HI 273 Final

Moscow metro

-1930-32 -built with prison labor, make it the perfect socialist city, similar to palace of the soviets, elaborate, vaulted ceiling, marble panels, sense of living in a place with socialist construction, integrate into every day life, majestic formation of new man, supposed to be so beautiful people could go on a date there

Belomor canal

-1930s -canal to connect White and Baltic seas that was built by forced labor -denied workers access to mechanized tools -significance: represented man trying to overcome and master nature, viewed as one of the greatest examples of human rehabilitation, source of pride in the USSR

Moscow

-1930s -rebuilt during Stalinist regime to rival Leningrad as socialist city -emphasis on height, verticality, exude power through architecture structure -classical features (ie: columns) mixed with gothic features -different than utilitarian and functional designs of the 1920s

The Seven Sisters

-1930s -Moscow State University, touch the Moscow skyline, variety of functions, very vertical and gothic, soviet iconography

socialist realism

-1930s but taken from 1920s -becomes guiding aesthetic for Stalin's regime, form of reforaging through labor and education (shaping into new soviet beings), blends the real and ideal (present and the future, the is and the ought), emphasizes production and consciousness over spontaneity

passport system

-1932 -part of the movement of conservatism, included name age place of birth ethnicity, led to increased anti-semitism because identified individuals as ethnically jewish, jews over represented in the purge

Speech at the Writer's Union x Zhdanov (1934)

-1934 -audience = congress of soviet writers and all soviet -need to abolish remnants of capitalism through new art -literature portrays egalitarian ideals -heroes of the literature = figures of production (workers, collective farmers, party members, etc) -writers as the engineers of the human soul, do away with romanticism and only emphasize the romanticism of production significant: art should have socialist function, see the transformation of all art from utilitarian to focus on production through the Stalinist regime

tamizdat

-post Stalin era -illegal publishing of literature abroad significance: epitome of dissident activity, spreading awareness of the situation in the USSR, international acknowledgement, White Book is a famous example

samizdat

-post Stalin era -the clandestine copying and distribution of literature banned by the state -significance: how Boris Pasternak published Dr Zhivago and Ivan Denisovich were distributed, illustrates the censorship in the USSR and denial to address problems -epitomize dissent activity

Andrei Sakharov

-post World War II -invented the hydrogen bomb -became hero/face of the thaw -became advocate of civil liberties, moral obligation to speak out, publishes samizdat and tamizdat -significance: won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975

3 fronts of 5 year plan (1928-1932)

1. breakneck industrialization (bulk of economy rather than agriculture, end of private practice, hierarchy created as incentive, shock workers) 2. collectivization of agriculture 3. vigilance

How did the Ussr win the war?

1. corporal Hitler, commanded his troops rather than allow military figures to control decision making 2. Hitler's mistakes (two front war) 3. Holocaust 4. new appeal of Russian patriotism and recognition of national heroes 5. attrition favored Ussr (larger population)

Results of the war for Ussr

1. new geopolitical prestige 2. new demographics (more females than males, new gender dynamics) 3. socio-economic devastation (rationing continues, massive famine) 4. new territories- same borders as imperialist Russia, looks more like an empire

how soviet gov limited democratic power

1. propertied class excluded from politics 2.est. one party gov 3. elimination of rival parties 4. suppression of factions with communist party 5. rise of a single faction led by Stalin

SSRs (soviet socialist republics)

15 that subordinated the RSFSR

mausoleum

Lenins resting place in Moscow, unwanted by his widow

Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet

controlled by Trotsky, worked to install soviet power

living communes

designed, voluntarily adopted by enthusiasts, share all property, all residents live as one family

modernization school (sovietology)

historiography: study of how historians study history goal of Bolsheviks, modernize, industrialize, and have a highly educated society, social history of transformations

totaltarian school

ideology (intellectual history) and political science are key

1932

internal passport system, made it possible to keep track of workers' movements and control them

