HES 006: FINALS

In keratinization, the cells become filled with the protein keratin, which make them more stretchable and durable.

FALSE

In the process of keratinization, the cells of epidermis and dermis change shape and chemical composition.

FALSE

The new cells produced by mitosis occur in most superficial layers of epidermis.

FALSE

The water can simply move across the skin.

FALSE

All are true statement about epithelial tissue: (Select all that apply) a. Epithelial tissue is vascular. b. Epithelial tissue provides physical protection for organs. c. Epithelial tissue functions in absorption & secretion. d. Epithelial tissue controls the permeability into and out of an area/organ. e. Epithelial tissue consists almost entirely of extracellular material between them thereby forming a barrier against entry into the body.

B, C, D

A cell that was producing large amounts of lipoproteins (proteins combined with lipids) for secretion from the cell would have large numbers of: a. lysosomes. b. Golgi apparatus. c. centrioles. d. membrane transporters. e. all of these structures.

b. Golgi apparatus.

The mechanism of homeostasis is mainly governed by: a. Cardiovascular and nervous system b. Nervous and endocrine system c. Endocrine and urinary system d. Urinary and respiratory system

b. Nervous and endocrine system

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The resting potential of a cell develops because the cell membrane is more permeable to K + than it is to most other ions. b. The concentration of Na + is higher inside the cell than outside. c. Potassium ions only diffuse down their gradient until the charge difference across the membrane is great enough (electrical equilibrium) to prevent additional diffusion. d. Potassium's tendency to diffuse out is opposed by the attractive forces of the negative charge inside the cell. e. The sodium-potassium exchange pump maintains the normal resting concentrations of ions on either side of the cell membrane.

b. The concentration of Na + is higher inside the cell than outside.

As a student nurse, you understand that it is important to study how the human body works because: a. it is fixed and unchanging. b. it provides a way to understand how the body maintains external conditions. c. it can predict the responses that the body can do in every stimulus. d. it has a wide range of values to maintain homeostasis.

c. it can predict the responses that the body can do in every stimulus.

The ______ is the functional unit of skeletal muscle because it is the smallest portion capable of ___________. a. muscle fiber, receiving a stimulus b. muscle fiber, contracting c. sarcomere, contracting d. sarcomere, receiving a stimulus

c. sarcomere, contracting

Skin cells have the ability to regenerate and divide.

TRUE

Skin is the largest organ of the body.

TRUE

The dead epithelial cells are formed in the outer layer of epidermis to act as a barrier.

TRUE

The dermis is thicker than epidermis.

TRUE

The new cells in the keratinization are produced by mitosis.

TRUE

The skin is composed of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

TRUE

Which of the following organelles are incorrectly paired with their location within the cell? a. nucleolus - within the nucleus b. cilia - on the cell surface c. Golgi apparatus - on the cell surface d. microtubules - within the cytoplasm e. smooth endoplasmic reticulum - within the cytoplasm of the cell

c. Golgi apparatus - on the cell surface

__________ is a unique movement that occurs at the thumb as it moves toward the little finger. a. Pronation b. Eversion c. Opposition d. Circumduction e. Excursion

c. Opposition

All of the following describe the characteristics of acetylcholine, except: a. is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. b. is broken down by acetylcholinesterase. c. binds to receptors on the presynaptic terminal. d. causes an influx of sodium ions into the muscle cell when bound to its receptor.

c. binds to receptors on the presynaptic terminal.

Joints are classified structurally according to the ____ that binds them, and functionally according to their _______. a. fluid-filled membrane, strength b. bone, size c. connective tissue, degree of motion d. ligament, location

c. connective tissue, degree of motion

During growth of a long bone, the site of growth in length is the: a. medullary cavity. b. marrow. c. epiphyseal plate. d. endosteum. e. periosteum.

c. epiphyseal plate.

The most correct classification of an epithelial tissue consisting of many layers of cells, in which the outer layers are flat and thin, and the basal layers are cuboidal or columnar is: a. simple columnar epithelium. b. pseudostratified epithelium. c. stratified squamous epithelium. d. transitional epithelium. e. simple squamous epithelium.

c. stratified squamous epithelium.

