HESI OB

At 1 minute after birth the nurse determines that an infant is crying, has a heart rate of 140 breaths/min, has blue hands and feet, resists the suction catheter, and keeps the legs flexed and the arms extended. What Apgar score should the nurse assign? 1) 6 2) 7 3) 8 4) 9

3 (The Apgar score is 8; 1 point is deducted for diminished muscle tone (the baby's arms do not flex) and 1 point for acrocyanosis, which manifests as bluish hands and feet. Scores of 6 and 7 are too low and a score of 9 is too high.)

The nurse observes that 12 hours after birth the neonate is hyperactive and jittery, sneezes frequently, has a high-pitched cry, and is having difficulty suckling. Further assessment reveals increased deep tendon reflexes and a diminished Moro reflex. What problem does the nurse suspect? 1 Cerebral palsy 2 Neonatal syphilis 3 Fetal alcohol syndrome 4 Opioid drug withdrawal

4

A nurse is observing a newborn's respiratory rate. What clinical findings indicate that the rate is within the expected range? 1 Regular, thoracic, 40 to 60/min 2 Irregular, thoracic, 30 to 60/min 3 Regular, abdominal, 40 to 50/min 4 Irregular, abdominal, 30 to 60/min

4 (The expected breathing pattern is abdominal and irregular in rhythm and depth (alternating between shallow and deep); the expected rate ranges from 30 to 60 breaths/min)

recovered from semen, vaginal secretions, urine, feces, and blood; it is commonly found in clients who are HIV positive. Drug use can decrease sexual inhibitions and judgment.

Cytomegalovirus

type of skin eruption noted during the first 2 days after birth. Its cause is unknown. The rashes are most prominent on the face, trunk, and buttocks. The palms and soles are unaffected by the eruptions.

Erythema toxicum neonatorum

is common in a breech presentation because the contracting uterus exerts pressure on the fetus' lower colon, forcing the expulsion of meconium.

Greenish amniotic fluid

occurs when the ventricles in the brain fill with cerebrospinal fluid as a result of a congenital malformation such as stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius. In the newborn it manifests as an enlarged head with a bulging anterior fontanel; the head circumference is more than 1½ inches (4 cm) larger than the chest circumference.

Hydrocephalus

a birth defect in which a developing baby's spinal cord fails to develop properly

Myelomeningocele (spina bifida)

will turn dark blue if amniotic fluid is present; it remains the same color in the presence of urine

Nitrazine paper

is caused by a parasitic protozoon that is acquired from inadequately cooked contaminated food or through handling of infected cat feces; the most common form of transmission to the newborn is by way of placental perfusion when in utero

Toxoplasmosis

collapsed lung

atelectasis

creates a sympathetic block that causes loss of peripheral vascular resistance and a decrease in venous return; this leads to a reduced cardiac output, which can precipitate hypotensive episodes

epidural anesthesia

Decreasing IV ________ slowly is necessary to prevent a hypoglycemic response

glucose

is early labor (1-4 cm of dilation). It is relatively easy to tolerate and the client generally is in control and not too uncomfortable.

latent phase

A steroid such as betamethasone (Celestone) or dexamethasone (Decadron) administered to the mother crosses the placenta and promotes

lung maturity in the fetus

pearly bumps that are sometimes called whiteheads, are very common non-inflamed blemishes -tiny white bumps that commonly appear on a baby's face

milia

Infant reflex where a baby will startle in response to a loud sound or sudden movement.

moro reflex

pertaining to below the dura mater, tumor of blood

subdural hematoma

t/f: Metabolism of brown fat releases energy and increases heat production in the newborn

t

A nurse is assessing a newborn with suspected retention of a fetal structure that will result in a congenital heart defect. Which fetal structures should undergo change after birth? (Select all that apply.) 1 Mitral valve 2 Foramen ovale 3 Pulmonary veins 4 Ductus arteriosus 5 Pulmonary arteries

2,4 (If the foramen ovale fails to close, the infant will have an atrial septal defect. If the ductus arteriosus fails to close, the pressure in the lungs and heart will be abnormal, resulting in chronic heart disease.)

