HH215A 6weeks

4 Noble Truths

Happened near Banaras in Central Ganges 1) suffering exists 2) want causes un-ease 3) eliminate desires to end his sufferings 4) follow the 8 fold path significance: -following this path ends Samsara, leads to bliss

Sinhalese

Ethnolinguistic group happened in Sri lanka in 6th century, sanskirt/aryna speaking prince named Vijaya lead people in Ceylon -followers called themselved Sinhala (lion people)

Mahayana

One Major school of Buddhism happened: India to China, Tibet, Korea, Japan, Vietnam Characteristics: -developed later during Kushan period(100-200CE) "The greater vehicle" -Mysticism; Buddha became a god, bodhisattvas were saints Significance: -promoted image worship that produces salvation and soles wordily problems

Brahma

One of the Hindu trinity started in India Characteristics: -not worshipped the same as the other two(trinity), because people believe that the Brahma's work is already done -worshipped in many forms Significance: creator of the universe ad everything

Vedas

One of the World's oldest texts/ oldest Hindu text happened in India Characteristics: -Composed between 1500-1600 BCE -Means "(sacred) Knowledge" -served as hymns, spells, rituals, mystic poems used at sacrifices Significance: -Written beliefs that guide people to better karma

Agni

Vedic God of fire started in India Characteristics: -Ignis, "fire"=ignite -Fire is necessary to cook and for sacrifices -believed to take offering to the other world through fire

Aryan

What is it: Ethnolinguistic Group Where did it happen: Ganges Valley Characteristics: -from Caucasus Mountains(1800 BCE) -means "noble" or "pure" -succeeded through the use of chariots - The Vedas portrays them as godlike heroes, conquered as atheist inferiors Significance: -introduced male-dominant culture and warlike/male gods

Jomon

What is it: Neolithic Cult in Japan happened in Japan 6000 BCE "Cord-patterned" after its decorated pottery lived in sunken pit shelters Significance: -very indirectly/partially the ancestors of the Japanese

Confucius

a great teacher in eastern China Characteristics: -lived 551-479 BCE -emphasized right relationships, but failing duties allowed to step out -taught "Ren"-compassion, "junzi"-self-improvement, and community service significance: -looked for a ruler who accepted his teachings, but many followed after his death

Samsara

endless cycle of life happened in India Characteristics: -immortal soul is either born again or reincarnated Significance: heightens the reverence for all life

Daoism

the second major religious philosophy of China Dao- "the way" -no self improvement/ go with the flow - taught people must be like water, follow the path of least resistance applied to the retired and the old, and people who wanted

Choson

what is it: an old name for Korea 2 myths: - a ruler( son of the divine creator and female bear in human form), or a royal refugee from the fall of the Shang established Korea in 2333 BCE -a rebel against the Han dynasty fled to Korea in 194 BCE, established a Sinicized state. Conquered by Han emperor Wu Di. significance: Korea's beginning

Shang Dynasty

what is it: first historically authenticated dynasty happened in North China Characteristics: - rose to power in 1600 BCE -practiced divination( seek knowledge by supernatural means) on animal bones - merged with Longshan and Yangshao Significance: -First literate, city-building Chinese civilization

Mohenjo-Daro

what is it: one of chief urban centers of the indus characteristics: -"place of the dead" -2600-1900BCE -In Harappan Civilization -remaining art suggests influences from Greece Significance: -remnants indicate one of the earliest civilizations

Harappa

what is it: one of the chief urban centers of the indus happened in India Characteristics: -planned cities, uniform size of brick, sewage systems, hot water, right angles in building structures Significance: -India uses it to claim itself as the oldest existing civilization (with writing system, metalworking, etc...)

Loess

what is it: wind blown sediment happened in North China/ Semiarid area it was picked up and redeposited by rivers super fertile if there is adequate water helped with agriculture in Northern china

What are social consequences of an irrigation wet rice society?

irrigation meant there was little place for animals also demanded a lot of dry land to be converted into irrigation systems rice "paddies"(wet fields that are weeded) produced methane emitted to the atmosphere

Kushan Dynasty

second empire following the Maurya dynasty happened in India Characteristics: -central asia horse riding people who were pushed out of western china, known for shooting backwards -100-200BCE -combined Buddhism and Central -adopted and promoted Buddhism, know for the standing Buddha from Gandhara Significance: -the kushans disseminated Buddhism to their former homelands in Central asia

What distinguishes "Monsoon Asia" from the other parts of Asia? What are the consequent differences between the two?

