His 072A
Cultural Broker
"Indian Tribes and French Traders" French Traders marry Indian women to create a relation with the tribe in order to trade fur- 1600's (later)
Gender
the meaning society attaches to perceived sexual differences
Anne Bradstreet
(1612-1672) the "ideal" puritan Wife, mother, poet--well educated, grew up england Came to the colonies in 1630, Massachusetts Bay Colony Married at 16, had 8 surviving children Her writing shows gendered roles in puritan society Women: obedient wife, friendly neighbor, loving mother, religious (family, community, church); director of the family, knows how to appropriately treat her servants Men: patriot, authoritarian figure in community—public presence
John Adams
(1735-1826) Husband of Abigail Adams, signed the declaration of the Independence and went to school, and listened to his wife for political views, respected him
Abigail Adams
(1744-1818) 32 Wife of John Adams, mother, Self-taught; read books from John Adams Schoolings, March 31, 1776 passage to John Adams, "Forment a rebellion if particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, who have no voice or representation."
Phillis Wheatley
(1753-1785) Black woman who can read and write, had a book of poems published, had a tour in London, family that owned her allowed her freedom after her tour, stayed with the family until death Poems written about christianity Faced terrible problems, married with three children husband left her, two children died before her, died at 31 (young age) and burried next to last child on an unmarked stone
Puritans
(Great Migration 1630-1642) Descent from England to colonies; believe anglican churches are corrupt because they're too catholic Want individuality BUT not too much Want to purify church 14,000 puritans arrive to colonies higher birth rate, lower death rate
Task System
(predominantly in the southern colonies like Georgia) employers would live in urban areas and leave their slaves in the fields with a black overseer The slaves were given a task to be completed in a given amount of time Task System allowed a rise in culture, lifestyle, networks, and families. Still very brutal with a high mortality rate, and high quotas were given that were hard to reach Regulated their own time and used any leftover time for other activities
Algonquian
1580's. Language group: Eastern Woodland that had encounters with the Europeans Europeans vs. Indian women portrayed differently (Indians were inferior) (portrayed in a less-feminine way, according to European standards) Showing the roles as a mother Indian women planting corn, in European culture, the men normally did that kind of work European painting drew farm in rows, that is not how indians planted their crops, that is how Europeans planted their crops *inaccurate portrayal because they didn't fir european roles
Fornication
1600s: Fornication was a sin punishable by law. Prosecution occurred in town by the jury of matrons who decided a couple's guilt of premarital sex based on community rumours and evidence of pregnancy. If couple was a newlywed at the time of the birth of their child, the matrons would determine time of conception for the child and lay prosecution if conception was before marriage. They cared about who the father was. 1700s: Prosecution of fornication was less concerned with sin and more concerned with government monetary loss. Mothers who delivered children without fathers were charged with bastardization to premtively pay for costs government would inevitably pay for child. Middle class women used the courts to ensure the support of their children When: 1600s // 1700s Significance: regulating females sexual rights Slave's children made into slaves as punishment
Slave Codes
1662: Slavery follows the condition of the mother 1667: Baptism doesn't bring freedom cannot use christianity as ground for freedom 1691: Concerned about reproduction of interracial children, punishment is banishment 1705: Property of black slaves confiscated; stricter punishments as a black slave 1723: Free blacks cannot vote or have firearms; prohibits manumissions (master granting individual freedom) no equal freedom, more about race
Marie Rouensa
1694 Daughter of Chief, contract with French, converted to be Catholic, became a teacher of catholics and converted others, forced to marry 50 year old French man, agrees only if her parents formally convert to be Catholic and they have their wedding in a Church to be under God's eye
Feme Covert
1700's English Law that woman would lose her possessions and identity to husband after Converted women, no separate legal identity or items between husband and wife, no separate wills, Husband (male) in control if she didn't have a husband then her brother
Manumission
1723: masters are prohibited granting individuals freedom
"Two-sex Body" Model
A fundamental difference - two types of bodies- emphasizing women are modest (encouraging it) and saying they have more sexual restraint - england 18th cent
Jury of matrons
A group of women in court who delegated matron affairs, like marriage, divorce, pregnancies, bastardy, fornication etc. 1600s
Fur Trade
A relationship formed in the early 17th between primarily French traders and various Native groups. The most popular item for the french was beaver pelts (used for felt hats), while Natives preferred guns and other manufactured goods.