Anna Andzhievskaia (1917)

married comrade soldier, Bolshevik sympathizer, family split up, more of a mother to cause than her child, husband executed and daughter dead

soviet

means council, deputy of representatives, following february revolution: Petrograd Soviet Order No. 1

collectivization

supposed to pay for industrialization but depressed agriculture 1. sovkhoz: state farm, voluntary 2. kolkhoz: collective farm, mandatory 3. dekulakization: forced migration in district, internal exile, execution

St. Petersburg

symbolic of the west, modernity, planned/gridded city, Peter the Great, bureaucracy, 1st major industrial center

Magnitogorsk

the largest steel center of the urals, steel producing city trying to rival Gary, Indiana, one of the biggest achievements of Stalin's industrialization, where kulaks worked and died

Aleksandra Kollontai

theorist on how to design the family, Bolshevik from early stages, aristocratic noble by birth, intelligentsia, minister of social welfare, first female ambassador to Sweden and Norway

October Revolution

urban workers organized into soviets, worked to overthrow the provisional government and install soviet power, captured winter palace

1923/1924

Lenin leaves politics after his third stroke/Lenin dies due to health complications

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

RUS/GER treaty that ended RUS involvement in WWI, lopsided

komsomol

communist youth organizations (groomed teens to eventually join communist party), sent to country side to collectivize farms

RSFSR (Russian soviet federated socialist republic)

sovereign state, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union

Vsevolod Meyerhold

soviet theater director, unconventional

korenizatsiia

- -means indigenization, assign territories to distinct, autonomous nations, promote local language and customs, preferential treatment of minority groups -1st phase: NEP (1921-27), all republics have legal right to secede, estbalish schools and governance in local languages, standardize written languages -speed up of korenizatsiia: 1st 5 year plan (1928-1932), plan to destroy nations in 10 years by making class chief authority, require Russians living outside RSFSR to learn local languages

"dizzy with success"

-1930, speech by Stalin -Stalin admits that dekulakization needs to cool off, but does not see it at a problem with policy - supporters of collectivization too zealous enemy's fault

1918 family law code

-no shared property -removes provision of sharing space/cohabitate -no inheritance -no mention of children bc not considered property -no waiting period for marriage/divorce

Petrograd

-originally St. Petersburg, renamed Petrograd to sound less German in 1914 -where the February and October revolutions occurred

sovkhoz

-1928-1932 -a state farm where peasants would voluntarily work and get a wage -part of five year plan -significance: part of Stalin's five year plan and collectivization to nationalize land and liquidate the peasant class and turn them into workers

dekulakization

-1928-1932 -campaign that resulted in one of three penalties: forced migration (loss of land/food), exile (dropped in a remote area, forced to farm collectively), or execution -roughly 2 million dekulakized and deported, 30,00 shot

collectivization

-1928-1932 -one of the 3 fronts of Stalin's first 5 year plan -definition: forced policy of nationalization of peasant's households into farms called kolkhozes

factory kitchen

-1920s/30s -kitchen within a factory that centralized food prep and provided for communal dining -significance: emancipated women from home and promoted efficiency and building relationships with other workers

kolkhoz

-1928-1932 -a collective farm, mandatory for peasants who didn't work voluntarily for sovkhoz -significance: showed that peasants did not have the ability to resist Stalin's five year plan, forced to work to achieve Bolshevik goal of eliminating peasant class and transforming them into workers

October Manifesto x Nicholas II (1905)

- tsarist legislation - says there will be a gov body elected by universal male suffrage (duma), freedom of speech and assembly, ends estate system -significance: results in liberal form of government, tsar's attempt to compromise with unhappy population, despite manifesto unable to relinquish his power and follow through with what he says

Russo-Japanese War

-1904-05, Russia had largest military but lost unexpectedly to Japan -Potemkin mutiny, seen as first act of revolution -significance: losing war with Japan contributed to the unrest that led to the 1905 revolution, Tsar was in St. Petersburg, far away from where war was fought, increased unhappiness with tsar

