HIST-102

With what opinion would the editors of the Encyclopedia most likely agree?

- Motherhood is a woman's most important occupation.

Baruch Spinoza inspired which of these works?

- Nathan the Wise

Protectorates

- Non-Western territories administered by Western nations without formal conquest or annexation, usually de facto colonies.

NATO

- North Atlantic Treaty Organization. An alliance of countries from North America and Europe committed to fulfilling the goals of the North Atlantic Treaty signed on April 4, 1949.

The ________ Society was moderate and favored constitutional monarchy and the abolition of serfdom, but wanted to protect the interests of the aristocracy.

- Northern

Marshall Plan

- The U.S. program named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall of providing economic aid to Europe after World War II. this program provided broad economic aid to European states on the sole condition that they work together for their mutual benefit.

Reign of Terror

- The period between the summer of 1793 and the end of July 1794 when the French revolutionary state used extensive executions and violence to defend the Revolution and suppress its alleged internal enemies.

Decolonization

- The process of European retreat of colonial empires following World War II.

What did the world learn about the Atlantic Passage from memoirs and ship logs?

- The process of moving Africans to the Americas was horrific and inhumane.

Jacobins

- The radical republican party during the French Revolution that displaced the Girondins.

Thermidorian Reaction

- The reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution that began in July 1794. Associated with the end of terror and establishment of the Directory.

The war over the Austrian succession and the British-Spanish commercial conflict might have remained separate disputes; what united them was ________.

- the role of France

What revenue was to back up the value of the assignats?

- the sale of church property

What event sparked movements for independence from European domination throughout Latin America?

- the wars of the French Revolution, particularly those of Napoleon

What two exceptions did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy make in the policy of dissolving religious orders in France?

- those orders who cared for the sick or ran a school

Who were the members of the Confederation of the Rhine?

- western German princes

The March Revolution in Russia, compared to that of November of the same year, was __________.

- wider in scope

Charles Fourier believed that workers were more productive when they ________.

- worked on different tasks

The Peace of Amiens

- (1802) between France and Great Britain was merely a truce. Napoleon's unlimited ambitions shattered any hope that it might last. He sent an army to restore the rebellious colony of Haiti to French rule. This move aroused British fears that he was planning a new French empire in America because Spain had restored Louisiana to France in 1801.

In 1850, all males in Russia were subject to military service for ________ years.

- 20

Deism

- A belief in a rational God who had created the universe but then allowed it to function without his interference according to the mechanisms of nature and a belief in rewards and punishments after death for human action.

Popular Front

- A government of all left-wing parties that took power in France in 1936 to enact social and economic reforms.

Great Reform Bill (1832)

- A limited reform of the British House of Commons and an expansion of the electorate to include a wider variety of the propertied classes. It laid the groundwork for further orderly reforms within the British constitutional system.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

- A limited revival of capitalism, especially in light industry and agriculture, introduced by Lenin in 1921 to repair the damage inflicted on the Russian economy by the Civil War and war communism.

Spinning Jenny

- A machine invented in England by James Hargreaves around 1765 to mass-produce thread. About 1765, James Hargreaves (d. 1778) invented the spinning jenny. Initially, this machine allowed 16 spindles of thread to be spun, but by the close of the century, it could operate 120 spindles.

Green movement

- A political environmentalist movement that began in West Germany in the 1970s and spread to a number of other Western nations. "The German Green movement originated among radical student groups in the late 1960s. Like them, it was anticapitalist, blaming business for pollution.

Great Depression

- A prolonged worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 with the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange. "Three factors originating in the 1920s combined to bring about the intense severity and the extended length of the Great Depression. First, a financial crisis stemmed directly from the war and the peace settlement. To this was added a crisis in the production and distribution of goods in the world market. These two problems became intertwined in 1929, and in Europe they reached the breaking point in 1931.

romanticism

- A reaction in early-nineteenth-century literature, philosophy, and religion against what many considered the excessive rationality and scientific narrowness of the Enlightenment.

spheres of influence

- A region, city, or territory where a non-Western nation exercised informal administrative influence through economic, diplomatic, or military advisors." In a protectorate a Western nation placed officials in a foreign state to oversee its government without formally assuming responsibility for administration.

congress system

- A series of international meetings among the European great powers to promote mutual cooperation between 1818 and 1822. "In the years immediately after the Congress of Vienna, the new congress system of mutual cooperation and consultation functioned well.

