HIS CH. 13
Recognized the principle of popular sovereignty in determining whether to permit slavery in a state. Included a strong Fugitive Slave Law. Motivated frustrated anti-slavery northerners to join forces with African-American activists to seek more radical solutions such as the Underground Railroad
The Compromise of 1850...
The Dred Scott Decision complicated the politics surrounding slavery because
The Court ruled that Congress could not regulate slavery in the territories
Anti-slavery groups
The Free-Soil opposed any extension of slavery but did not necessarily favor abolishing the institution, garrisonian believed that slavery was the primary evil facing the nation evangelicals agree that slavery is evil, but believed it was one among many vices undermining The Virtuous Republic
In denying freedom to a slave who had resided in a free territory, the court also negated the Missouri Compromise
The Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott exaggerated the political passions of anti-slavery forces inside and outside Congress because
Liberty Party, 1840
The first anti-slavery political party. It was formed in Albany, New York, in 1840 Moderates challenged both Whig and Democratic ambivalence by forming it Liberty Party leaders argued that slavery would eventually die on its own if it could be confined geographically. Called for the abolition of slavery in Washington DC and in all the territories where it already exists
Deep South
The region of the South farthest from the north, usually said to include the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina
Carried the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln into the presidency with an electoral vote majority but only a popular vote plurality. Secured a large majority for the Republicans in the House of Representatives for the upcoming term. Caused the momentum for succession in the South to grow rapidly.
The results of the election of 1860...
Underground Railroad
The secret network of Northerners who helped fugitive slaves escape to Canada or to Safe areas in free states. Used by Harriet Tubman
Required Mexico to give up Texas above the Rio Grande and cede New Mexico and California to the United States in return for 15 million dollars
The terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ...
True of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
There was significant opposition to the treaty in the United States. The border of Texas was fixed at the Rio Grande. The United States agreed to pay Mexico 15 million.
Harpers Ferry
Town in present-day West Virginia and site of u.s. Arsenal that John Brown briefly seized in 1859
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Treaty in which Mexico gave up Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded New Mexico and California to the United States in return for 15 million dollars and any War reparations
Sojourner Truth
United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)
Winfield Scott
Virginia Soldier and Statesman who led troops in the War of 1812 and the war with Mexico. He was still serving as a general at the start of the Civil War. In an attempt to undermine Taylor political appeal, Polk turn the war effort over to Winfield Scott
Preston Brooks
Was a Congressman from South Carolina, notorious for brutally assaulting senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate.
Charles summer
Co founder of the Republican party and a strong advocate for abolition and radical equality, he was brutally beaten by a southern Congressman in 1856 after delivering a speech attacking the South Help publish the appeal of independent Democrats in Congress, to the people of the United States.
West Virginia
Were against secession and elected their own governor and separated from the rest of Virginia and requested admission to the United States
The Wilmot Proviso would have
banned slavery in any territory taken from Mexico
Whig efforts to court The Immigrant vote
Cost the party the support of some supporters
Ostend Manifesto
Declaration by American foreign sisters in 1854 that is Spain refused to sell Cuba, the United States might be justified in taking it by force When this became public, many Northerners were convinced that Pierce and the Democratic party were in League with the slave power to expand slavery
To prevent Maryland from seceding, Lincoln
Declared martial law
Election of 1856
Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty
Kansas Code
laws enacted by pro-slavery forces in Kansas in the mid-1850s meant to drive all anti-slavery forces out of the territory
Isaac Singer
perfected the sewing machine
Confederate Constitution
Drafted 1861; similar to the original; guaranteed sovereignty of the Confederate states & prohibited the Confederate Congress from enacting protective tariffs & from supporting internal improvements; specifically sanctioned slavery; president had 6-year terms; line-item veto Similar to the original Constitution
Western Farmers could now get their produce to Market more efficiently and buy manufactured products by train. The availability of reliable transportation motivated Farmers to cultivate more land causing related businesses such as warehouses and grain elevators to be created. The railroad spurred the boom of the mining business, especially the iron industry
How did the exponential growth of the railroads become an integral part of the expanding American economy between 1850 and 1860
Abraham Lincoln
Illinois lawyer and politician who in a losing senatorial campaign in 1858, argued against popular sovereignty in debates with Stephen Douglas. He was elected president in 1860. Acknowledge that slavery was evil but contended that it was the unavoidable consequence of black racial inferiority. And the only way to get rid of it would be to prevent it expansion into the territories forcing it to die out naturally
Stephen A Douglas
Illinois senator who tried to reconcile northern and southern differences over slavery through the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act Proposed each component of Clay's Omnibus package as a separate bill
Popular Sovereignty
In the debate over slavery, the principle that the citizens of each state should determine, by popular vote, whether to permit slavery California would enter the Union as a free state, but the slavery question would be left to ________ and all other territories acquired through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Cyrus McCormick
Invented the mechanical reaper
John Deere
Invented the steel plow
Lincoln rejected John crittenden's compromise proposal because
It allowed the extension of slavery
Stephen Douglas considered the Kansas-Nebraska Act a good compromise because
Kansas could gravitate towards slavery while Nebraska remained free
One important development caused by the growth of railroads was
Linking the west and Northeast more closely together
Regionalism
Loyalty to the interests of a particular region of the country. After Buchanan was elected, regionalism colored all political issues, and every debate became a contest between competing social, political, and economic ideologies
Southern moderates such as Jefferson Davis joined the succession movement because they believed Lincoln's victory
Meant that the South would be become publicly subservient
Know-Nothings
Members of an anti-catholic, anti-immigrant organization who eventually formed themselves into a national political party. We're also conspiracy theorist and xenophobic
Conscience Whigs
Members of the Whig Party who supported moderate abolitionism, as opposed to cotton Whigs, members who opposed abolitionism.