Run away Wives
Ads found in newspapers in the 18th century Marriage is an economic relationship where wives are financially dependent on their husbands Men treat their wives as "property" which is seen when men publicly post in newspapers asking for others in the community to look for and return their wife If they didn't want their spouse to return, these newspaper ads were also commonly used for self-divorce
Creole Slaves
African Americans who created their own culture in America 1600's isolation -language barriers (less likely to find partners; kept slaves from resistance) and unbalanced sex ratios (more men than women) Relied on imports Master could separate families Not necessarily shared religion, culture, or language 1700's Creolization (more shared culture- "African American" "Native American") Matrilocal slave families because more likely to stay with mother Quarters created family structures for slaves Marriage is unstable but still tried to get married + have children; evidence of choice + form of resistance
"Country Marriage"
An economic union of an Indian woman (normally from an important family) to a trader. Made the bond between traders and the tribe stronger. Guaranteed business for both parties. probably late 1600's-1700's
Enlightenment
Applying rationality to all elements of an individual life and natural world When: 17th/18th century Why/Significance: Set differences for women and men in accordance to related tasks. Challenging authorities and social contracts, looking for patterns. Significance to women was that it emphasized the difference between women and men. Made women inferior to men through sexual control (women responsible for enforcing moralities on men, language used to describe females- pure, natural, restraint, etc., and 2 sex body model Reason and logic > faith and religion
Kana'ti and Selu
Cherokee creation story Husband and wife who were able to provide food for each other, Kana'ti was a lucky hunter and Selu was the corn mother, they also had a son One day their son was caught playing with a mysterious boy, who he called his brother/"wild boy" "Wild boy" was born from the blood Selu washed into the river whenever Kana'ti hunted games The "wild boy" spied on Kana'ti and Selu and they believe he was a bad influence on their son Because of this, "wild boy" sets out to ruin the parent's success to find food. He removed rock that held the deer and accused Selu of witchcraft. He killed Selu and dragged her body around the field 7 times and wherever blood fell that is where corn grew in abundance This story shows Native American gender system and is a sign of division of labor (shows that women also make key contributions to society). Separate but equal. They balance each other.
"White Indians"
Colonist captured young Natives and adopted and raised them- when they had the chance to return to their homeland they usually didn't go. 1600's ex. Eunice Williams
Colonialism
Columbus arrived in the Americas by the 16th c sent by the Spanish government Involves a political takeover Involves the transfer of people; predominantly males Europeans tried to civilize the Native Am. (in their eyes, they have a cultural superiority) French, Spanish and English were the main colonizers all had different ways of conquering people English(last to arrive, later 1600s): tried imposing new gender roles, brought family settlers, had to search for different cash crops (sent a more balanced ratio of men, women and children in order to set up whole towns and communities) -Were mainly there to expand their land French(2nd to arrive,1600s): focused on mainly fur trade w/ native groups, spread catholicism, and tried to convert N.A. (sent mostly males); are friendly with Indians when they can b/c the Indians know the land better and the French need their help Spanish (first to arrive, 1500s): expanded empire, spread catholicism, sent bureaucrats to enhance wealth (sent mostly males) They also sought gold/silver in Am.
Huskanaw
Coming of age for boys "ritual death of childhood" Boy comes back after six months exchange with drugs to become an adult (Girls go when they hit puberty, start period)
Gender Division of Labor
In native culture - Men were primarily hunters and females primarily farmers. Equal but different work.
Castas
Intermarriage with Indians, and sexual relations developed system for hierarchy of sexual rules
Intensive mothering
Invest a lot of time and resources for a small amount of children Example: Native American Mothering- Ikwe Breastfed children up until age 5 This extended the time between pregnancies Avoided sex for at least one year post-partum Discipline: lenient but with harsh testing to become physically tough and self sustaining Children not separated from mother until adult life/marriage y
Mourning Wars
Iroquois warfare during English colonialism in late 1600's-1700'staking captives to replenish lost population, bring young captives to replace lost family- native ex. Mary Rowlandson- she was a ministers wife taken captive, wrote stories about what it was like- ransomed 3 months later.