An infant born with hydrocephalus is to be discharged after insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Which common complication should the nurse instruct the parents to report if it occurs at home? 1 Visibility of the sclerae above the irises 2 Violent involuntary muscle contractions 3 Excessive fluid accumulation in the abdomen 4 Fever accompanied by decreased responsiveness

4

A client at 32 weeks' gestation is admitted in active labor. Her cervix is effaced and dilated 4 cm. Intramuscular betamethasone (Celestone) 12 mg is prescribed. What should the nurse tell the client about why the medication is being given? 1 Cervical dilation is increased. 2 Fetal lung maturity is accelerated. 3 The risk of a precipitous birth is reduced. 4 The potential for maternal hypertension is minimized.

2

newborn who is born at 36 weeks' gestation weighs 8 lb 13 oz (3997 g). How should the nurse document this finding? 1 Large for gestational age (LGA) and term 2 LGA and preterm 3 Appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and term 4 AGA and preterm

2

A client at 11 weeks' gestation reports having to urinate more often. The nurse explains that urinary frequency often occurs because bladder capacity during pregnancy is diminished by: 1 Atony of the detrusor muscle 2 Compression by the enlarging uterus 3 Compromise of the autonomic reflexes 4 Narrowing of the ureteral entrance at the trigone

2 (the uterus and bladder occupy the pelvic cavity and lie closely together; as the uterus enlarges with the growing fetus, it impinges on the space occupied by the bladder, diminishing bladder capacity .)

What characteristics cause the nurse to suspect that a newborn has Down syndrome? (Select all that apply.) 1 Webbed neck 2 Protruding tongue 3 Epicanthal eye folds 4 Widely spaced nipples 5 One transverse palmar crease

2,3,5

A newborn whose mother has type 1 diabetes is receiving a continuous infusion of fluids with glucose. What should the nurse do when preparing to discontinue the IV? 1 Decrease the rate slowly 2 Monitor for metabolic alkalosis 3 Withhold oral feedings for 4 to 6 hours 4 Check for an increased blood glucose level every 1 to 2 hours

1

bladder is formed on the outside of the body and is turned inside out

bladder extrophy

period the mother focuses on her needs rather than the baby's. During this period the mother needs to be "mothered" so she can assume the role of mother

taking-in

is the most difficult phase of labor . Characterized by restlessness, irritability, nausea, and increased bloody show, it continues from 8 to 10 cm of dilation.

transition phase

normal fetal heart rate:

110-160 bpm

lasts from about 6 to 8 cm of dilation. It is difficult

active phase

A male born at 28 weeks' gestation weighs 2 lb 12 oz. What characteristic does the nurse expect to observe? 1 Staring eyes 2 Absence of lanugo 3 Descended testicles 4 Transparent red skin

4

A newborn male is admitted to the nursery. He weighs 10 lb 2 oz, which is 2 lb more than the birthweight of any of his siblings. What should the nurse do in relation to the baby's weight? 1 Document the findings 2 Place him in a heated crib 3 Delay starting oral feedings 4 Perform serial glucose readings

4 (A large newborn may be the result of gestational diabetes; it is necessary to check the neonate for hypoglycemia because maternal glucose is no longer available.)

What type of respirations does the nurse expect to identify in a healthy newborn? 1 Deep and retracting 2 Shallow and thoracic 3 Stertorous and regular 4 Abdominal and irregular

4 (A newborn's respirations are abdominal, diaphragmatic, and irregular; the rate varies from 30 to 60 breaths/min.)

A nurse is caring for a client in labor who is receiving epidural anesthesia. For which common side effect of this route of anesthesia should the client be monitored? 1 Sinus tachycardia 2 Urinary frequency 3 Respiratory distress 4 Hypotensive episodes

4 (Epidural anesthesia creates a sympathetic block that causes loss of peripheral vascular resistance and a decrease in venous return; this leads to a reduced cardiac output, which can precipitate hypotensive episodes. Bradycardia)

A newborn has a diagnosis of Erb palsy (Erb-Duchenne paralysis). What does a nurse identify as the cause of this complication? 1 A disease acquired in utero 2 An X-linked inheritance pattern 3 A tumor arising from muscle tissue 4 An injury to the brachial plexus during birth

4

She asks the nurse what foods contain folic acid (folate) so she may add them to her diet in its natural form. Which foods should the nurse recommend? (Select all that apply.) 1 Beef and fish 2 3 Chicken and turkey 4 Black and pinto beans 5 Enriched bread and pasta

4,5

A newborn is admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with a myelomeningocele located at the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4). What is the priority nursing intervention while the infant is awaiting surgery? 1 Increasing nutritional intake 2 Promoting sensory stimulation 3 Providing meticulous skin care 4 Performing range-of-motion exercises

3 (Skin care is essential to prevent rupture of the sac and subsequent infection.)