forty-niners
Prospectors who streamed into California in 1849 after the discovery of gold in the Sierra Foothills
The effect of Lincoln's election to the presidency in 1860 was to
Provoke a first wave of succession from the Union
The states that left the union following the attack on Fort Sumter did so largely because they
Refuse to participate in military action against the Confederacy
In his inaugural address in 1861, Lincoln made it clear that he
Regarded the Union as unbroken and perpetual
Robert E. Lee
A Virginian with a distinguished career in the US Army who later assumed command of the Confederate Army in Virginia during most of the Civil War. Captured John Brown
Many northern abolitionists considered John Brown
A martyr
Fire-eater
A nickname given to southerners who were particularly vocal and active and supporting seccession
Young America movement
A political movement popular among young voters during the 1840s and early 1850s, advocating free market capitalism, National expansionism, and American patriotism Romantic and aggressive nationalism, manifest destiny and Republican revolutions. Ignored the slave issue
Gadsden Purchase
A strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that the United States bought from Mexico in 1853 to secure a Southern route for the Transcontinental Railroad. Bought by President Pierce
Agrarian capitalism
A system of agriculture based on the efficient, specialized production of crops intended to generate profits rather than subsistence Southern Elites ideals Based on slavery
Battle of Buena Vista (1847)
Battle during which US troops led by Zachary Taylor forced Santa Anna's forces to withdraw into the interior of Mexico
Election of 1848
Between Zachary Taylor for Whigs, Cass for Democrats, and Martin van Buren for Free Soil Party. Zachary Taylor won.
Parts of the Compromise of 1850
California would be a free state. Territories captured from Mexico would decide the slavery issue themselves. A strict Fugitive Slave Law.
Richmond, Virginia
Capital of the Confederacy
When Kansas voted on popular sovereignty In 1855, large numbers of armed slavery supporters from Missouri
Cast thousands of illegal ballots, ensuring a victory for pro-slavery forces
David Walker
African-American abolitionist who said kill or be killed
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was acceptable to Southerners because it
Allowed for the possibility of slavery in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
Zachary Taylor
American General whose defeat of Santa Ana at Buena Vista in 1847 made him a national hero and the Whig choice for president in 1848. Ordered by Polk to lead troops from New Orleans towards the Rio Grande
Harriet Beecher Stowe
American novelist and abolitionists who's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin fanned anti-slavery sentiment in the North
Wilmot Proviso
An 1846 measure that would have closed any territory acquired from Mexico to slavery. It was defeated in Senate
Kansas-Nebraska Act
An 1854 law created the Kansas and Nebraska territories and allowing residents to decide whether to allow slavery within their borders. Rested on the assumption that popular sovereignty would leave to slavery in Kansas and Free Labor in Nebraska
John C Fremont
And who explored and mapped much of the American West and Northwest. He later ran unsuccessfully for president. Lead an American Military party into California's Salinas Valley resulting in Mexico declaring war
John Brown
Anti-slavery Advocate who fought pro-slavery settlers in Kansas In 1855, he was hanged for treason after seizing the US Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in 1859 as part of an effort to liberate Southern slaves Pottawatomie massacre
John Merryman
Arrested for being an active secessionist symapthizer by the military. Habeus Corpus was suspended.