Republican Motherhood
Late 18th, Early 19th Century. Duty of Mothers to educate sons to be virtuous citizens -Self- sacrifice: Political goal for women to teach their children -Independence: Women exclusion from the political world, creates better independence and have abetter outlook, cannot be corrupted, women more independent. Can focus on whats best for everyone -Limitations: Indirect influence reinforces domestic labor, intensifies role in the home mostly available to the elites, who had money and time to get education and then teach their children
Tea Tables
Literally the setup of tea tables along with tea, various treats, and the luxury items associated with them. Underlying efforts to show off wealth and status through items, fashion, talents, mannerisms, and gentility. Became a cultural practice of women's gossip. Very cosmopolitan (mirrored London practices, trends, and ideas). Revealed a class divide similar to that in England.
Self-Divorce
Marriage is less private, being able to send out passages explaining a couples divorce on ones own terms, published for everyone to see
Virtue
Mas
Patriarchal Society
Men hold positions of power, women are subordinate to them Definitely Late 17-19th Centuries
Consumer Revolution
More people from more socio-economic backgrounds buying luxury goods in the 18th century 1. Family with a tea set is one of the goods you can get 2. Fine china, nice china plates 3. Silverware set 4. Nice textiles and fabrics 5. Tea and coffee, tea was as big one Not just nice things to make you more comfortable 1. Indicates your social status 2. Their taste and their ability to purchase these things b. Shopping and choice Women's consumption more visible 1. More time consuming because there's more choices 2. More daily and public, more visible 3. Not just elites anymore, extended to the middle class 4. Kind of the "boss" a. Get to decided where to buy, how much 5. Made women more demanding and independent 6. Respect on some level as a shopper
Mestizos
Most common racial relationships, Spanish man, native wife
Seduction Novels
Most popular in the late 18th Century U.S. an unhappy ending, feminized "virtue" Women falling into a dangerous romance, with death, lover leaves her, sad endings and troubles Good suffering and bad triumphs (Charlotte Temple (A tale of truth) 1791)
Mary Johnson
Moved between slavery and freedom, married Anthony, settled on her own farm land, owned her own slaves. 1650s Plantation wiped out due to fire, rebuild her life as a free women, treated more as a white women than black
Susannah Martin
New England Colonies 1620-1725 Salem Witchcraft Trials 1692 Was an "inheriting woman" (father left her property to inherit but mother falsified property to herself) She also stood to gain from her husband's death in 1692 1692- widow and accused of witchcraft Witnesses ready to testify against her (with no real evidence) Known for having disputes with people, claiming her property, and having a "difficult" behavior Example of how women were easily targeted (esp. Inheriting women)
Chattel Slavery
Permanent, inheritable, racial slavery. 1700s slaves sold as personal items, treated as chattel
"Indians' Old World"
Previously established systems of various tribes throughout the continental US. Largely self-reliant and independent of one another.
William and Lucy Byrd
Private Diary: 1709-1712 (published in 1940's) talked about the sex he had with his wife and other "vigorous flourish" which was sex he had with servant women, forcing sex upon social inferior women, forcing himself on women
Skimmington
Public Ritual of humiliation, enforced community codes of sexual conduct -Target unfaithful men and women, ride a donkey paraded through town with people banging pots and pans behind them, then either banished from town or beaten 1700s
Thomas/ine Hall
Raised as a girl in England during 1600s (1629 specifically) switches back and forth between a man and woman while doing womanly servant work Jury of matrons searched her body to check for female/male features; determined that Thomas was a man -Thomas declared both genders but Jury of matrons were more concerned with anatomy (men- with roles and productivity) The case went all the way to the highest court, who ultimately decided that Hall was both a man and a woman had to wear men's clothes with a woman's hat and apron (marking his/herself as an outcast)
Slave Quarter
S1600's isolation -language barriers (less likely to find partners; kept slaves from resistance) and unbalanced sex ratios (more men than women) Relied on imports Master could separate families Not necessarily shared religion, culture, or language 1700's Creolization (more shared culture- "African American" "Native American") Matrilocal slave families because more likely to stay with mother Quarters created family structures for slaves Marriage is unstable but still tried to get married + have children; evidence of choice + form of resistance
Coerced Sex
Sex with someone against their will, such as masters with servants, but not seen as rape because they are the servants to the master
"Hiring Out"
Slaves (in the northern colonies) could be rented out to fellow households
Deerskin Trade