When calculating an Apgar score for a newborn, what is given a score in addition to the heart rate? 1 Muscle tone 2 Amount of mucus 3 Degree of head lag 4 Depth of respirations

1 (The five areas that are evaluated when the Apgar score is calculated are heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color)

A nurse in the newborn nursery is monitoring an infant for jaundice related to ABO incompatibility. What blood type does the mother usually have to cause this incompatibility? 1 A 2 B 3 O 4 AB

3

A nursing instructor provides education for the students on thermoregulation in the nursery. The students determine that in the healthy full-term neonate, heat production is accomplished by: 1 Oxidization of fatty acids 2 Shivering when chilled 3 Metabolism of brown fat 4 Increased muscular activity

3

What does the nurse do to elicit the Moro reflex during a newborn assessment? 1 Quickly turns the infant's head to one side 2 Strokes the infant's back alongside the spine 3 Jars the infant's bassinet suddenly but gently 4 Taps the bridge of the infant's nose briskly but lightly

3

What does the nurse expect concerning the alveoli in the lungs of a 28-week-gestation neonate? 1 They have a tendency to collapse with each breath. 2 There usually is a sufficient supply of pulmonary surfactant. 3 Although apparently mature they cannot absorb adequate oxygen. 4 Oxygen is not released into the circulation because they overinflate.

1 (Alveolar collapse occurs because of a lack of pulmonary surfactant to overcome surface tension in the alveoli. Surfactant is present in sufficient amounts when the birth is closer to term. Fetal alveoli mature closer to term, around 35 to 36 weeks.)

A neonate weighing 5 lb 6 oz (2438 g) is born in a cesarean birth and admitted to the newborn nursery. What range of resting respiratory rate should the nurse anticipate? 1 20 to 40 breaths/min 2 30 to 60 breaths/min 3 60 to 80 breaths/min 4 70 to 90 breaths/min

2 (After respiration is established, the normal neonate respiratory rate ranges from 30 to 60 breaths/min with short periods of apnea. Twenty breaths per minute is bradypnea. A respiratory rate faster than 60 breaths/min is tachypnea. )

A nurse who is admitting a newborn to the nursery observes a fetal scalp monitor site on the scalp. For what complication should the nurse monitor this newborn? 1 Injury 2 Infection 3 Feeding problems 4 Respiratory distress

2 (The monitor site represents a break in the integrity of the scalp, which allows access by microorganisms)

A client had a rubella infection (German measles) during the fourth month of pregnancy. At the time of the infant's birth, the nurse places the newborn in the isolation nursery. What type of infection control precautions should the nurse institute? 1 Enteric 2 Contact 3 Droplet 4 Standard

3 (Because the rubella virus is found in the respiratory tract and urine, isolation is necessary; rubella is spread by droplets from the respiratory tract.)

A client in active labor becomes very uncomfortable and asks a nurse for pain medication. Nalbuphine (Nubain) is prescribed. How does this medication relieve pain? 1 By producing amnesia 2 By acting as a preliminary anesthetic 3 By inducing sleep until the time of birth 4 By acting on opioid receptors to reduce pain

4

A mother whose newborn infant son has a cleft lip and palate asks how to feed her baby because he has difficulty suckling. What information should the nurse provide concerning safe feeding technique for this infant? 1 "Because he tires easily, it's best to have him lying in bed while he is being fed." 2 "Hold him in a horizontal position and feed him slowly to help prevent aspiration." 3 "Try using a soft nipple with an enlarged opening so he can get the milk through a chewing motion." 4 "Give him brief rest periods and frequent burpings during feedings so he can get rid of swallowed air."