Leninism

-1918-1923 -political ideology made up of a mixture of tactics and programs created by Lenin to achieve dictatorship of the proletariat and organize a revolutionary party -significance: Lenin's ideology governed Soviet Union and gained a cult following (esp. after his death in 1924) -enabled Stalin to gain support from population because he cited Leninism, although he molded these ideas into his own

war communism

-1918-21 type of command economy to fight war -state sets up industrial quotas, -workers/people conscripted into labor -centralization of all food, teach class consciousness -created by Trotsky -significance: seen as a way to teach class consciousness, set precedent for forced labor conscription that would occur under the 5 year plan -caused famine/shortage of food

League of Time

-1920s -not created by the gov but by enthusiasts -unaffiliated with political parties -issued citations to time embezzlers -signfiicance:

Congress of Victors (17th Party Congress)

-1934 -represented transition to full autonomous rule for Stalin, celebrated end of the 1st Five Year Plan, foundation for shift to replacing Leninist generation -problems of crowded apartments, low standard of living, shortages of food and water are still problems (Stalin plans to blame problems as a result of a sabotage, does NOT take responsibility)

A Great Retreat

-1934-39 -reversal to prior soviet values, new family law codes, because of success of socialism more conservative attitudes toward the nuclear family, homosexuality outlawed

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

-1939 -neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the USSR -promotes non-aggression, non-intervention and splits Eastern Europe into spheres of influence, favorable trade -significant: cooperation between two sides that detest each other, both want to gain claims of historical empire, natural resources, and spread sphere of influence into E. Europe

Katyn massacre

-1940 -mass execution of 4,400 Jews and 22,000 Polish officers by NVKD, USSR denied doing this and tried to blame Germany -significance: ????????? ASK-- example of blatant terror against ethnic Jews?

Operation Barbarossa

-1941 -Germany's blitzkrieg invasion of USSR, Leningrad, Moscow, and Stalingrad targeted, ultimately failed -significance: failure of Hitler's initial invasion, however, because of Stalin's delayed reaction to the invasion, the Nazi troops successfully advanced into soviet territory and eventually were able to take Ukraine '

Order 270

-1941, issued by Stalin -decreed that anyone taken as POW would be a traitor to the motherland -significance: Soviet soldiers must fight to the death to show their loyalty to USSR and the communist cause

Great Patriotic War

-1941-45 -war fought between Ussr and Nazi Germany during WWII on the Eastern Front -significant: breaking of the non aggression pact between the two states, (Stalin shocked that he broke pact and acted late), although the Red army ended victoriously, this war showed the lack of experience, coordination, and skills of the soviet troops, resulted in the death of 1/7 soviet people

Order 227

-1942, issued by Stalin - known for the "not a step back" phrase that indicated if a soviet attempted to retreat or desert that they would be shot in the back by their troops -significant: Stalin's way of controlling his troops and instilling a sense of discipline and fear in his troops. Another way to further his cause of total loyalty to the party

Yalta

-1945 -meeting between Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt in Yalta, Crimea with the goal of establishing order and rebuilding Europe economically -significance: initial proposal for the United Nations, decided the reorganization of Europe post World War II

Virgin Lands Campaign

-1953 -Krushchev's agricultural plan -take land that is unworked and turn it into larger food supply -utilize Komsomol as farmers to work this land -significance: over exuberance which results in over planting making the land unusable, another failed agricultural plan, contributes to the continued hunger of the Russian people

Nikita Krushchev

-1953 -successor to Stalin, not taken seriously, only held administrative role, known for his inconsistent behavior regarding domestic and foreign policies -significance: gave the secret speech in 1956 that delegitimized total power of soviet leader, he exposed terror and promoted the destalinization campagin

Warsaw Pact

-1955 - military pact between the Ussr and other states in the eastern bloc -significance: easts response to the west's NATO, set foundation for cold war and the competition between capitalist and communist states

Hungarian Revolution

-1956 -anti-soviet uprising in Hungary that was put down my soviet troops -violent, soviet forces invaded Budapest -significance: first major threat to soviet control following WWII

The Secret Speech

-1956 -delivered by Kruschev at the 20th Party Congress in a four hour secret speech, not unanimously approved of because he exposed Stalin for the terror he committed and his negligence during WWII -significance: set the foundation for delegitimizing the party leader, led to the decline of the gulag system, catalyzed movement to soviet let and return to sincerity and honesty, return to Leninist norms, Stalin's body removed from the mausoleum in Moscow, return to legality and nationalities -idea that Stalin killed Kirhov