The functions of the skeletal system include all of the following except: a. support and protection b. movement and leverage c. transport of materials via its fluid matrix d. blood cell production e. storage of minerals

c. transport of materials via its fluid matrix

Which of the following is a characteristic of long bone? (Select all that apply) a. has a medullary cavity in the diaphysis. b. has red marrow and yellow marrow in its cavities. c. has periosteum lining the medullary cavity. d. has a diaphysis at each end.

A, B

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the cell membrane? (Select all that apply) a. Cholesterol within the membrane gives it added strength and flexibility. b. Receptor molecules are embedded in the membrane for intercellular communication. c. Carbohydrates bind to protein molecules thereby modifying the proteins function as a membrane channel. d. Receptor molecules embedded in the membrane are involved in cellular recognition.

A, B, C, D

Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply) a. Transitional epithelium has cells that change shape when the tissue is stretched. b. Transitional epithelium is found in the lining of the urinary bladder, the ureters and the superior urethra. c. Transitional epithelium is pseudostratified. d. As transitional epithelium is stretched, the number of cell layers increases. e. Transitional epithelium is found in cavities that can expand greatly in volume.

A, B, E

10. Which of the following would occur if all cell membranes were no longer selectively permeable? (Select all that apply) a. Action potentials would no longer be generated. b. Cells would be hypertonic to their environment. c. You would be subject to a higher rate of illness and disease. d. Cells would not be able to get and keep enough glucose to function.

A, C, D

Which of the following describes the remodeling process of a bone? (Select all that apply) a. is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels b. continues throughout the adulthood of the individual (18 years old for female, 21 years old for male) c. is accomplished by the actions of the osteoclasts and osteoblasts d. is controlled by the actions of Parathyroid Hormone, and Calcitonin.

A, C, D

Muscle fibers: (Select all that apply) a. have a relatively high metabolic rate b. depend upon large amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide c. contain small numbers of mitochondria d. preferentially use aerobic respiration

A, D

_____________ is an example of a molecule that can directly pass through the phospholipids bilayer of the plasma membrane. a. Carbon dioxide b. Potassium c. Sodium d. Glucose e. Calcium

a. Carbon dioxide

Pepper is moving her knees and suddenly remembers what she has learned from her class. The movement of the synovial joint in one plane is ________. a. Hinge b. Ball-and-socket c. Ellipsoidal d. Pivot e. Saddle

a. Hinge

The myosin myofilaments are anchored into the cytoskeleton of the cell by the __________. a. M line b. Z disks c. A band d. I band e. H zone

a. M line

Which basic approach to study anatomy is taken in the vast majority of medical and dentals schools? a. Regional Anatomy b. Systemic Anatomy c. Surface Anatomy d. Anatomical Imaging

a. Regional Anatomy

There are four primary types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. To be able to perform its function, each system is composed of only one specific type of tissue. a. The first statement is correct. The second statement is wrong. b. The first statement is wrong. The second statement is correct. c. Both of the statements are correct. d. Both of the statements are wrong.

a. The first statement is correct. The second statement is wrong.

During summer, Pepper and her friends would go on a trip and hike at noon. As a student nurse, Pepper knows that her body would compensate with the change in core temperature. All of the following are expected, except: a. The hypothalamus stimulates the blood vessels in the skin to constrict. b. The sweat glands produce sweat. c. The blood vessels send more blood to the body's surface. d. All the aforementioned statements are correct.

a. The hypothalamus stimulates the blood vessels in the skin to constrict.

Cell membranes are said to be selectively permeable because they: a. allow the free passage of some materials and restrict the passage of others. b. allow the passage of materials in one direction but not the other. c. permit the passage of most materials but not of water. d. Cell membranes are NOT normally selectively permeable

a. allow the free passage of some materials and restrict the passage of others.

All are true to aerobic respiration, except: a. does not require the use of oxygen b. breaks down glucose c. produces ATP, CO 2 and H 2 O d. takes place in mitochondria located within the muscle fiber sarcoplasm

a. does not require the use of oxygen

Which of these is NOT one of the four basic tissue types? a. glandular b. connective c. muscle d. epithelium e. nervous

a. glandular

7. In a resting cell, K + ions have a higher concentration ______ the cell, which results in the net movement of K +_______ of the cell. a. inside; out b. outside; into c. inside; into d. outside; out

a. inside; out

The extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments is made up of: a. primarily collagen fibers. b. collagen and minerals. c. collagen and proteoglycan d. osteocytes. e. chondrocytes.

a. primarily collagen fibers.