- high mountain ranges - the hilly, mountainous parts of Monsoon Asia( southeast Asia, china, Korea, Japan), have low population , while lowlands along the coast/rivers are densely populated

Mencius

-famous follower and commentator of Confucius -happened in eastern china Characteristics: -internalizing morality leads to people wanting to do right -loyalty to superiors is secondary to loyalty to principle -said the greatest sin against family is no sons Significance: -worked with Confucius to restore order/social harmony through morality

Ashoka

3rd emperor of the Mauryans/Grandson of Chandragupta Happened in India Characteristics: -conquered more than his father, coquered Kalinga -famous for inscribing his goals on a rock and promoted (nonviolent) Buddhism in 2000BCE -pillars with Buddhist teaching with a lion on top Significance: national symbol of india was a buddhist king's symbol

Gupta Dynasty

3th empire of Asia hapenned in india 320-550 BCE buddhism was slowly beinf red-absorbed into Hindu bestoryed by invader, White Huns(iranians ro Turks) SignificanceL period where most of the great Hindu lit was written

Chinese civilization linked Monsoon Asia to central china over time?

Chinese civilization started in eastern/southern parts of the country, where agriculture is strong

Diaspora

Jews were dispersed abroad happened outside Palestine Characteristics: - happened after Romans sacked the temple in Jerusalem (70CE) -In India, many people populated cochin -presumably inter-married with low-caste Indians Significance: -Most went to Israel or elsewhere by 1980

Jati

Livelihoods started in India Characteristics: -fellow caste provides support for a fellow caste -generally a profession Significance: Sub-castes of the Varna

Sufism

Mystic version of Islam Happened in Baghdad Characteristics: -cut ties to society by meditation and prayer -aimed to acquire an intimacy with Allah Significance: -Grew in India, and many popular figures adopted it's teachings

Theravada

One Major school of Buddhism Happened in India to Southeast Asia, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka Characteristics: "the way of the elders" -remained closer to the original faith -young men shave their heads, 2 years in monastery, yellow robe, and begging bowl Significance: -incorporated good works to gain merit for karma, donating money to building temples made wrongs for right

Paleolithic

Period of time known as the "Old stone age" slowly developed stone-tipped spears, bow and arrows, using fire, needles for sewing and fishing lasted from 250,00BCE to about 1 million years ago

Ahimsa

Religious commitment happened in India Characteristics: -nonviolence and reverence for all life -possibly originated from Jainism Significance: -Mahatma Gandhi didn't see conflict with the story of Arjuna and Ahimsa. Saw it as an allegory of the soul's struggle against evil

Varna

The Caste system 1) Brahmin: Priest/ strict vegetarians 2) Kshatriyas: warrior/ rulers/King Caste 3) Vaishyas: Merchant/Farmer Caste 4) Shudras: servant caste 5) Harijan: outcasts Forms the social structure of India today

Upanishads

The last of the Vedas Chronologically happened in India Characteristics: -written in 600 BCE -tells nature of the universe and humans place in it Significance: -advocates ascetism and mysticism as paths to wisdom and eternal truth

Animism

Universal idea: all living things have a spirit or divine essence a belief for many religious practices(Shinto)

chandra gupta

ambitious and determined man happened in Northwestern India and Ganges Characteristics: -succeeded by following the council in Arthashastra 322BCE was able to capture most of india. but kalinga used political handbook, arthashastra

Mahabharata

an ancient Indian epic Characteristics: -the chosen heroes -war between families -concerned philosophical and religious matters rather than with account of worldly evens or daily life -written in Sanskrit Significance: accepted by other by other but not the caste

Ramayana

ancient indian epic -means god -similar to the odyssey/helen of troy(man able to bend a bow noe one can bend, saves his captured wife) -concerned philosophical and religious matters rather than with account of worldly evens or daily life -written in Sanskrit Significance: accepted by other by other but not the caste

Shiva

dominant Hindu god Lord of death and life believed people must die so that things may live god of harvest and fertility destroys the universe, but some followers believe Shiva is creator and preserver too

Pataliputra

capital of the Mauryan empire happened in the Ganges, near modern patna in the state of Bihar characteristics: -surrounded by a huge wall with 570 towers and 64 gates -may have been larger than imperial Rome at it's height and was said to be 22 miles on each side within it's wooden walls -has a famous university and library Significance: -largest and most sophisticated city, center of culture in the world of it's time

Daode Jing( Tao Te Ching)

chief text of daoism happened in China Characteristics: -""classic of the way" -multiple composers -composed 200 BCE Significance: -cryptic collection of mystical remarks

Fa Xian

chinese buddhist monk travleled through central asia and himalayas to seek true copies of Buddhist sutras(scriptures) Significance: diary gave description of earlier period of Guptan imperial control