William Lloyd Garrison
1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Very radical views and wanted to break from the churches due to their reluctance to condemn slavery outright Alienated many of his followers
Henry Clay's Omnibus Bill
1850: (1) the admission of California as a free state; (2) the division of the remainder of the Mexican cession into two territories, NM and UT, without fed. restrictions on slavery; (3) the settlement of the TX-NM boundary dispute on terms favorable to NM; (4) Federal govn. would assume TX's large public debt; (5) abolition of slave trade in DC; and (6) a more effective fugitive slave law
Sack of Lawrence
1856 beginning to Bleeding Kansas; proslavery raiders shot up and burned part of Lawrence
Frederick Douglass
Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action
The primary motivation behind the Gadsden purchase of 1853 was to
Facilitate the building of a Transcontinental Railroad
The know-nothings
Favored laws to make it more difficult for immigrants to become naturalized citizens
Fort Sumter
Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
John Crittenden
Kentucky senator who made an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the Civil War by proposing a series of Constitutional Amendments protecting slavery south of the Missouri Compromise line Call for extending the Missouri Compromise line Westward across the continent, forbidding slavery north of the line, and protecting slavery to the South. Maintaining the interstate slave trade. Requiring Federal compensation to slave owners who were unable to recover fugitive slaves from northern states.
Fugitive Slave Law
Law providing the return of escaped slaves to their owner
Election of 1860
Lincoln and Douglas competed for Northern votes, the Republicans were not even on the ballot in the Deep South. Breckenridge and democratic Southern votes Slavery and sectionalism were the key issues Lincoln won, and for the first time in history, a purely regional party held the presidency
Franklin Pierce
New Hampshire lawyer and exotic politician nominated as a compromise candidate and elected president in 1852 Part of the young America movement Emphasized expansion, choosing a route for a Transcontinental Railroad became the Keystone in his agenda for the nation
Constitutional Union party
Of the civil war with no platform other than preservation of the Constitution, the union, and the law. 1860 comprised of a group of former Whigs and know-nothings along with some disaffected Democrats convened in Baltimore to form this. Political party that organized on the eve of the civil war with no platform other than preservation of the Constitution, the union and the law
James Buchanan
Pennsylvania senator who was elected president in 1856 after gaining the Democratic nomination as a compromise candidate
Compromise of 1850
Plan intended to reconcile north and south on the issue of slavery. It recognized the principle of popular sovereignty and included a strong Fugitive Slave Law
The politically significant emergence of the Free-Soil Party. The demise of the Whig party as a national political party. The rise of the anti-catholic, anti-immigrant know-nothings
Political developments during the election of 1848 in the elections aftermath included
Confederate States of America
Political entity formed by the seceding states of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, and Louisiana in February 1861. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined later
Republican Party
Political party formed in 1854 that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories
Jefferson Davis
Secretary of war under Franklin Pierce; he later became president of the Confederacy.
Dred Scott
Slave who sued for his Liberty in the Missouri courts, arguing that for years on Free Soil had made him free. The Supreme Court's 1857 ruling against him negated the Missouri Compromise Dred Scott vs. Sanford Chief justice Rodger Taney stated that due to the Fifth Amendment, Congress did not have the power to ban slavery from any territory, declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
Lecompton Constitution
State constitution written for Kansas in 1857 at a convention dominated by pro-slavery forces. It would have allowed slavery, but Kansas voters rejected it
Provisions of the Confederate Constitution
States were considered sovereign and independent in their own right. The President and Vice President were limited to a single six-year term. The United States Constitution remained supreme law in many cases.
Kentucky
Stayed neutral, but militia split into two factions and the state became a leading example of bloody fighting among members of the same family
Freeport Doctrine
Stephen Douglas has belief, stated at Freeport, Illinois, that a territory could exclude slavery by writing local laws or regulations that made slavery impossible to enforce
Harriet Beecher Stowe's influence was of critical importance in
Stimulating opposition to slavery
Free-Soil Party
Successor to the Liberty party, launched in Buffalo, New York, in 1848. Fielded presidential candidates in 1848 and 1852. Slogan was Free Soil, Free Speech, free labor, and free men. promoted Martin van Buren and its first election
The Republican Party Drew its political strength and ideas almost entirely from the north
What was distinctive about the emergence of the Republican Party during this period
The act exasperated growing severe sectional division over the expansion of slavery
What was the effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 on politics in the nation
The decision of distinguished US Army Colonel and Virginian Robert E Lee to support the Confederacy and resign his US Army commission. The decision of Virginia to join the Confederacy and have Richmond, VA become the capital of the Confederacy to strengthen the states ties to the Confederacy. The decision of President Lincoln to demand troops from these three slave states to suppress the Insurrection of the Confederacy against the Union
Which of the following helped persuade Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina to join the Confederacy in the late spring of 1860
martial law
a temporary rule by military authorities over a civilian population, usually imposed in times of war, civil unrest, or when civil Authority has broken down Lincoln and general Scott ordered the military occupation of Baltimore and declared _____, much as Davis had done in Eastern Texas when East texians tried to divide the state as West Virginia had done.
