hg+d midterm
Many experts believe that humans acquired language about ________ years ago. 100,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 500,000
100,000
The major shift to autonomy does not occur until about age ________ or later. 5 12 9 16
12
By the time they enter first grade, it is estimated that children know about ________ words. 14,000 1,200 8,000 5,000
14,000
The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage that lasts from approximately ________ years of age. 1 to 3 2 to 7 4 to 10 5 to 12
2 to 7
Approximately what percentage of an infant's sleep is REM sleep? 25 percent 5 percent 50 percent 75 percent
50 percent
Which of the following did Vygotsky call the "buds" or "flowers" of development? Intuitive thinking and rational thinking A child's gross motor skills that are fully developed A child's cognitive skills in the process of maturing Tasks a child can accomplish independently
A child's cognitive skills in the process of maturing
Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time. He does not pay any attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with ________ and put him on a combination of Ritalin and behavior therapy. ADHD EMDR OCD PTSD
ADHD
Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gain in height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in? Late adulthood Middle childhood Late childhood Adolescence
Adolescence
In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior? Authoritative parenting Authoritarian parenting Neglectful parenting Indulgent parenting
Authoritative parenting
________ refers to a technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other's ideas, and say almost anything that comes to mind. Brainstorming Inclusion Elaboration Metacognition
Brainstorming
________ position refers to the baby's position in the uterus that causes the buttocks to be the first part to emerge from the vagina. Breech Asynclitic Fetal Standard
Breech
Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true? Selected Answer: There is no indication that overweight children will become overweight adults. Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at the risk of being overweight at age 12 Obesity actually leads to decrease in hypertension levels in children when they are 5 years of age Obesity is not linked to type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes in children.
Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at the risk of being overweight at age 12.
Which of the following techniques will parents NOT tend to use to discipline elementary school children? Deprivation of privileges Comments designed to increase the child's sense of guilt Coercive holding Appeals to the child's self-esteem
Coercive holding
________ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution. Collective Pretense Social Constructive
Constructive
Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and 70s, where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using? Cross-sectional Longitudinal Latitudinal Cohort
Cross-sectional
Which of the following statements represents the current thinking among increasing numbers of experts in the field of reading? Direct instruction in phonics is a key aspect of learning to read. The morphological approach has been shown to be the best way to teach reading. Direct instruction in the whole-language approach is a key aspect of learning to read. The whole-language approach and the phonics approach are equally effective in teaching children to read.
Direct instruction in phonics is a key aspect of learning to read.
During which period of development is the unborn baby most at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen? During the embryonic period During the germinal period During the fetal period At conception
During the embyronic period
Which of the following technologies measures the infant's brain as they are exploring the world around them? Brain electron sampling (BES) Electroencephalogram (EEG) Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) Positron-emission tomography (PET) scans
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
According to recent research, which of the following risks is linked to heavy drinking by a pregnant mother? Lower birth weight Lower quality reflexes at one month of age Withdrawal symptoms Facial deformities, lower than average intelligence, and deficiencies in working memory
Facial deformities, lower than average intelligence, and deficiencies in working memory
Which of the following statements about first words is NOT correct? Children understand more words than they can speak. A child's first words usually include greeting terms. By 18 months, most children have a spoken vocabulary of about 50 words. Infants recognize their name by the age of three months.
Infants recognize their name by the age of three months.
What is the rationale for the practice of a waterbirth? Water makes the contractions more intense. Getting into water speeds up the labor process. It creates an environment similar to that inside the amniotic sac. Water pressure reduces the strain of contractions.
It creates an environment similar to that inside the amniotic sac.
What causes the autism spectrum disorders? Childhood immunizations. Improper family socialization. It is a brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters. Damage to the prefrontal cortex of the brain.
It is a brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about an infant's color vision? Its development, in part, reflects maturation. Its development is independent of the experience of an infant. It usually mirrors that of an adult at birth. It usually approximates that of an adult by four months of age.
It usually approximates that of an adult by four months of age.