4

A nurse is assessing a newborn. Which sign should the nurse report? 1 Temperature of 97.7° F (36.5° C) 2 Pale-pink to rust-colored stain in the diaper 3 Heart rate that decreases to 115 beats/min 4 Breathing pattern with recurrent sternal retractions

4

Supplemental oxygen is ordered for a preterm neonate with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). What action does the nurse take to reduce the possibility of retinopathy of prematurity? 1 Humidifying oxygen flow to prevent dehydration 2 Uncovering the entire body to increase exposure to the oxygen 3 Applying eye patches to both eyes to protect them from the oxygen 4 Verifying oxygen saturation frequently to adjust flow on the basis of need

4

The nurse visualizes and palpates a generalized, soft, edematous area of the scalp on the occiput of a newborn. What does the nurse suspect? 1 Hydrocephalus 2 Cephalhematoma 3 Subdural hematoma 4 Caput succedaneum

4

a swelling over the scalp that consists of serum, blood, or both. A cephalhematoma may increase in size on the second and third day after birth, and then gradually subside

Caput succedaneum

given after the third stage of labor will stimulate the uterus to contract and remain contracted. Oxytocin does not have an analgesic effect. It is administered after the placenta is expelled (third stage of labor)

Oxytocin (Pitocin)

-birth defect that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body -blood test from baby's heel done 1-2 days after birth can detect PKU

PKU test (Phenylalanine, an essential amino acid necessary for growth and Development; cannot be metabolized by infants with PKU; early diagnosis and treatment may prevent mental retardation)

needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis

amniocentesis

How does the nurse perform tactile stimulation to initiate respiration in a newborn? Select all that apply. A Stroke the extremities B Flick the soles of the feet C Slap the newborn's buttocks D Wiggle the newborn's head E Spank the newborn on the back

a,b

A nurse is caring for a newborn with a myelomeningocele. What should immediate nursing care for this infant include? 1 Changing diapers immediately when moist 2 Applying sterile, moist nonadherent dressings to the sac 3 Placing the infant in the reverse Trendelenburg position 4 Positioning the infant prone with the legs slightly adducted

2

Four weeks after giving birth, a client is agitated and tells the clinic nurse, "The baby cries all the time, and I don't know what to do." What question should the nurse ask before planning nursing care? 1 "How do you feed the baby?" 2 "What is the baby's daily schedule?" 3 "Do you believe your baby is colicky?" 4 "Have you been getting enough sleep?

2

Jaundice develops in a newborn 72 hours after birth. What should the nurse tell the parents is the probable cause of the jaundice? 1 An allergic response to the feedings 2 The physiological destruction of fetal red blood cells 3 A temporary bile duct obstruction commonly found in newborns 4 The seepage of maternal Rh-negative blood into the neonate's bloodstream

2

Which sign indicates to the nurse that a neonate is preterm? 1 Flexion of extremities 2 Absent femoral pulses 3 Presence of Babinski reflex 4 Numerous superficial veins

4 (Numerous superficial veins are observed in the preterm infant because of the lack of subcutaneous fat deposits)

A nurse suspects that a newborn has toxoplasmosis, one of the TORCH infections. How and when may it have been transmitted to the newborn? 1 In utero through the placenta 2 In the postpartum period through breast milk 3 During birth through contact with the maternal vagina

1

A newborn male is being discharged 4 hours after having had a circumcision. What should the nurse instruct the mother to do? 1 Apply the diaper loosely for several days 2 Give a crushed baby aspirin if there is irritability 3 Check for bleeding every 2 hours during the first day home 4 Call the practitioner if there is whitish exudate around the glans

1 (Applying the diaper loosely is done to avoid pressure on the circumcised area because the glans remains tender for 2 to 3 days.)

A nurse assesses a healthy 8-lb 8-oz (3860-gm) newborn who was given Apgar scores of 9 at 1 minute and 10 at 5 minutes. Which category of the Apgar score received a 1 rating at one minute? 1 Color 2 Heart rate 3 Respirations 4 Reflex irritability

1 (Because of inadequate peripheral circulation at birth there is acrocyanosis (body pink, hands and feet blue), which merits 1 point for color . This is a common occurrence in a healthy newborn)

A nurse identifies a right cephalhematoma on an otherwise healthy 1-day-old newborn. What should the nurse teach the parents at the time of discharge? 1 How to monitor their child for signs of jaundice 2 To space feedings at every 3 hours 3 How to assess the fontanels for tenseness 4 To record the number of wet diapers during the first 24 hours

1 (Bilirubin is a yellow pigment derived from the hemoglobin released with the breakdown of red blood cells as the hematoma resolves. Signs of jaundice should be reported.)