According to the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane: a. protein molecules that perform important cellular functions float in a lipid bilayer. b. there is a double protein layer in the plasma membrane. c. there are fats floating in the protein layer. d. carbohydrates function as membrane channels. e. nonpolar ends of phospholipids are exposed to water inside and outside the cell

a. protein molecules that perform important cellular functions float in a lipid bilayer.

From the list below, pick the ONLY bone that is unpaired. a. sphenoid b. zygomatic c. nasal d. maxilla

a. sphenoid

Pepper is a vegan (a vegetarian that does not eat any animal products including dairy or eggs). After a series of unexplained bone fractures, her doctor completes some tests and discovers that her levels of parathyroid hormone are elevated. Which of the following hypotheses would be the most plausible? a. The lack of meat in her diet is causing anemia and preventing bone growth. b. The lack of dairy in her diet has severely restricted the amount of calcium she has available. This deficiency stimulated the release of PTH, which caused more of the calcium stores in her bones to be mobilized. The deficiency has gone on for so long that she has weakened her bones. c. The lack of dairy in her diet has severely restricted the amount of calcium she has available. This deficiency stimulated the release of calcitonin, which caused more of the calcium stores in her bones to be mobilized. The deficiency has gone on for so long that she has weakened her bones. d. Her parathyroid glands are malfunctioning and producing too much calcitonin thereby stimulating osteoblast activity and weakening her bones.

b. The lack of dairy in her diet has severely restricted the amount of calcium she has available. This deficiency stimulated the release of PTH, which caused more of the calcium stores in her bones to be mobilized. The deficiency has gone on for so long that she has weakened her bones.

All are considered negative feedback mechanism, except: a. Body temperature regulation b. Uterine contractions during delivery c. Increase in blood pressure d. Doing exercises

b. Uterine contractions during delivery

Which of the following characteristics of tissues and cells would aid in diffusion or the movement of materials into and out of the body through the epithelium? a. multiple layers of relatively flat, thin cells b. a single layer of relatively flat, thin cells c. multiple layers of cuboidal cells d. a single layer of cuboidal cells e. multiple layers of columnar cells

b. a single layer of relatively flat, thin cells

Which of the following pertains to actin myofilaments? a. resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. b. are attached to Z lines at one end. c. form the I band where actin overlaps with myosin myofilaments. d. form the epimysium. e. have all of these characteristics.

b. are attached to Z lines at one end.

In skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation, calcium ions: a. bind to myosin myofilaments. b. are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport. c. are released from the T tubules by active transport. d. provide the energy for muscle contraction. e. have both bind to myosin myofilaments and are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport as normal properties.

b. are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport.

Which of the following activities does NOT represent an anatomical study: a. making a section through the heart to observe its interior b. examining the surface of a bone c. viewing muscle tissue through a microscope d. studying how the nerves conduct electrical impulses e. observing the parts of a reproducing cell

b. examining the surface of a bone

The ____________ is (are) the opening through which the spinal cord connects to the brain. a. mandibular fossa b. foramen magnum c. nasolacrimal canal d. optic foramen e. orbital fissures

b. foramen magnum

The nucleolus: a. is located in the cytoplasm. b. is the location for production of large and small ribosomal subunits. c. has its own distinct membrane. d. is important for the formation of Golgi apparatus. e. has all of these characteristics

b. is the location for production of large and small ribosomal subunits.

Which of these cells would most likely have the largest number of mitochondria? a. bone cells b. muscle cells c. fat cells d. blood cells e. skin cells

b. muscle cells

The outer surface of bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the: a. lamellae. b. periosteum. c. endosteum. d. epiphysis. e. diaphysis.

b. periosteum.

Epithelium that consists of a single layer of cells, in which some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface and others do not, is classified as: a. simple columnar epithelium b. pseudostratified columnar epithelium c. stratified squamous epithelium d. transitional epithelium e. simple squamous epithelium

b. pseudostratified columnar epithelium

The ____________ is (are) the opening through which the spinal cord passes. a. articular facets b. vertebral canal c. vertebral body d. spinous process e. intervertebral foramina

b. vertebral canal

Disruption in normal functioning of cells may result in death. One possible cause of disruption is occurrence of disease. a. The first statement is correct. The second statement is wrong. b. The first statement is wrong. The second statement is correct. c. Both of the statements are correct. d. Both of the statements are wrong.

c. Both of the statements are correct.