20th Party Congress

-1956, given by Party Secretary Krushchev at the 20th Party Congress -organization of communist leaders -significance: where Krushchev delivered his secret speech, denounced Stalin and exposed his cruelty and negligence to act during WWII

Youth Festival

-1957 -held in Moscow and hosted by the Komsomol -represents the stiliaga (hipsters- born before/during war, not veterans) attempt to separate from older generation -significance: showed the inconsistency of the thaw--openness to foreigners vs. isolationist policies

kitchen debate

-1959 debate between VP Nixon and Khrushchev at American National Exhibition in Moscow -addressed gender argument: in the US kitchen seen as a place for women, no gender equality -class argument: everyone has a right to housing in the USSR -Khrushchev: USSR is newer but going to surpass the US, faster progress -exemplifies the competitive hostilities and ideological differences between the countries -significance: seen as a embarrassment and failure for the USSR by Politburo, Khrushchev acted aggressive then congenial

détente

-1960-80 (Brezhnev) -greater emphasis on communication to prevent nuclear war, promote world stability -during this period, Salt I and II agreements -ends when the cold war heats up

Yuri Gagarin

-1960s (1961) -Soviet cosmonaut, first man on the moon, involved in the space race between the Soviet Union and the US

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

-1960s, post Stalin era -Russian novelist who authored A Day in the Life and The Gulag Archipelago -critic of the Soviet Union -Nobel Prize 1970 -exposed gulag experience

Menshevik

-political party in Russia in the early 1900s -faction of SDs that were less radical than Bolsheviks (opposition) -believed they needed capitalism first in order to achieve communism (bolsheviks believed that this step could be skipped) -defeated Bolsheviks after tsar was overthrown -despite being majority, overthrown by Bolsheviks during the civil war

Cuban Missile Crisis

-1962 -conflict of nuclear sphere of influence between the US and Soviet backed Cuba -Khrushchev initially believed Kennedy would be easy to manipulate, but he was actually very hard on us-soviet relations -significance: Khrushchev removes missiles in Cuba only after 2 days, shows erratic behavior, embarrassing USSR internationally -rising tensions between USSR and China also after desalinization, loses international prestige because of submissive attitude towards the US

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

-1962 novel written by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn -Khruschev promoted its publication and put it in gulag libraries -significance: protagonist's experience reflected the reality of the labor camps, published when these camps were still used, illuminated population about the horrors and connected to people who had personal experience with the camps

Brezhnev Doctrine

-1968 -created following the Prague Spring -means of justifying Soviet military intervention in satellite states and prevent liberalization efforts -significance: created out of necessity, shows that USSR fearing the rebellion of satellite states, promotes military and violent intervention that was present in Brezhnev era but not in Gorbachev era

Prague Spring

-1968 -enter Prague with fully armed tanks, protests in Moscow that sympathize with the Czechs and the Slovaks -significance: lead to the creation of the soviet policy the Brezhnev Doctrine, meant to show determination to end liberalization efforts of satellite states in the Eastern bloc

sotsart

-1970s -socialist realist pop art -significance: reaction against traditional socialist realist aesthetic that existed during the Stalin era

cooperatives

-1980s under Gorbie -legalized, similar to NEP -cooperatives owned small companies -significance: set own prices, not state owned, gives autonomy to individuals, capitalistic elements perhaps indicative of the collapse of the USSR

glasnost

-1980s under Gorbie -political reformation movement significance: loosen censorship, amnesty to dissidents, truth telling (katyn massacre, molotov-ribbentrop pact), allowed open discussion on the dire economic situation

perestroika

-1980s, Gorbie -announced at 27th party congress (1986) -restructuring of political and economic system -significance: lead to rise in nationalism, emphasize local autonomy, right to strike, established more democratic legislation