A nurse expects signs of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in a neonate whose mother: 1 Has type 1 diabetes 2 Has been hypertensive during pregnancy 3 Was preeclamptic during the labor and birth 4 Was a previous abuser of heroin and other opioids

1 (Infants of diabetic mothers are at risk for respiratory distress syndrome as a result of delayed synthesis of surfactant caused by a high serum level of insulin)

Three days after birth, a breastfeeding newborn becomes jaundiced. The parents bring the infant to the clinic and blood is drawn for an indirect serum bilirubin determination, which reveals a concentration of 12 mg/dL. The nurse explains that what the infant has is physiological jaundice, a benign condition, caused by: 1 Immature liver function 2 An inability to synthesize bile 3 An increased maternal hemoglobin level 4 A high hemoglobin and low hematocrit level

1 (Jaundice occurs because of the expected physiological breakdown of fetal red blood cells and the inability of the newborn's immature liver to conjugate the resulting bilirubin.)

A preterm infant is receiving oxygen from an overhead hood. What nursing care is required while the infant is under the hood? 1 Putting a hat on the infant's head 2 Hydrating the infant every 15 minutes 3 Providing stimulation every 15 minutes 4 Maintaining a high oxygen concentration

1 (Oxygen has a cooling effect, and the infant should be kept warm so that metabolic activity and oxygen demands are not increased.)

What nursing care is most important for a newborn with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)? 1 Keeping the infant in a warm environment 2 Turning the infant frequently to prevent apnea 3 Tapping the infant's toes to stimulate deep breathing 4 Maintaining the infant's oxygen administration level at the same rate

1 (The infant is kept in a warm environment because any attempt by the infant's body to maintain body temperature further compromises physical status by increasing metabolic activity and oxygen demands.)

After a newborn has skin-to-skin contact with the mother, a nurse places the newborn under a radiant warmer. What complication is the nurse attempting to prevent? 1 Metabolic acidosis 2 Metabolic alkalosis 3 Respiratory acidosis 4 Respiratory alkalosis

1 (Uncorrected cold stress increases anaerobic glycolysis, which increases acid production, resulting in metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis, not metabolic alkalosis, occurs when a neonate is stressed by cold.)

After a difficult birth, a neonate has an Apgar score of 8 after 5 minutes. Which signs met the criteria of 2 points? (Select all that apply.) 1 Reflex irritability: cry 2 Respiratory rate: good cry 3 Heart rate: 110 beats/min 4 Color: body pink, extremities blue 5 Muscle tone: some flexion of extremities

1,2,3 (A cry for reflex irritability rates a score of 2. A good cry for respiratory rate scores a 2. A heart rate of 100 beats/min or more rates a 2. A pink body with blue extremities rates a 1. Some flexion of extremities rates a 1 for muscle tone.)

A new mother's laboratory results indicate the presence of cocaine and alcohol. Which craniofacial characteristic indicates to the nurse that the newborn has fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? (Select all that apply.) 1 Thin upper lip 2 Wide-open eyes 3 Small upturned nose 4 Larger-than-average head 5 Smooth vertical ridge in the upper lip

1,3,5

A neonate has phenylketonuria (PKU). What information should the nurse include in a discussion with the parents when explaining what caused their infant's problem? 1 Failure to pass meconium 2 Inborn error of metabolism 3 Severe eczematous skin rash 4 Presence of an extra chromosome

2

When a client at 39 weeks' gestation arrives at the birthing suite she says, "I've been having contractions for 3 hours, and I think my water broke." What will the nurse do to confirm that the membranes have ruptured? 1 Take the client's oral temperature 2 Test the leaking fluid with nitrazine paper 3 Obtain a clean-catch urine specimen 4 Inspect the perineum for leaking fluid

2 (Nitrazine paper will turn dark blue if amniotic fluid is present; it remains the same color in the presence of urine)

The parents of a newborn are told that their neonate may have Down syndrome and that additional diagnostic studies will be done to confirm this diagnosis. What procedure does the nurse expect to be performed? 1 Heel stick 2 Buccal smear 3 Urinary catheterization 4 Venous blood withdrawal

2 (The cells in the buccal smear provide a pictorial analysis of chromosomes and show chromosomal abnormalities such as the trisomy found in Down syndrome.)

