Hesi A&P

What problem would be caused by a lack of cartilage in someone's body?

Their movement would be hindered, and their bones rub together. Explanation Bones are hard and inflexible, but cartilage is rubbery and flexible, which makes it very useful in parts of the skeleton where movements require flexibility of the skeleton or padding is needed between bones that would otherwise rub against each other.

What is the purpose of the systemic circuit of the human body?

To supply blood rich in oxygen and nutrients to the body Explanation The systemic circuit carries blood to the cells of the body to distribute oxygen and nutrients and pick up cell wastes.

What triggers your brain to need to take a breath?

Too much Carbon Dioxide

Which of the following structures produces the female gamete? Uterine tube Ovary Ampulla Uterus Cervix

Ovary Explanation The ovaries purpose is for gamete production.

Harry gets a vaccine for the measles as a child. This vaccine is designed to stimulate an immune response. Specifically, the vaccine is intended to train what part of our immune system to know and fight off the measles in the future?

Adaptive immune system Explanation The measles vaccine stimulated the adaptive immune system in Harry's body. This is an immune system specific to an antigen and generates immunological memory.

When does maximum secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen in the stomach occur?

After food has already entered the stomach. Explanation Between meals, the stomach is empty and pretty much inactive. However, when a person sees, smells or otherwise anticipates eating food, the brain sends a signal to the stomach to start preparing for a meal. As a result of this signal, the epithelial cells secrete a small amount of HCl into the stomach.

The best definition of an organ system is:

An organ system is a group of anatomical structures that work together to perform a specific task or function Explanation An organ system is a group of anatomical structures that work together to perform a specific task or function. Organ systems do not function independently. The structures within an organ system aren't necessarily physically connected (e.g., the endocrine system). One organ system can extend into a number of body regions (e.g., the nervous system).

If a sample of blood is deoxygenated, where is it likely to be found in the circulatory system of the human body?

At the beginning of the pulmonary circuit. Explanation The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it through the pulmonary circuit. It is at the beginning of this circuit that we find blood depleted of oxygen.

When air travels from the trachea into the lungs, which are the passageways that fork off into each lung?

Bronchii Explanation The bronchii are air passageways that fork off like two tree branches, one into the right lung and one into the left lung.

How is digesting food moved along the small intestine?

By peristalsis, which is the contraction of the smooth muscle to push food forward Explanation Digesting food is moved through the small intestine by a process called peristalsis, which is the slow, rhythmic contraction of the smooth muscle in the intestinal wall.

What differentiates cardiac muscle from smooth muscle?

Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart, and smooth muscle is found elsewhere. Explanation Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. Smooth muscle is involuntary, and does not have visible stripes.

Which other body system operates in conjunction with the respiratory system to ensure that oxygen is delivered to all body tissues?

Cardiovascular system Explanation The cardiovascular system ensures that oxygen is transported, by way of blood, throughout the body.

Which of the following is not included within the integumentary system? a.Fat b.Cartilage c.Skin d.Hair e.Fingernails

Cartilage Explanation Cartilage is not a part of the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and subcutaneous fat.

What is the first function of the nervous system?

Collect sensory input from the body and external environment. Explanation The very first function of the nervous system is that of collecting sensory input from the body and the surrounding environment.

Which of the following is not a function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice? Liquefy the contents of the stomach. Activate pepsin by removing inhibitory amino acids. Kill bacteria in food. Digest the mucous layer covering the epithelium.

Digest the mucous layer covering the epithelium. Explanation Most of the epithelial cells of the stomach secrete large amounts of mucus, which forms a barrier to protect the cells against the acid and pepsin.

Male sterilization is a procedure used to prevent the transport of sperm to the outside of the body. It can be done under local anesthesia, through a small cut in the scrotum, outside the main body cavity. Which of the following structures could be involved in this procedure?

Ductus Deferens Explanation Remember that the testis and epididymis lie outside the main body cavity (in the scrotum). It is the ductus deferens that connects them to other structures within the cavity, that are collectively involved in the transport of sperm.

The ampulla is an expanded portion of:

Ductus Deferens Explanation Remember that the ductus deferens (also called the vas deferens) transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. However, before forming the ejaculatory duct it expands into the ampulla, where it stores most of the sperm.

Which of these correctly lists the order of structures that transport sperm to the outside of the body? A.)Ductus Deferens, Ejaculatory Duct, Urethra, Epididymis B.)Ejaculatory Duct, Urethra, Ductus Deferens, Epididymis C.)Ductus Deferens, Epididymis, Ejaculatory Duct, Urethra D.)Epididymis, Ejaculatory Duct, Ductus Deferens, Urethra E.)Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Ejaculatory Duct, Urethra

E.)Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Ejaculatory Duct, Urethra Explanation The epididymis runs along the testis and is connected by the relatively long ductus deferens to the shorter ejaculatory duct. The latter then joins the urethra, which runs from the bladder to the exterior.

