his 105 midterm exam

An estimated __________ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800.

300,000

"A Country Justice of the Peace".

A justice of the peace ( JP) is a judicial officer of a lower or puisne court, elected or appointed by means of a commission ( letters patent) to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was often used with the same meaning.

_______ published his Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776

Adam Smith

Adam Smith.

Adam Smith FRSA was a Scottish economist, philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment.

The creation of race in the Americas

American society developed the notion of race early in its formation to justify its new economic system of capitalism, which depended on the institution of forced labor, especially the enslavement of African peoples.

In "chattel" slavery, the slave is, in legal terms:

An item of moveable personal property.

As a result of the Seven Years' War, France lost Canada to ___________ .

Britain

Castas.

Casta is a term which means "lineage" in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier.

Popular culture in Chinese villages included all of the following except

Confucianism

By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World.

Encomiendas

To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government ___________ the development of agricultural estates (haciendas).

Encouraged

As Mughal power was sapped by the revolts of the Marathas and others in the eighteenth century, the armed forces of the ___________ became important players in regional politics.

European trading companies

Gender parallelism among Native Americans.

For Native Americans, there was no set of rules that men and women had to abide by in order to be considered a "normal" member of their tribe.

The most successful _________ settlement in North America was in the subtropical district at the mouth of the Mississippi River in what is now Louisiana, where settlers with African slaves founded sugar plantations.

French

Seven Years War (or French and Indian War if you are an American)

French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, 1754-63 The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years' War.

After achieving independence, the ________ elevated their spoken language, Kreyòl, into their national identity.

Haitians

In response to the "Boston Tea Party", Britain closed the harbor, demanded restitution, and passed the so-called Coercive Acts (called the "_______ Acts" in the American colonies).

Intolerable

Aided by the ease of travel within the Mongol Empire, _________ had, by the fourteenth century, become the dominant religion among the Central Asian Turkic peoples.

Islam

Bismarck's Prussia fought wars for German unification with all of the following except:

Italy

The astronomers of the Kerala school had calculated elliptical orbits for the visible planets a century in advance of __________.

Johannes Kepler

Even with Japan's policy of seclusion, the government allowed merchants from China and ______ to visit Nagasaki.

Korea

By 1557, the Portuguese had wrested the first European colony from the Chinese at _________, and they held it until 1999.

Macau

The United States faced the vital question of how to incorporate new territory after its war with _________ from 1846 to 1848.

Mexico

At the battle of Tippecanoe in _________, thousands of Tecumseh's followers from a variety of Native American nations came together, but they suffered a defeat at the hands of US troops in 1811.

Ohio

In its final draft, the Declaration of Independence tacitly excluded the ________ of all Americans who were black slaves.

One-fifth

Akbar had a sudden intense mystical experience in 1578, gradually developing a personal philosophy he called "sulh-i kull", meaning "_________".

Peace with all.

Like his model Genghis Khan, Timur:

Proved surprisingly liberal in the treatment of at least some cities that surrendered.

Jesuit missionaries were at times welcomed into China and Japan but were ultimately rejected as "subversive" elements by the ____ and the Tokugawa.

Qing

According to the infamous "_______ edict" in 1645, all males, regardless of ethnicity, were required on pain of death to adopt the Manchu hairstyle of a shaved forehead and long pigtail in the back.

Queue

The term "casta" or caste was a collective name used to draw distinctions among degrees of ___________.

Racial mixture

What made a uniform tax on agriculture difficult to enforce?

Regional differences in soil conditions, climate, and productivity.

In the 1540s the Spanish government introduced ___________ called repartimientos, which was a continuation of the mit'a system devised by the Inca for taxation.

Rotating labor assignments

Ships leaving from their home ports in England would exchange ___________ for slaves in West Africa.

Rum

Ming land taxes were paid to the government in ___________ via installments.

Silver

Mercantilist economic theory dictates that:

States should keep their economies blocked off from competitors and import as little and export as much as possible.

Statecraft of the Aztecs.

The Aztecs, who probably originated as a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century.

See Map 19.3. After Brazil, which region in the American received the largest number of African slaves?

