counseling session; two popular techniques used are reframing and anchoring

pretend technique

strategic family therapy technique: clients are encouraged to simulate their symptoms; they realize that they are able to exert some control over what they say and do as well as over the outcome of the situation

paradoxical intention / prescribing the symptom

strategic family therapy technique: helps to lower client resistance to change; the counselor tells the clients to keep engaging in their troublesome behavior

directives

strategic family therapy technique: homework assignments; for the client to complete between sessions

Relabeling/Reframing

strategic family therapy technique: involves interpreting a family's situation in a new way to encourage family members to view their problem in a more favorable light; counselor reframes the problems in a way that increases the family's willingness to change their behavior and gives them confidence that they have the ability to solve the problem

ordeal

strategic family therapy technique: paradoxical technique that asks client to complete an undesirable but health promoting task before participating in their worrisome behavior ex: run on the treadmill for 30 minutes before you are allowed to cry -- person will stop crying often so they don't have to run on the treadmill

redundancy principle

strategic family therapy: family members tend to interact with each other in the same way, and it is unusual for those patterns of behavior to change or expand

punctuation

strategic family therapy: refers to the conviction by individuals that their verbal communication, especially during conflict, occurs in reaction to something else; cause and effect idea... even though in reality there is not straightforward cause and effect relationship in communication between people

quid pro quo

strategic family therapy: refers to the propensity of individuals to treat others as they themselves are treated; one family member does something to get something from another family member; often unspoken

symmetrical relationships

strategic family therapy: relationships in a family between equals; may become competitive because there is no dominant member

complementary relationships

strategic family therapy: relationships in a family between unequals, where one member is "one down" and the other is "one up"; not necessarily a negative relationship

Rollo May

studied the concept of anxiety in depth; believed that it is beneficial to experience moderate amounts of anxiety, too much anxiety causes people to avoid certain activities and actions; so one goal of counseling is to explore clients' anxiety, find meaning in it, and help them work through it so that they can make decisions that bring them closer to their life goals

self-instructional training

teaches clients how to alter their thoughts and behavior; 1st counselors model the behavior and thoughts and clients are asked to mimic, then clients continue to practicing by speaking / whispering the correct statements to themselves

unbalancing

technique used to better establish a proper family hierarchy ex: counselor might help parents learn how to be more authoritative instead of allowing their children to make decision and control them, thus reaffirming the parental subsystem's power

cognitive restructuring

technique used to help clients adjust their self-talk; involves targeting the client self-statements that result in problematic behaviors or feelings and replacing the self-statements with new statements that are more rational, logical, and positive

circular causality

term that describes how families are viewed as complex, organized systems where each member influences other members; no discrete cause and effect phenomenon

Daniel Paul Schreber

the "most frequently quoted case in modern psychiatry." In 1903,--after spending nine years in a mental hospital--wrote "Memoirs of a Mental Patient." His family was rather wealthy and bought almost every copy in circulation. Nevertheless, Freud got his hands on one and in 1911 published "Psychoanalytic Notes upon an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia." Schreber's major delusion was that he would be transformed into a woman, become God's mate, and produce a healthier race. Freud felt that Schreber might have been struggling with unconscious issues of homosexuality.

behavioral rehearsal

the act of practicing a behavior in a counseling session that can be beneficial in the client's life.

ontology

the metaphysical study of life experience; the philosophy of being and existing

unconscious mind

the most important concept of Freud's theory... (evidence of this comes from hypnosis, dreams, and slip of the tongue and humor)

phenomenological philosophy

the notion that a person's perception of an event are more important than the event itself (Adler)

individuation

the process of discovering one's true, inner self (I.e. psychological growth); individuals move through life they lose touch with important parts of themselves - therefore, he suggested through listening to the messages of dreams and waking imagination, individuals can reestablish contact with these different parts; seen as a life goal and is thought to have a holistic effect (Carol Jung)

self-narrative

the story people construct about themselves and their lives

Play Therapy

the systematic use of theoretical model to establish an interpersonal process wherein trained therapists use the therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optimal growth and development; methodology and not a theory of counseling; directive vs. non-directive play therapy

Humanistic-existential theories

theory that believe in human goodness and the ability of all individuals to strive toward self-actualization given the proper environment; assist clients in addressing universal questions about life, death, and freedom and helps them find meaning in their lives; both approaches stress the importance of showing clients unconditional positive regard and allowing the client to direct the sessions contributors: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Fritz Perls, Victor Frankl, Rollo May, and Virginia Satir

Choice theory

theory that states people make choices to meet 5 basic needs (survival, belonging, power, freedom, and fun); most difficult to satisfy is love/belonging and as a result people seek to connect with those around them and experience distress when they are unable to relate to others in a meaningful way; teaches clients to identify their unmet needs and make choices toward satisfying them (bases for reality therapy)

cognitive behavioral theories

theory that works to alter both the thoughts and the actions of clients; constitutes the "second force" of counseling

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

therapy approach developed by Francine Shapiro; a technique that attempts to stimulate REM (rapid eye movement) see, the sleep cycle thought to be most restorative and helpful in working through troubling matters in the unconscious; highly recommended for single-event trauma/ PTSD

termination stage

third general stage of counseling end the counseling relationship; usually initiated after client's goals are achieved; crucial to process the client's emotions about ending the therapeutic relationship, highlight client success, encourage future progress, and summarize entire experience; may also be initiated if the client is not making progress or the counselor doesn't have the adequate skills to help the client

Caplan's mental Health Consultation model

this model provides a consultation process that assists mental health professionals in dealing with the psychological aspects of their job; involves consultation between 2 professionals about a current work problem; overarching goal is to improve the consulate's ability to deal with current and future work problems and improve job performance 4 types: 1. client-centers case consultation 2. consulted-centered case consultation 3. program-centered administrative consultation 4. consultee-centered administrative consultation

structural analysis

this term describes a client using the P-A-C conceptualization is known as _____

Experiential Family Counseling

type of counseling that is less concerned with techniques and more concerned with establishing a genuine relationship with clients and helping them bring their problems into the here and now; approach each family in a different way; goal is to make family members more aware of their emotions, self actualize, & increase their ability to interact with one another models = symbolic-experiential family therapy & the human validation process

psychoanalytic counseling vs. psychodynamic counseling

type of counseling: (2 part answer... ___ vs. ___) Type A: - lengthy sessions (3 - 5 sessions per week for several years is not unusual) - very expensive (no insurance or managed care will not pay for this type of treatment) VS. Type B: - utilizes fewer sessions per week, does not utilize the couch,& is performed face to face

eclectic counselor

type of counselor that uses theories and techniques from several models of intervention, rather than simply relying on one; uses the best approach/ theoretical framework for the client

additive empathy

type of empathy that is most desirable since it adds to the client's understanding and awareness

subtractive empathy

type of empathy where the counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated

basic empathy

type of empathy where the counselor's response is on the same level as the client's

cognitive theories

type of theory that focuses on how people's thoughts influence their emotions and behavior

behavioral theories

type of theory that focuses on the importance of changing people's behaviors to change the quality of their lives

Little Albert

was a famous case associated with the work of John Watson, who pioneered American behaviorism; the case was known for conditioning a 9 month old boy named Albert to be afraid of furry white objects; he was first exposed to a white rat and later a rabbit; created a conditioned response with the white rat by banging loudly at the same time to condition the fear response