Which of the following women has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome? Sarah, a 21-year-old Asian woman Destiny, a 38-year-old African American woman Ella, a 27-year-old African American woman Jane, a 41-year-old Euro-American woman
Jane, a 41-year-old Euro-American woman
________ genes are those that make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and make it more likely for him/her to live till an older age. Vulnerability Susceptibility Longevity Mutated
Longevity
________ refers to a form of mental retardation involving an abnormally small brain. Microencephaly Klinefelter syndrome Spina bifida Hemophilia
Microencephaly
Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activity. She plays with the different toys she chooses, and her teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy's preschool using? Montessori Rogerian Kindergarten Success-oriented
Montessori
What is the most common cause of death for children in middle childhood? Cancer Child abuse Motor vehicle accidents Drowning
Motor vehicle accidents
Leila and Alexander are siblings. Every Saturday morning, Leila and her grandmother cook breakfast together and then do some errands and shopping together. During that time, Alexander and his grandfather spend some quality "male bonding" time. They like to play miniature golf or do yard work. The interactions that each child has with the grandparent would be known as what type of environmental experience? Shared experiences with peers Evocative genotype-environment correlations Nonshared environmental experiences Shared environmental experiences
Nonshared environmental experiences
________, a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth. Estrogen Vasopressin Oxytocin Adrenaline
Oxytocin
Most of Blanca's classmates call her a "bully," and many say that they "don't like her at all." Very few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca's probable peer status? Controversial Rejected Popular Neglected
Rejected
________ is the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object. Perceptual occlusion Size constancy Shape constancy Perceptual disparity
Size constancy
Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because he is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny describing? Companionship and social comparison Social comparison and intimacy/affection Physical support and intimacy/affection Stimulation and ego support
Stimulation and ego support
________ are tiny gaps, or junctions, between neurons' fibers. Synapses Neurotransmitters Neurilemma Myelin sheaths
Synapses
Consider the sentence: "The boy the ball with a hit bat." Which of the following rule systems of language does the sentence violate? Syntax Phonology Pragmatics Morphology
Syntax
________ is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration. Tay-Sachs disease Phenylketonuria Huntington's disease Cystic fibrosis
Tay-Sachs disease
Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families? Canada Sweden Germany The United States
The United States
Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior? Freud's psychoanalytic approach. The evolutionary psychology approach. The behavioral and social cognitive approach. The biological approach.
The behavioral and social cognitive approach.
Which of the following is the Apgar Scale especially good at determining? The newborn's ability to respond to stress of delivery The newborn's lactose tolerance Identifying the newborn's susceptibility to common postnatal complications The severity of limb deformities of the newborn
The newborn's ability to respond to stress of delivery
Which of the following is true during the transition to parenthood? Two-thirds of married couples report an increase in marriage satisfaction after the baby is born. The work done during the transition to parenthood by men and women is even. Mothers' expectations of the child rearing the father will do are met. Women did more than two hours of additional work during the transition to parenthood in comparison to 40 minutes for me.
The work done during the transition to parenthood by men and women is even.
Which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true? They are people between 60 and 65 years of age. They show considerable loss in cognitive skills. They have little potential for physical and cognitive fitness. They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.
They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.
Which of the following describes what Lev Vygotsky believed about the development of thought and language? Thought and language are two separate functions that remain independent throughout development Thought and language are merged early in development and later separate Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development Thought depends on language, so they are merged throughout development.
Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.
One of the criticisms for using a false-belief task as an indicator for understanding the thoughts of children is that: a false-belief task is a complicated one that involves a number of factors. a false belief task is too simple. it is irrelevant, as by the preschool years children have a deepening appreciation of the mind. it has at least four possible outcomes.
a false-belief task is a complicated one that involves a number of factors.
Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas & Chess, he would be classified as: a slow-to-warm-up child. an easy child. a difficult child. a slow child.
a slow-to-warm-up child.
Brad is an athletic boy who is on every sport team in school. Stephen loves math and is part of his school's math club. These instances reflect ________ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating. influential genotype-environment evocative genotype-environment active (niche-picking) genotype-environment passive genotype-environment
active (niche-picking) genotype-environment
According to evolutionary psychologists, natural selection favored females who chose: short-term mating strategies. multiple partners to have many children. ambitious mates who could provide their children with resources and protection. a mate who would stay home and help raise the children than provide resources.
ambitious mates who could provide their children with resources and protection.
According to critics, the Strange Situation might not be able to capture important differences among infants because: there is too little control of contextual factors in it. its information is biased by observers' impressions. it is a controlled, artificial situation. as a measure of attachment, it may be culturally biased.
as a measure of attachment, it may be culturally biased.