The Caribbean

Between 250,000 and 1 million Taínos were killed when the Spanish came due to:

The Native Americans' lack of immunity against smallpox

The Ottoman Empire and its relationship to Europe

The Ottoman Empire was a Turkish kingdom that existed between 1299 and 1923.The kingdom was made up of 29 provinces. It ruled over many parts of southern Europe, west Asia and North Africa.

What caused the European immigrant population to rise in Brazil during the late seventeenth century?

The discovery of gold

The Encomienda.

The encomienda was a Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of conquered non-Christian people.

The popularity of rum promoted:

The expansion of sugar planting and slavery, to their peak after 1750.

Patriotic feelings were roused in France in April 1792, when:

The government declared war on its eastern neighbors.

After another doubling of its population by 1800, China moved toward what some historical demographers have called a high-level equilibrium trap, a condition in which:

The land has reached its maximum potential for feeding a population, but the economy had not reached a point of disequilibrium.

Chinese and Japanese isolationism.

The policy, as the name suggests, meant that Japan was isolated from the most of the world. The bakufu (military government), accomplished this state of isolation by closing the borders, though contact with China and the Netherlands was still maintained through a single port in Nagasaki.

Slaveowners constantly faced:

The threat of insurrection.

Slave treatment.

The treatment of enslaved people in the United States varied by time and place, but was generally brutal, especially on plantations. Whipping and rape were routine, but usually not in front of white outsiders, or even the plantation owner's family

The _______ shoguns adopted Neo-Confucianism as the governing ideology, thus joining the commonwealth of Confucian "religious civilizations" in the region.

Tokugawa

The Atlantic system or the "_________" trade connected the American colonies with Africa and Europe.

Triangular

Triangular Trade.

Triangular trade or triangle trade is trade between three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come.

Women could, and often did, exercise a greater degree of power and influence among the ___________ than among most other groups in India

Turkic peoples

The Popes found Jesuit practices in China like ___________ problematic.

Using tea and rice for the Eucharist instead of bread and wine

In Brazil, black freedmen and mulattoes:

Were farmers and craft producers.

By the mid-16th century, the conquistadors shifted from looting Native American empires and towns to exploiting native labor in _______ and in agriculture.

Working silver, gold, and mercury mines

How yellow fever shaped the demography of the Americas.

Yellow fever was fearsome, killing 50% of its victims. The disease started with a fever, aches and pains, a severe headache, weakness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Recovery took weeks or months.

The relationship between coffee and the continuance of slavery.

coffee was a big item that needed to be grown and transported out which was why slaves were kept around to continue doing the hard work.

The role of men and women in Aztec society

men were responsible for leading and governing tribes, hunting and bringing food home to their families. women were in charge of being a mother and taking care of the children.

The Middle passage and the number of slaves brought to the Americas

slaves would be brought in the middle of ships and basically be stacked on top of each other. 12.5 million slaves shipped to the Americas

Peculium.

the property held by a person (as a wife, child, slave) under the potestas, manus, or mancipium of another as his own private property either by the permission of the paterfamilias or master or by the rules of law but becoming with certain exceptions the property of the paterfamilias or master at his pleasure

In the Kongolese belief system, Portuguese Catholicism was:

Adapted to the indigenous African spiritual and cultural heritage.

______ became a vital axis of world trade, with Chinese merchants exchanging spices and luxury goods for Spanish silver from the Americas.

. Manila

In addition to being a monument to his beloved wife, the Taj Mahal is also an architectural allegory for:

Allah's judgment in paradise on the day of the resurrection.

The machine accepted by the French Assembly for use in executions was designed by _________.

Antoine Louis

Around 1750, there were about 10,000 Boers (Dutch for "_______") in the Cape Colony, easily outnumbered by slaves.

Farmers

The average slave field hand on a sugar plantation was estimated to live:

Five or six years.

The role of silver in the development of the Americas and its impact on China

American silver proved crucial in providing the Spanish imperial state with the fiscal base necessary to build and defend its overseas empire, while also sparking keen interest in American exploration and colonization by Spain's European rivals. At first the Chinese insisted on trading with bullion. At first the Chinese insisted on trading with bullion and would not accept payment for their goods in foreign currencies.

The Mughals gave India one of its most prolific eras in terms of profusion and synthesis of literary genres, with _________ remaining the chief languages of literature in Islamic India.

Arabic and Persian

Akbar's religious policies were viewed, by his fellow Muslims:

As proof that he had actually become a non-believer.