Trade with the English and the natives for deer skin and English goods When: 18th century Where: Cherokee (in South Carolina) Significance: The significance it had to women was that it lowered their power. At first they were war women and in charge of captives. Once the men started trading with the men the women were more financially dependent on the men for the English goods. The natives did not want to give the captives to the women because the captives were sold to the English as slaves for money. So the women had no say anymore. The women lost political power Women also had to pick up the extra work when the men were gone hunting and trading but also created some authority for them which they had to give up when men returned Loss of relationship balance between cherokee men and women Struggle for power
extensive mothering
What: Responsible for a large amount of children some of which may be lost due to movement or death, leading to less investment. Who: Slave Mothers Mothers were overworked and could not spend adequate amount of time on their children and thus relied on a communal mothering technique. White Mothers in Blended Step Families Widowed women and men would bring children from their previous marriages, resulting in families with large amounts of children. The Mothers in these families were expected to care for all of the children. White women in communities; shared responsibilities with other mothers
Lord Dunmore's Proclamation
Who: American slaves and the British; Jenny and Harry Washington What: This proclamation, written by the British, promised freedom to all negro slaves, servants, and others who joined their armed forces. Where: Britian/America Significance: The "benefits" of this proclamation were easier for men to obtain than women and children because the British had more use for the men in the army. Despite this, ⅓ of the census of people who took advantage of this proclamation were women and children. Disadvantages included that slaves and servants were likely to die in war and even if they were to survive, it was difficult to hold the British up to their promises. 1775-1783
Premarital Pregnancy
Who: Unmarried men and/or women What: a pregnancy which occurred before marriage, considered a sin. Where: New England and Europe When: Always? But there was an increase in the amount of pregnant brides from 2% in the 1670s to 40% in the 1760s. Why: Weakening of Puritan controls, less religious fervor, and church attendance Marriage w/o church involvement Significance: It changed the way people viewed the concept of marriage and women, moral and religious conflicts
Spinning Bees
Who: White women Patriots What: public competitions in which patriot women would spin as much cloth as they could and the woman who spun the most would be considered the winner. Contestants were encouraged to donate the cloth to the minister, which shows it was still controlled by men Where: Colonial America When: 1700s Significance: The activity began when the patriots attempted to demonstrate their lack of dependence on the British government. This was one of the most positive ways women could get involved in the rebellion because it paralleled their original gender roles. Cloth was also the #1 export of England. Women could be patriotic in an "appropriately feminine" way.
Mary Jemison
Who: a "white indian" who was adopted into the Seneca Indian Family, aligned with the British What: General Sullivan attacked home at Genesee river, leading to the tribe, including Mary Jemison with her 3 children, to flee. Upon return, she noted that the Patriots destroyed the tribe's food, houses, cattle, horses, and fruit trees. Where: Genesee River Significance: Native American women were in charge of crops. By having their crops destroyed, the women became more reliant on the government trading system and lost power. A white indian- married a white man, took British side - fighting breaks out near her home so she moves away and when she comes back they destroyed her whole food supply. 1775-1783
Eliza Lucas Pinckney
Who: a free, well off, white widow What: Wrote letter detailing why she could not pay her bill. Explanations included that the patriot army took her cattle and did not pay her for them and that the renter she had was not paying her because german soldiers were living in her rental as well. Where: South Carolina When: 1700s Significance: As a wealthy woman in wartime even she can not pay her bills-must have been even harder for those with not as many opportunities?; the effects of the war on civilians
Rachel Wells' petition
Who: a woman from New Jersey What: During the war, Wells signed war bonds to donate to the war efforts. After she made her donation, she moved to Philadelphia to avoid attacks from the war. When she returned to New Jersey after the war, she signed a petition to the government asking for money. After being denied twice, she wrote to the continental US congress, asserting that she has done as much to carry on the war as anybody else and pleading (deferential attitude) that the government not forget "weaklings" such as herself. She ended her statement by invoking the concept of liberty, demonstrating that she felt entitled to the idea. Where: New Jersey When: 1700s Significance: Women asserted their rights to property and money but were still deferential as they deferred to the power of the legislature.