Yuri Andropov

-1982-1984 -succeeds Brezhnev after his death -former head of KGB, takes over as head secretary in 1982 -anti-alcohol, wants to re-instill sense of seriousness -moderate labor reforms (peasants control what they grow) -anti-corruption campaigns -discipline campaigns for lax workers and dissidents -dies in 1984 -significant: brought new young people into Politburo like Gorbachev

Chernobyl

-1986 -nuclear accident -began evacuations lsowly after the actual event -significance: first major event after Gorbie announces policy of glasnot, but then chooses to pretend like the event didn't happen (later acknowledges it) but shows that he really is not much different than previous leaders -people still affected by the radiation today

Treaty of the Union

-1991 -76% votes that states in union should be sovereign -significance: catalyzed the august coup and the 8-gang to make moves to oust gorbachev from power,

kommunalka (communal apartment)

-1st 5 year plan -way to think about USSR, one big apartment building but each room occupied by people of various republic, all republics work together -significant: USSR built republics to promote ethnicity and capture different ethnicities in territories because of ideology, practicality, and strategy to ultimately plant the seeds of national identity and speed up history (nations will disappear sooner)

blat

-Brezhnev era, 1960s-80s -a form of corruption where individuals trade goods and services on their own because the actual circulation doesn't meet needs -significance: a component of the shadow economy, people's demands are so great, incompetent bureaucracy, planned economy relies on shadow economy (DENIAL)

nomenklatura

-Brezhnev era, 1964-82 -people with titles -join the party for the benefits (way to climb socially, politically, economically) -nepotism -two groups: small group that holds office for important issues/party members with professional jobs (ie: run a museum)

February Revolution

-March 1917 (of Gregorian calendar) in Petrograd -begins as a women's bread riot in Petrograd and accumulates support from workers and soldiers -violent revolution, not led by anyone -significance: ends with abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and represents the end of tsarist Russia and the Romanov dynasty, paved way for provisional government to take power although it is overthrown in the October Revolution

Nikolai Ezhov

-NKVD Chief 1936-39 -initiative to unmask most enemies of the people (est. quotas) -1.5 million people arrested in one year alone -put on trial for excessive purges, accused of being ineffective -inability to stop spies -shot in 1940, eliminated from any paper trace of the party and party documents

Social Democrats (SDs)

-Russian political party in the early 1900s, dissolved in 1918 after the Feb and Oct Revolutoins -based on Marx and Engels -focus on workers, peasants have bourgeois mindset, theory of history based on property relations, revolution = inevitable and a class war on workers vs. property owners -significance: split between mensheviks and bolsheviks

Leon Trotsky

-SR turned Bolshevik, elected chairman of the Petrograd soviet, has lots of supporters (esp soldiers), head of revolutionary committee

Ekaterina Olitskaia (1960s) published in My Reminiscences

-SR, attended Agriculture Institute in Petrograd, participated in Feb Rev, family of all dif political beliefs, corruption, whites and reds infiltrated their city -given position of secretary under provisional gov -family loses weapons and boots bc of white army

Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs)

-political party in Russia in the early 1900s -significant during the 1917 revolution that ended with the Tsar's abdication and in 1918 that fought during the Russian civil war -agrarian vision, populists, peasants as revolutionary class, methods: agitation, terrorism, responsible for death of Alexander II -significance: opposition of Bolsheviks, major political party

decree on Red Terror

-a decree that states that one can use violence to put down counter revolutions -significance: maintain Bolshevik power through violence, sets precedent for the remainder of the regime -ie of Red Terror: murder of Romanov family

duma

-a government body elected by universal male suffrage, created in the October manifesto -initially mostly kadets -significance: radicalized when tsar vetoed majority of bills

"What is to be Done" x Lenin (1902)

-argues that working class won't become revolutionary on their own, can't rely on spontaneous revolution -must be led by intelligentsia -vanguard of the proletariat -small group seize power against the state and have teach class consciousness

constructivism

-artistic style of the 1920s

actions of provisional gov after February Revolution

-basic gov functions -restore order -organize constituency for elections -keep fighting WWI

Anna Litveiko (1957) published in youth journal

-born into fam of workers, fought with Red Army in Ukraine, elected to factory committee, Bolshevik -take food, weapons, houses (nationalized) on behalf of reds, Bolshevik doesn't have land so no SR sympathy