Substances outside the cell membrane are called: a. intracellular substances. b. extracellular substances. c. intercellular substances. d. Both extracellular material and intercellular material are correct names. e. All of these are correct names.

d. Both extracellular material and intercellular material are correct names.

Differentiation in an organism depicts a change in cell structure and function from generalize to specialized. This process is involved in: a. Growth and development b. Metabolism c. Growth d. Development

d. Development

Which of the following components of the control system is responsible for detecting any change and motor the value of variables? a. Control Center b. Stimulus c. Effector d. Receptor

d. Receptor

Which of the following does not occur as you age? a. The bone matrix becomes more brittle due to the reduction in the collagen to mineral ratio. b. The total amount of matrix in bone decreases. c. Osteoclast activity outstrips osteoblast activity. d. There is a decreased likelihood of bone fractures. e. The production of synovial fluid decreases.

d. There is a decreased likelihood of bone fractures.

Bones are a type of: a. cartilage. b. epithelial tissue. c. muscle tissue. d. connective tissue. e. multi-cellular membrane.

d. connective tissue.

The extracellular matrix of bone: a. contains collagen and minerals. b. has a high proportion of calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite). c. is entirely composed of proteoglycans. d. contains collagen & minerals & a high proportion of calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite) are correct. e. has a high proportion of hydroxyapatite and is entirely composed of proteoglycans are correct.

d. contains collagen & minerals & a high proportion of calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite) are correct.

4. Basement membranes: a. function as a filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement b. attach epithelial cells to the underlying tissue c. are secreted partially by epithelial cells and partially by the cells of the underlying tissue. d. function as a filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement, attach epithelial cells to the underlying tissue and are secreted partially by epithelial cells and partially by the cells of the underlying tissue are true of basement membranes. e. None of these is correct.

d. function as a filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement, attach epithelial cells to the underlying tissue and are secreted partially by epithelial cells and partially by the cells of the underlying tissue are true of basement membranes.

Pepper has been exerting effort to push the wall as part of her exercise regimen in achieving good muscle tone. As a student nurse, she knows that there is an increase in tension to muscles without changing its length. This type of contraction is: a. concentric b. isotonic c. eccentric d. isometric

d. isometric

While walking through a dark house, you hit the outside of your ankle on a bedpost. More than likely you have hit the__________, which is a component of the __________. a. calcaneus, tibia b. calcaneus, fibula c. lateral malleolus, tibia d. lateral malleolus, fibula

d. lateral malleolus, fibula

In adults, which of the following represents a set of fused bones? a. femur b. temporal bone c. radius d. sacral bone e. tibia

d. sacral bone

As a nursing student, you have learned the effects of aging in the skeletal system. What are the most effective preventative measures against its effects? a. decreasing physical activity and the amount of stress on the bones b. increasing physical activity c. ingesting dietary calcium with a vitamin D supplement. d. the combination of increasing physical activity and taking dietary calcium with vitamin D supplements. e. decreasing your dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D.

d. the combination of increasing physical activity and taking dietary calcium with vitamin D supplements.

Epithelial cells that appear cube like when an organ is relaxed and flattened when the organ is distended by fluid are classified as: a. simple columnar epithelium. b. pseudostratified epithelium. c. stratified squamous epithelium. d. transitional epithelium. e. simple squamous epithelium

d. transitional epithelium.

3. The skeletal system helps maintain homeostasis by: a. Acting as a calcium buffer and storage site. b. Acting as a phosphate buffer and storage site. c. Acting as an energy buffer and storage site. d. Acting as a blood cell production site. e. All of these aid in maintaining homeostasis. f. This only includes A, C, D.

e. All of these aid in maintaining homeostasis.

Understanding tissue structure and function is important because: a. There is a relationship between the structure of each tissue type (how it is organized) and its function (what it does). b. There is a relationship between tissue structure and organ function. c. Many diseases and pathologies are tissue and cell type specific. d. Changes at the tissue level affect the function of organs. e. All of these are correct. f. All are correct except option C.

e. All of these are correct.

Epithelial cells: a. cover body surfaces or form glands. b. usually have a free surface that is not in contact with other cells. c. have a basement membrane that attaches to underlying tissues. d. can be somewhat far away from a blood vessel. e. have all of these properties.

e. have all of these properties.