Deputy Husband
Women can take on the responsibilities when the man of the house (husband) is not capable or not home, second in command European Households in America 1700's
"one-sex body" model
a difference of degree- saw it as there is one type of body there is just a superior from (male) and an inferior form (female) - saw women's genitalia as the inside version of the males - 16th and 17th cent
Sex
a persons perceived physical characteristics - biological things
Gentility
acquiring the right luxury goods and aesthetic set-up to increase an elite woman's social status Rituals of gentility = power for women Women were judged on their tea table set-up, manners, clothing, and knowledge of local and international trends Visibly showed class divides among women
Reproduction
biological things- offspring
Anne Hutchinson
challenges male and church authority in puritan society Wife and mother of 15 in Massachusetts preaches/criticizes church (taught large gatherings in her home and criticized the minister) Believes people are saved by direct infusion to spirit (no need for church leaders) Believed that she had a direct connection to god (divine gift) Hutchinson On Trial 1636-38 "you're stepping out of your place as a woman," "trying to be husband rather than wife" and preacher rather than listener, and magistrate rather than subject, all of these associated with patriarchal dominance threatens familial, religious and political hierarchy court focused on her betrayal as a woman and mother excommunicated to Rhode island
"Breaking the Will"
children were believed to be born sinners- so you needed to beat the devil out of them by age 2- believed if they didn't do this their children would be going to hell- it also kept order and maintained patriarchy in family. Europe in the 1600s
Adam and Eve
creation story- God created Adam and he was lonely so from Adam he created Eve. Eve ate the forbidden fruit and got them in trouble - painful childbirth and growing own food
"Visible Signs"
demonstrate piety and eliteness knowledge of scripture success/wealth large families
Identity of Mixed-Race Children
dependent and mostly influenced by European parental figure Europeans sent their male child to school; taught them about hunting and trading Europeans taught their female child --household/domestic work Mixed children were a way gender roles began to change between Native American-white households Ikwe: Ikwe's story is an example for the clashing of different cultures and gender systems.
Gang System
gang labor system for growing tobacco in the chesapeake area where women were required to work in fields for long and hard hours of the day (sun up/sun down) Usually monitored by a white overseer A lot of contact between white owners, white overseers and black slaves
"Lying In"
period of rest after a woman gives birth - a post pardom bed rest. In colonial north america, but slave women didn't get this. 1600s
Indentured Servitude
labor system in which people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a fixed term of years. Indentured servants couldn't marry during the span of their contract Had to carry a pass if they left their master's property Could sell/trade their time, but not their bodies Received freedom dues at the end of their contract (usually clothes, tools, money and/or land) Servitude expanded upon female pregnancy 16th-19th cent
Paternalism
slave owners (in the Chesapeake) belief of entitlement over their slaves, benevolence owners believed working their slaves was for their own good (belittling) Owners thought they were teaching their slaves to be responsible and obedient. Many slave owners believed that their relationship with their slaves was symbiotic The slaves owed them labor, obedience, love...
Individualism
social theory evolving from the enlightenment era favoring individuals to be independent and self reliant Arises from the 17th-c Scientific Revolution and 18th-c French philosophers
Matrilocal Housing
societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents home (wigwam in Native culture) tradition in the Algonquian society, 1700's Marriage isn't residential- movable Marriage is heavily based on companionship Kinship networks for women Not as many legal or sex restrictions Lots of experimentation sexually brother and sister type relationship first to make sure marriage will last Marriage is seen as more significant than sex and the two don't necessarily go hand in hand There is more choice in marriage, not so much arranged Man negotiates with bride's mother
Covenant
solemn agreement between two parties with mutual obligation to each other church and marriage; marriage-wife and husband Marriage: subordination to male authority but agreement to each other, god, and romantic love Mother would reproduce and care for family members witches/witchcraft and the devil
Companionate Marriage
was a new idea based on the natural law effort to be in a compassionate and loving marriage with one's significant other ~companionship, soul mates, romantic love 1800s: marriage partners were soul mates, in love, and were "companions" Significance: shows a shift in marriage relationship, and possibly gender roles
"War Women"
women who are part of war parties - a part of fighting - showed bravery and courage- decided what would happen to the war captives- of higher gender status ex. Nancy Ward - her husband was killed in war but before that they worked together to fight, when he died she took his gun and fought
Production
work based on the idea of what men and women should do as work - gender division of labor
Émile vs. Sophie
Émile was an educated boy, Brought up in the country, learning reason, independent reason. Sophie gets less education. Sophie is trained to please Émile's needs. Émile and Sophie marry later on. What: A novel by Rousseau (Emile or on Education https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile,_or_On_Education) Where: France When: 1762 Why/ Significance: The novel was told to show Rousseau opinion of women. Significant to women because it showed that society that women should not be as educated as men and that they should meet the needs of men. Showed fundamental difference on education between genders.