April Theses x Lenin

-calls for an immediate end to WWI -all land immediately to the peasants -destruction of all organized powers (police, soldiers) -all power to the soviets

Article No 58

-created 1927 -part of the Penal Code on counter-revolutionary activities -vague language

Nikolai Bukarin

-creator of NEP, potential successor of Lenin, great ideologist but seen as too compromising

From the State and Revolution x Lenin (1917)

-describes role of state in society, state = weapon of class struggle, "organization of violence," seems to want to create rigid, harsh, society "establish strict, iron discipline supported by the state power of the armed workers"

Church of the Christ of Savior

-destroyed 1931, rebuilt by Putin -located near the Kremlin in Moscow, was supposed to be the cite of the palace of soviets, when the construction for that never happened it became a swimming pool for the people until it was rebuilt by Putin -where Pussy Riot in 2012 took place

Order 00447

-during the purges (1937)

palace of the soviets

-early 1930s -a project that demolished the Church of Christ the Savior -the design was chosen through a contest, the intended structure was to be on a large scale, there was a repetition of columns with a large statue of Lenin on top who was supposed to be on par with airplanes, and in a sense represent the Tower of Babel that reached the Heavens -the palace was never built

New Economic Policy (NEP)

-economic policy that replaced war communism, created by Bukarin, replaced food requisition with smaller tax, controversial (seen by some as capitalistic), some free trade and private commercial enterprises

komosol

-est. 1918, prevalent during Stalin's 1st five year plan -communist youth organization of enthusiastic students who were groomed to eventually join the party, sent to the countryside to persuade people to join communist cause and also expose and take care of the kulaks

Chronicle of Current Events

-example of tamizdat -periodicles during the USSR -covered trials, social justice

The Inevitability of Civil War x Lenin (1917)

-expresses militant attitude toward revolution -wants to remove old order -shouldn't take part in WWI, civil war is only one that matters -can't learn through lecture, learn through action

policies of NEP (1921-27)

-food requisition replaced by smaller tax -peasants allowed to keep and sell some food -free trade, non-state shops allowed to operate -private commercial enterprises of 20 or fewer people allowed -bourgeois specialists ushered in to assist with state-run industries -state maintains monopoly on alcohol

Vladimir Il'ich Ulianov (Lenin)

-fused populism and marxism, can skip capitalism, socialist revolution = inevitable

GULag (Chief Camp Administration)

-gov agency that controlled soviet forced labor camps (esp under war communism), major agency of repression

Lavrentii Beriia

-head of NKVD, 1938-45 -significant during the end of Stalin's regime -seen as Stalin's most likely successor, -infamous for ruthlessness and responsible for lots of deaths and killed by Krushchev who accused him of being a moral degenerate and a careerist which signified Krushchev's rise to power

Nicholas II

-indecisive, conservative, repressive -abdicated after February revolution 1917

socialism

-major components: anti-capitalist, moral superiority to capitalism, collectivist and egalitarian ideals (even distribution of wealth), reorganization of human relations

Grigorii Rasputin

-mystical faith healer brought to heal Aleksei, gained power by close connect to tsarist family esp. when Nicholas left to command armies in WWI -scandal with the tsarina -significance: increasing distrust of tsar, unhappiness with tsarist rule

Boris Yeltsin

-new Moscow party boss -challenges Gorbachev, increasing opponent of communist party -symbolic figure for the people during the August coup when Gorbie was on house arrest

Doctor's Plot

-postwar Stalinism (1945-53) -old generation Bolsheviks began to die (many of them were old); however, Stalin began to get paranoid and believed that the doctors were sabotaging the party members -significance: doctors tended to be jewish so there was a continuation of antisemitism, many capable doctors were fired or murdered, example of Stalin's paranoia

Anti-cosmopolitanism

-postwar stalinism era (1945-53) -campaign against cosmopolitan people who were mainly artists and jews who didn't associate with a particular state, Zhdanov oversaw the weeding out of suspicious individuals -significance: an example of the continued terror against the soviet population after the end of WWII, state feared the unknown loyalty of these people