Respiratory acidosis is confirmed in a neonate with respiratory distress syndrome when the laboratory report reveals: 1 A pH of 7.35 2 A potassium level of 4.6 mEq/L 3 An increased Paco 2 of 55 mm Hg 4 An arterial O2 pressure of 80 mm Hg

3 (In respiratory acidosis the pH decreases and the carbon dioxide level increases. A pH of 7.35 is within the expected range of 7.32 to 7.49 for a neonate. A potassium level of 4.6 mEq/L is within the expected range of 3.5 to 5 mEq/L. The arterial oxygen level may or may not change with acidosis.)

A nurse assesses a newborn 1 minute after birth. The body is pink with blue extremities; the heart rate is 122 beats/min; the legs are withdrawn when the soles are flicked, respiration is easy, with no evidence of distress; and the arms and legs are flexed and moving vigorously. What Apgar score should the nurse document in the newborn's medical record? (1) 7 (2) 8 (3) 9 (4) 1

3 (One point was removed from the Apgar score because the extremities are blue.)

A newborn who has remained in the hospital because the mother had a cesarean birth is to be tested for phenylketonuria (PKU) on the morning of discharge. What should the nurse explain to the mother about the purpose of PKU testing? 1 It detects thyroid deficiency. 2 It reveals possible brain damage. 3 It is used to measure protein metabolism. 4 It identifies chromosomal damage.

3 (Phenylalanine, an essential amino acid necessary for growth and Development; cannot be metabolized by infants with PKU; early diagnosis and treatment may prevent mental retardation)

Two days after birth a neonate's head circumference is 16 inches (40 cm) and the chest circumference is 13 inches (32.5 cm). What does the nurse infer from these measurements? 1 Microcephaly 2 Narrow chest 3 Enlarged head 4 Expected head size

3 (The enlarged head may indicate hydrocephalus. Average head circumference in the healthy newborn is 13.2 to 14 inches (33 to 35 cm), about 1 inch (2.5 cm) larger than the chest circumference)

The nurse concludes that a couple with a newborn with Erb's palsy has an accurate understanding of the infant's prognosis. Which statement confirms this conclusion? 1 "Surgery will correct the palsy." 2 "This is a progressive disorder with no cure." 3 "Recovery usually occurs in about 3 months." 4 "Physical therapy will be necessary for 1 year.

3 (The nerves that are stretched take about 3 months to recover from the trauma sustained during birth. Passive range-of-motion exercise and intermittent splinting performed by a trained family member will help facilitate recovery.)

After a client gives birth, what physiological occurrence indicates to the nurse that the placenta is beginning to separate from the uterus and is ready to be expelled? 1 Relaxation of the uterus 2 Descent of the uterus in the abdomen 3 Appearance of a sudden gush of blood 4 Retraction of the umbilical cord into the vagina

3 (When the placenta separates from the uterine wall, it tears blood vessels, resulting in a gush of blood from the vagina.)

After the birth of her baby a client tells the nurse, "I'm so cold, and I can't stop shaking." How should the nurse respond? 1 "I'm going to take your temperature right now." 2 "Let me check your uterus to see whether it's firm." 3 "Turn on your side so I can check the amount of lochia." 4 "I'll get you some warm blankets to help make the chill go away."

4 (A postpartum chill is an expected vasomotor reaction; covering the client with warm blankets will ease the discomfort.)

A nurse determines that a newborn has a cephalhematoma. What did the nurse note? 1 Ridges where the cranial bones overlap 2 Edema involving the scalp over the occipital area 3 Pulsation of the cerebral arteries in the anterior and posterior fontanels 4 Bleeding between the parietal bone and periosteum confined within the suture line

4 (Cephalhematoma is a collection of blood localized between the periosteum and the bony cranium caused by the rupture of blood vessels during the birth process)

used during the early phase of labor, when mild contractions dilate the cervix to 3 cm.

Slow-chest breathing pattern

diffuse edema of the fetal scalp that crosses the suture lines. reabsorbes within 1 to 3 days

caput succedaneum

collection of blood between periosteum and skull bone that it covers does not cross suture line results from trauma during birth

cephalhematoma