Which structure is responsible for the maturation of sperm (spermatozoa)?

Epididymis Explanation The epididymis has two main functions. These are to store and mature sperm.

Which of the following groups of structures belongs to the digestive system? Mouth, small intestine, urinary bladder, anus Esophagus, liver, gallbladder, rectum Stomach, pancreas, thyroid gland, large intestine Salivary gland, pituitary gland, lymph gland, hypothalamus

Esophagus, liver, gallbladder, rectum Explanation The esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and rectum all belong to the digestive system. All other answers include structures from two or more different organ systems.

A molecule which does not cause an immune reaction unless attached to a protein is known as a:

Hapten Explanation Haptens are molecules that may cause an immune response when attached to a protein but not on its own.

Known as the father of immunology, what was Edward Jenner's main contribution to the science of immunology?

He developed the world's first vaccine Explanation Jenner developed the very first vaccine, and his work led directly or indirectly to billions of lives being saved around the world.

Which part of the uterine tubes receives released oocytes from the ovary?

Infundibulum Explanation The infundibulum is the expanded, funnel-shaped portion closest to the ovary that contain a bunch of little tiny cilia that beat quickly, catching the oocyte as it is released from the ovary

What is the correct order of the structures the oocyte would pass on its way to the uterus?

Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus Explanation The uterine tubes are divided into three different parts starting with the infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus, which pass the oocyte before it ends up at the uterus.

Jen is infected with a virus. This virus is easily and quickly defeated in her body; she never needed to be vaccinated for it beforehand. What accomplished the defeat of Jen's virus?

Innate immune system Explanation Jen's innate immune system was at work to defeat the virus. This is the first line of defense against pathogens, also called the non-specific immune system.

Which of the following is NOT filtered out of the glomerular capillaries? a.Urea b.Small molecules c.Large molecules d.Water

Large molecules Explanation Large molecules are not filtered out of the glomerular capillaries.

Which of the following is true of the endocrine system? It transports oxygen to other tissues and organs in the body None of these answers is correct It provides structural support for the body I t eliminates metabolic waste and excess water from the body It produces enzymes that aid in digestion

None

Which cell process is the exact opposite gas exchange as cell respiration?

Photosynthesis Explanation Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen as a waste product. Cellular respiration is the exact opposite, as oxygen is take in and carbon dioxide released as the waste product.

The muscular valve at the bottom of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine is known as the:

Pyloric sphincter Explanation The stomach releases its liquefied contents into the small intestine a little at a time through the pyloric sphincter (the muscular valve at the bottom of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine).

What component of the body gathers sensory input and delivers it to the brain?

Sensory organs Explanation The sensory organs such as the eyes gather the sensory input that then gets sent to the brain for processing.

In which two locations does gas exchange take place?

The alveoli and the capillaries Explanation Gas exchange first occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, where oxygen is picked up, and it is then delivered in the capillaries throughout the body.

Dialysis closely mimics the function of which organ?

The kidney Explanation Dialysis closely mimics the kidney.

Which part of the following human body is NOT considered a part of the circulatory system?

The lungs Explanation The heart, blood vessels, and blood are the parts that make up the circulatory system, which is defined as a closed system of blood vessels for the transport of gasses and nutrients.

Which of the following BEST explains how a muscle cell exerts force? The muscle cell expands and exerts a pushing force against whatever is attached to it. When the muscle cell contracts it exerts a pulling force on whatever is attached, and when it relaxes it exerts a pushing force against the same objects. The muscle cell shortens or contracts and exerts a pulling force on whatever is attached to both ends. The muscle cell folds itself in half and exerts a pulling force on whatever is attached to the end that was folded over.

The muscle cell shortens or contracts and exerts a pulling force on whatever is attached to both ends. Explanation Muscles only do work when they contract. They do not actively push things further apart when they stretch back out and are said to be relaxed. Muscle cells do not fold in half, they contract and exert a pulling force.

The circulation of blood from the right side of the human heart to the lungs and back to the heart completes which circuit?

The pulmonary circuit Explanation The circulation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the heart completes the pulmonary circuit.

Which of the following explains how a person straightens his arm at the elbow? a.The biceps muscle is used to push the forearm away from the upper arm while the triceps muscle is relaxed. b.The biceps and triceps muscles work together to pull the ulna away from the upper arm. c.The triceps muscle contracts, pulling the ulna away from the upper arm while the biceps muscle is relaxed. d.Both the biceps and triceps muscles relax, and the arm straightens to its default set point.

The triceps muscle contracts, pulling the ulna away from the upper arm while the biceps muscle is relaxed. Explanation When the triceps muscle is relaxed and the biceps muscle contracts, it pulls the radius and ulna closer to the upper arm, and the arm bends at the elbow. In contrast, when the biceps muscle relaxes and the triceps muscle contracts, the ulna is pulled back away from the upper arm, and the arm straightens.