Father Gapon

-priest, activist, spy -demanded civil liberties, human rights, organized protest that became Bloody Sunday -significance: population increasingly lost faith in tsar/autocrat, dissatisfaction led to revolution

Alexsandr Kerenskii

-prime minister, tries to save economic situation, abolishes capital punishment, women get a vote -significance: gov overthrown by Bolsheviks

The Call to Power x Lenin (1917)

-purpose: call to action -important to use momentum and destroy gov, worry about details later -need to act for betterment of the people

kulak

-rose to significance during civil war, targeted during 1928-1932 -a term that resurfaced from imperial Russia -definition: a peasant that could afford a farm and hire labor, seen as bourgeois because they were attached to their private property

Josef Stalin

-ruthless but positioned himself to seem moderate, tried to discredit Trotsky as political influence, gained power unnoticed

Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Solzhenitsyn

-takes place in 1951 -characters: Shukhov, Alyosha (religious man-sees religion as a cathartic experience contrary to Shukhov who sees work as cathartic), Tiurin (foreman of the labor camp-respected, shifts from character of authority to sympathetic character after sharing his life story illuminating the prisoners that being a foreman is isolating bc he is viewed as representative of the state rather than just a prisoner), Tzesar (received packages- gives Shukhov butt of his cigarette to finish) -significance: Krushchev sanctioned publication and circulation of the novel, put it in labor camps as part of destalinization campaign

Bloody Sunday

-unarmed demonstrators led by Father Gapon in St. Petersburg in 1905 were fired upon by members of the imperial guard -significance: provoked riots and strikes, contributed to unhappiness with tsarist autocracy -led up to revolution of 1905 and 1917

Article 58

-under Stalin, 1930s -legalized a vague definition of enemy of the state--anything anti-soviet -show trials, part of the purges, targeted ethnic minorities enhanced restrictions and increased the number of incarcerated Russians -enemies of the state -significance: contributed to the gulag system, terror against his own people

intelligentsia

-unofficial estate in Russian society -describes highly educated people (typically western educated), tend to be from nobility or clergy (sometimes peasants) renounce their estate status -significance:

Lenin's last three sturggles

1. NEP to replace war communism 2. establish a federal state (USSR) 3. succession

Lenin's potential successors

1. Trotsky: historically SR, lack of sympathy with old Bolsheviks, polarizing, bully, but most qualified 2. Stalin: Bolshevik, organizer, concerned about personality 3. Kamenev: head of soviet but didn't agree that power should be seized 4. Zinoviev: in charge of Petrograd soviet, but didn't agree power should be seized, egotism, indecision but likely successor 5. Bukharin: great ideologist, concern he'd be too compromising, inability to compete with Stalin

important dates

1905: revolution 1914: WW1 1917: February and October Revolutions 1918-22: civil war 1918-21: war communism 1921-27: NEP 1924: Lenin dies

15th party congress

1927, Trotsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev lose their positions, Stalin takes a pro-party moderate approach (follows majority), Stalin announced Great Break and war on NEP and appealed to nationalism

USSR (union of soviet socialist republics)

a union of multiple subnational groups

1926 family law code

amends some of the laws laid out in 1918 -cohabitation becomes de facto marriage -adoption created -divorce is even easier

brigade method

collectivization determined by lowest grade achieved by a student in the collective

Moscow

old capital of first state of Russia, symbolic of Kremlin, orthodoxy and Russian tradition

kulak

peasant that could afford a farm and hired labor

Stalin

proletariat origins (father was a cobbler), born in Georgia, allies himself with Bukharin

utopia

reconstruct society with ideas of equality, social justice, popular participation in politics, increase the power of ordinary people

house communes

result of overcrowding and housing shortage and internal migration, collection of families share one building/apt

"dictatorship of the proletariat"

rule by class, one party rule (Bolsheviks), slogan of the workers

Extraordinary Committee to Combat Counterrevolution and Sabotage (Cheka)

secret police, combat counter revolution, created during a period of Bolshevik's regime weakness (1917)

decrees on peace and land

slogan of the peasants calling for the nationalization of personal property