Research suggests that infants appear to understand the physical law of gravity: at birth. at around one to two months of age. at around six to eight months of age. at the start of toddlerhood.
at around six to eight months of age.
Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no." This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of: initiative versus guilt. intimacy versus isolation. autonomy versus shame and doubt. trust versus mistrust.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in: behavioral organization. independence. reciprocal socialization. sensation.
behavioral organization.
According to Piaget, physical activities such as sucking, grasping, and walking are examples of: behavioral adaptations. behavioral schemes. mental schemes. mental adaptations.
behavioral schemes.
The ________ consists of an inner mass of cells that eventually develops into an embryo. trophoblast cytocyst blastocyst endoblast
blastocyst
Centration inhibits the ability to categorize items because it prevents one from: focusing only on one feature. having a perspective that is different from one's own. considering combinations of features. distinguishing between animate and inanimate objects.
considering combinations of features
In an experimental study, the ________ group serves as a baseline against which the effects of the manipulated condition can be compared. dependent control independent experimental
control
Significant changes during the ________ substage involve the coordination of schemes and intentionality. secondary circular reactions primary circular reactions tertiary circular reactions coordination of secondary circular reactions
coordination of secondary circular reactions
During elementary school years, head circumference and waist circumference: increase in relation to body weight. decrease in relation to body height. decrease in relation to body weight. increase in relation to body height.
decrease in relation to body height.
"What would you do if you could be invisible for a day?" is an example of a question that has many possible answers and fosters ________ thinking. critical divergent convergent oblique
divergent
The Bayley Scales of Infant Development are used to assess Mathias, who does very well on it. A high score on the Bayley mental scale: indicates that Mathias will have a high score in IQ tests later in childhood. indicates that Mathias will have a very low IQ score later in childhood. indicates that Mathias will perform poorly in social skills quotient (SSQ) tests later in childhood. does not indicate that Mathias will have high IQ scores later in childhood.
does not indicate that Mathias will have high IQ scores later in childhood.
Marjorie chooses to deny, ignore, or change the negative emotions of her children. She is an: emotion-blind parent. emotion-dismissing parent. emotion-coaching parent. emotion-criticizing parent.
emotion-dismissing parent.
When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting: guilt. correspondence. lack of perspective-taking. empathy.
empathy.
Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; he receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n): influential genotype-environment correlation. passive genotype-environment correlation. active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation. evocative genotype-environment correlation.
evocative genotype-environment correlation.
The poor are the majority in nearly one of every ________ nations of the world. ten five two eight
five
People who share similar experiences due to being born during a similar time, being of a similar generation, or era, but not actual age are referred to as: friends. a cohort. cultural twins. peers.
friends.
In the cerebral cortex, the ________ lobe is involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose. parietal temporal frontal occipital
frontal
An egg is fertilized in the ________ period of prenatal development. implantation germinal embryonic fetal
germinnal
Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from going to the backyard or garden at their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns: goodness of fit. insecure attachment. social dysfunction. nonreciprocal interactions.
goodness of fit.
Carol Dweck (2006) concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, namely fixed mindset and ________ mindset. growth variable open apathetic
growth
Farah shows her baby a colorful block several times. The baby looks carefully at the block at first, but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times. The baby is displaying: habituation. imitation. distraction. dishabituation.
habituation.
18-month-old Alan hates spinach but says "Yum!" when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole. This indicates he recognizes that someone else may have different desires from his own. he has started to recognize false beliefs. he has started to understand that people can have ambivalent feelings. he will also like spinach when he grows up.
he recognizes that someone else may have different desires from his own.
Researchers have found that infant fear is linked to all of the following at six to seven years of age EXCEPT: empathy. guilt. low aggression. high aggression.
high aggression.
Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many, upon hatching, identified him as their mother. He coined this form of attachment: acclimatizing. imprinting. conditioning. internalizing.
imprinting.
By far the most common high-tech assisted reproduction technique used is: in vitro fertilization. spermatogenesis. in vivo fertilization. artificial insemination.
in vitro fertilization.
According to Baumrind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a(n) ________ parenting style. indulgent authoritative authoritarian neglectful
indulgent
The research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers: are biologically more suited for a nurturing caregiver role than are mothers. interact with their babies in different ways depending on whether they are the primary caregiver. interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do, regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver. are less able to be nurturing caregivers than mothers.
interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do, regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver.