How do thermoreceptors differ from other sensory neurons?

They sense temperature.

Which of the following is true about motor neurons? a.They send signals from sensory neurons to the brain. b.They are the only type of neuron that does not transmit signals. c.They tell the brain what the muscles are doing. d.They can only control the actions of muscles. e.They transmit signals to responsive tissues.

They transmit signals to responsive tissues. Explanation Motor neurons send signals to muscles and other responsive tissues such as glands.

What is the job of the human body's pulmonary circuit?

To carry blood to the lungs so carbon dioxide can be released and oxygen can be picked up. Explanation The job of the pulmonary circuit is to carry blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

If no implantation takes place, then what happens inside of the uterus?

Uterine tissue is shed, leaving the uterus through the cervix. Explanation The shedding of uterine tissue is what we refer to as a woman's 'period' but is more correctly called menses. If implantation doesn't take place, this monthly flow of blood and tissue exits from the uterus, passing through the cervix.

Which of the following does the large intestine most likely absorb in digestion? Water Enzymes The large intestine stores food Additional nutrients

Water

An inactive precursor of an enzyme that must go through a change to be activated is known as a(n)

Zymogen Explanation most digestive enzymes are produced in an inactive form known as a zymogen (an inactive precursor of an enzyme which requires a change to be activated), which prevents them from digesting components of the secretory cells.

An inactive precursor of an enzyme that must go through a change to be activated is known as a(n) _____.

Zymogen Explanation most digestive enzymes are produced in an inactive form known as a zymogen (an inactive precursor of an enzyme which requires a change to be activated), which prevents them from digesting components of the secretory cells.

immune tolerance

an acquired ability to prevent an unnecessary or harmful immune response to a detected foreign body known not to cause disease

Which of the following explains how the kidney concentrates urea in the renal tubules? a.By selectively filtering urea out of the blood. b.By reabsorbing water from the renal tubules. c.By actively transporting it into the renal tubules. d.By binding it to uriglobin. e.by binding it to uriglobin

b.By reabsorbing water from the renal tubules. Explanation The kidney concentrates urea in the renal tubules by reabsorbing water from the renal tubules.

Which of the following is a function of the liver? a.Storing urea until it can be eliminated from the body. b.Converting urea into ammonia. c.Converting ammonia into urea. d.Filtering urea out of the blood. e.to filter urea out of the blood

c.Converting ammonia into urea. Explanation Converting ammonia into urea is a function of the liver.

Which of the following statements is (are) true of organ systems? a.The anatomical structures belonging to one organ system can also belong to another organ system b.Each organ system depends, directly or indirectly, on all other organ systems c.Dividing the body into different organ systems is helpful for understanding human anatomy and physiology d.All of these statements are true e.None of these statements is true

d.All of these statements are true Explanation All of these statements are true. Dividing the body into separate organ systems is useful from an educational standpoint, but these systems are functionally interdependent and, in many cases, share anatomical structures. The pancreas, for example, secretes insulin into your bloodstream, making it a part of the endocrine system. However, it also secretes digestive enzymes directly into the intestine, which makes it a part of the digestive system.

Which of the following functions is controlled by the autonomic nervous system? a.Eating b.Running c.Pain perception d.Heart rate e.Sight

d.Heart rate Explanation The autonomic nervous system regulates internal body functions such as heart rate.

Which of the following is a true statement about bones? a.There are 197 bones in the adult human body. b.Bones contract as you move. c.Some bones are flexible to allow for greater freedom of movement. d.Bones are used as lever arms to facilitate body movements. e.Bones are used as lever arms to facilitate body movements.

e. Bones are used as lever arms to facilitate body movements.

Please fill in the blanks. Gametes are _____ and they are _____ with respect to their DNA complement.

germ cells; haploid Explanation Sperm and egg cells are germ cells, which combine during reproduction to produce offspring. They must therefore each have half of the genetic information, so that when combined, the original diploid complement is present.

What forms must carbohydrates and proteins take to be absorbed by the small intestine?

monosaccharides and amino acids Explanation Carbohydrate chains are broken down into monosaccharides, they can be transported across the luminal membrane and into the epithelial cells of the small intestine. Once proteins and peptides are broken down into their component amino acids, they are easily transported into the epithelial cells.

Where are oocytes produced?

ovaries, more specifically the cortex. Explanation The cortex is located along the sides of the ovary, and it's where oocyte production occurs.

Secretions from the _____, called _____, neutralize acid from the stomach in the small intestine.

pancreas, bicarbonate Explanation Digested food stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate, which is a base that neutralizes acids.

What is one reason that enzymes are present in the small intestine

to break down protein to amino acids Explanation The pancreas, liver, and gall bladder add their digestive enzymes, water, and bicarbonate to the digesting food, which break down proteins into amino acids..