Karma

concept of Hindu religion happened in India Characteristics: -consequences of one's actions -faithfulness to one's dharma produces good karma Significance: Moral behavior brings reward. However, the status quo is supported in some cases to condone violence

Dharma

concept of Hindu religion happened in India Characteristics: -selfless execution of one's earthly duties -observance brings good karma Significance: -increased following of the Caste system

Asceticism

concept of Hindu religion happened in India Characteristics: -severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence including eating -principle brought on a higher spiritual state significance: -believed to bring enlightenment

Maurya Dynasty

first indian empire created after Alexander of Macedon left india 322-185 BCE followed the Vedic Period

Laozi

founder of Daoism happened in china Characteristics: -"The Old One" -debate with Confucius -disappeared going westward and believed to become immortal Significance: Primary contributors to the Dao De Jing

Mahavira

founder of Jainism happened in India Characteristics: -"great hero" -lived from 546-468BCE -Contemporary of the Buddha Significance: -allowed asceticism so strictly, that he went naked and starved himself to death

Monsoon? What are there impact on society/culture? What are it's seasons

from Arab origin: "seasonal" or "seasonal wind" Monsoon Asia: has adequate rainfall, some areas are dry, temperature is more moderate Monsoon Asia's cultures are based on beginnings of agriculture systems, agriculture remains a major source of production(provided revenue, social order, manpower) Seasons: summers in Monsoon Asia heat up quickly which leads to moisture as rain, especially in the mountains/hills, produce condensation -the winter is a mass of heavy, cold air

Vegetable civilization

grains or cereals produced more than animals( centered on grains and minimizing meat in diet except for fish in costal areas.

What is "exceptional" about Indonesia and southeast Asian civilizations in relation to monsoon Asia?

had great land to produce grains like rice, Indonesia experiences heavy rain fall which is good to make rice.

Arthashastra

handbook for rulers on how to seize and gain more power happened in India Made by Chandragupta's prime minister(kautilya) -comparable to Machiavelli's The Prince in manipulating/seizing power deals with wise and humane admin of justice significance: -enabled Chandragupta to successfully establish his empire

Kalidsas

hhappenedn in india many of works have survived depect moving commentaries on short commnentaries on short comings of hunan existence Signigficance; Indi'as Shaksspee

Stupa

mound like contains relics and place of meditation - happened in Ceylon/Sri Lanka great Stupa at Anuradhapura is bigger than all but one of the pyramids in Egypt religious monument for an important figure buddhist burial mo und Stupa at Sanchi has Buddha's bones

Vishnu

one of the Hindu Trinity started in India Characteristics: -Incarnations of the Vishnu were believed to appear and save humans from national disasters from tyrants Significance: preserves the universe

Neolithic

period of time also known as the "New Stone age" rapid technological improvements: new variety in stone tools beginning of agriculture and production of bronze/copper (ex: the steam engine starting in southwest Asia and Egypt) 4 elements of civilization: -agriculture surplus -writing system government/law city

Jainism

religion that started in India Characteristics: -Founded around 500BCE -denied Hindu gods, but believed in great chain of belong -ascetic faith -some Jains wear masks to avoid inhaling insects and avoid agriculture Branched from Hindu beliefs

Shinto

religious/ritual practice started in Japan "The way of the gods" -believed in animism -nature contains kami/divine spirit, water is pure Significance: majorly a japanese religion

Yayoi

what is it: an early agriculture Neolithic culture characteristics: -used the potter's wheel, cultivated rice, irrigation, used bronze and iron -Korean influence: constructed large earthen mounds over tombs of prominent men, tombs shaped like key holes

Jiaguwen

what is it: Chinese characters in Oracle Bone Script started in Yinxu written in oracle bones( animal/ turtle shells) remnants of oracle bones dating back from Shang dynasty earliest form of chinese writing

Longshan

what is it: a late Neolithic culture starting in the Shandong Province Characteristics: -black pottery culture -wheel made and kiln fired -used stone/bone tools(needles/fish hooks) -walls made of successive layers of the earth significance: by 2000 BCE, merged with YangShao to build larger villages that soon became towns and produced the first north china bronze

Yangshao

what is it: a painted pottery culture -started in a village near Henan Province -painted pottery covered with geometric shapes in red/black -encompassed(held) by the Shang dynasty Banpo people belonged to this early stage lasted until 1500BCE

Yangzi river

what is it: a river in china, from Tibet to the East China Sea Longest river in china, known as the "Long River" country's principal waterway valley surrounding river provides evidence of early civilization

Yellow River (Huang He)

what is it: a river in china, in southern Qinghai to North China plain Forests in the area were cut down to allow cultivation and transport of goods very blocked, not great for navigation second longest river in China served as a reason for civilization in Northern china