HIS CH 20 Midterm Questions

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?

Capital and skills in salesmanship

Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?

Combination Acts of 1799

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production

Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?

France had long dominated that sector of product; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation

What was an effect of the Factory Act of 1833?

It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories

What was the function of the Crystal Palace?

It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London

What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?

James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines

MAP: Where are the most important emerging industrial areas in France located?

Paris, Lyons, Lille

Industrial development in continental Europe was slowed for two decades by

The Napoleonic Wars

What did Henry Cort develop?

The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and material use in industry

What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?

a weaver required several spinner to stay steadily employed

What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?

all men must be given the right to vote

Who was William Cockerill?

an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium

EXCERPT: "prior to the year 1760, manufacturers were in a great measure confined to the demands of the home market......."

as measured by the mortality of workers

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

as modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed as sense of class feeling

The reformer Robert Owens sought to

create a single large national union for British workers

What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?

establishment of limited liability investment

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

family member shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages

In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?

farming and agriculture

In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement

EXCERPT: It was notorious that children of very tender age were.....

he asserted that children could not work in a factory for fifteen hours without doing harm to their health and constitution

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1840

Why were cottage workers accustomed to the putting-out system reluctant to work in the factories even when they received good wages?

in a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo

The Great Exhibition commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain

What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth

Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1789) that

population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that

the British middle classes were guilty of mass murder and wholesale robbery

MAP: Where is the largest industrial areas located?

the Ruhr

MAP: ???

the area surrounding Manchester and Liverpool

EXCERPT: "the small farmer, spinner, or hand loom weaver...."

the preindustrial textile worker lived a sustainable, moral, and satisfying life

David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that

the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence

Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?

the sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality

How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?

the spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products

As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?

there were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories

How did older members of the population seek to control sexuality of the working class youths?

they supported the establishment of sex - segregated employment

In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?

they were not harsh and even quite good

In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought

to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense

EXCERPT: Based on this passage, what did Ellis believe was a woman's primary obligation each day?

to think about how best to help those who need assistance

What did the Mines Acts of 1842 prohibit?

underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families

In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,

women generally stopped working outside the home after the first child was born