John Bowlby argued that infants develop a(n) ________ model of attachment. external passive external working internal passive internal working
internal working
Caitlin, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst but she has few friends and has had no success in dating. She admits that being close to others is a problem for her. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, Caitlin is at a risk of reaching the state of: shame and doubt. guilt. stagnation. isolation.
isolation.
Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because: it advances the child's cognitive development. it helps children satisfy their need for mastery over their environment. it allows children to interact with their peers. it helps children release tension.
it advances the child's cognitive development.
The ________ is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated. least discriminating environment (LDE) ideal learning environment (ILE) least restrictive environment (LRE) special learning environment (SLE)
least restrictive environment (LRE)
Students with ________ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging. high self-efficacy diffused self-concept low self-efficacy low self-awareness
low self-efficacy
Mr. Trahan teaches English from a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is least likely that the students will be: going on a field trip to the theater, and then writing about their experiences as a class. developing a script for a play that they will perform for the school. working in groups to discover the meaning of a poem. memorizing the names of all of Shakespeare's plays.
memorizing the names of all of Shakespeare's plays.
During the process of ________, the cell's nucleus—including the chromosomes—duplicates itself and the cell divides resulting in the formation of two cells. fertilization meiosis osmosis mitosis
mitosis
Studies support the conclusion that gifted people tend to be: less mature than others, have more emotional problems than others, and grow up in a negative family climate. more mature than others, have more emotional problems than others, and grow up in a negative family climate. more mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate. less mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate.
more mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate.
Gavin is rarely nominated as a best friend, but his peers don't dislike him. He would be classified as a ________ child. neglected average controversial rejected
neglected
The generation of new neurons that begins to take place in the fifth prenatal week and occurs throughout pregnancy is called: neuronal connectivity. neural revitalization. neurogenesis. neuronal migration.
neurogenesis
Cells moving outward from their original point to their appropriate locations and creating different levels, structures, and regions of the brain is called: neuronal connectivity. neural revitalization. neurogenesis. neuronal migration.
neuronal migration.
About ________ of parents who were abused themselves when they were young go on to abuse their own children. one-third half two-third three-quarters
one-third
Evolution takes place: due to active attempts at change on the part of a species. over the course of many generations. almost immediately. when a species is ready for it.
over the course of many generations.
Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and ________ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning. parental influence sibling interaction teacher influence peer interaction
peer interaction
The rules that govern ________ describe the sound sequences that can occur in a language. phonology morphology pragmatics syntax
phonology
Lynne, five, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the ________ stage of cognitive development. concrete operational sensorimotor preoperational formal operational
preoperational
Neuroscientists believe that what wires the brain or rewires it after birth is: DNA. genetic makeup. repeated experience. heredity.
repeated experience.
Most of the ________ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year. self-conscious negative primary unconscious
self-conscious
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called: self-esteem. self-concept. self-efficacy. self-confidence.
self-efficacy
Before she started school in the U.S., Mita, daughter of immigrant parents of Indian origin, used to speak only her home language of Hindi fluently. She then learned to speak English in school and attained fluency in both Hindi and English. However, as she grew older, she started to feel ashamed of her roots and gave up speaking Hindi altogether. This phenomenon is called ________ bilingualism. retractive subtractive subjective relapsed
subrtactive
Amira is concerned about putting her baby on his stomach to sleep because of the risk that he might stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause. In other words, she is concerned about: Down syndrome. marasmus. shaken baby syndrome. sudden infant death syndrome.
sudden infant death syndrome.
According to Piaget, a ________ is an internal sensory image or word that represents an event. symbol sensation memory transducer
symbol
In the cerebral cortex, the ________ lobes have an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory. occipital frontal temporal parietal
temporal
T. Berry Brazelton, along with Barry Lester and Edward Tronick, developed the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) specifically to assess: the "at-risk" infant. adolescents between the ages of 10 and 18. the newborn's ability to cope with the new environment. a normal, healthy infant.
the "at-risk" infant.
A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for eight weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is: he number of elderly patients. the number of minutes on the treadmill. the eight-week duration of the exercise program. the exercise program (high versus low).
the number of minutes on the treadmill.
The technique of ________ consists of eye movements that follow a moving object and can be used to evaluate an infant's early visual ability. orienting tracking visual preference spotting
tracking