European Constitution

- A treaty adopted in 2004 by European Union member nations; it was a long, detailed, and highly complicated document involving a bill of rights and complex economic and political agreements among all the member states.

Water Frame

- A water-powered device invented by Richard Arkwright to produce a more durable cotton fabric. It led to the shift in the production of cotton textiles from households to factories. The invention that took cotton textile manufacture out of the home and put it into the factory.

Categorical Imperative

- According to Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804), the internal sense of moral duty or awareness possessed by all human beings.

The change that rationalized the use of land and created higher productivity was the ________.

- Agricultural Revolution

Which of the following instituted the most extensive restructuring of Russian society and administration since Peter the Great?

- Alexander II

Methodism

- An English religious movement begun by John Wesley (1703-1791) that stressed inward, heartfelt religion and the possibility of attaining Christian perfection in this life.

Warsaw Pact

- An alliance of East European socialist states, dominated by the Soviet Union.

Neoclassicism

- An artistic movement that began in the 1760s and reached its peak in the 1780s and 1790s. This movement was a reaction against the frivolously decorative Rococo style that had dominated European art from the 1720s on.

Rococo

- An artistic style that embraced lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light

apartheid

- An official policy of segregation, assignment of peoples to distinct regions, and other forms of social, political, and economic discrimination based on race associated primarily with South Africa.

Although their provisions were limited in scope, which three German states granted constitutions after 1815?

- Baden, Bavaria, and Württemberg

The smallest, wealthiest, and best-defined aristocracy resided in ________.

- Britain

Commonwealthmen

- British political writers whose radical republican ideas influenced the American revolutionaries

Perestroika

- Meaning "restructuring." The attempt in the 1980s to reform the Soviet government and economy. Under the policy of perestroika, or "restructuring," they reduced the size and importance of the centralized economic ministries."

Sturmund Drang

- Meaning "storm and stress." A movement in German romantic literature and philosophy that emphasized feeling and emotion.

Anschluss

- Meaning "union." The annexation of Austria by Germany in March 1938. "The Anschluss, or union of Germany and Austria, was another clear violation of Versailles. The treaty, however, was now a dead letter, and the West remained passive. The Anschluss had great strategic significance, however, because Germany now surrounded Czechoslovakia, one of the bulwarks of French security, on three sides.

sans-culottes

- Meaning "without kneebreeches." The lower-middle classes and artisans of Paris during the French Revolution. By the spring of 1793, several issues had brought the Mountain and its sans-culottes allies to dominate the Convention and the revolution.

Mein Kampf

- Meaning My Struggle. Hitler's statement of his political program published in 1924.

Bolsheviks

- Meaning the "majority." Term Lenin applied to his faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party. It became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution.

Mensheviks

- Meaning the "minority." Term Lenin applied to the majority moderate faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party opposed to him and the Bolsheviks. "meaning "majority," and the other, more moderate, democratic revolutionary faction came to be known as the Mensheviks, or "minority.

Intolerable Acts

- Measures passed by the British Parliament in 1774 to punish the colony of Massachusetts and strengthen Britain's authority in the colonies. The laws provoked colonial opposition, which led immediately to the American Revolution

Industrial Revolution

- Mechanization of the European economy that began in Britain in the second half of the eighteenth century. The second half of the eighteenth century witnessed the beginning of the industrialization of the European economy. That achievement of sustained economic growth is termed the Industrial Revolution.

Domestic System of Textile Production

- Method of producing textiles in which agents furnished raw materials to households whose members spun them into thread and then wove cloth, which the agents then sold as finished products.

When Napoleon invaded Russia, ________.

- the Russian forces retreated, destroying food and supplies as they went

The Big Four were ________.

- the United States, Britain, France, and Italy

The Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by ________.

- the development of new industries on the Continent

What event probably marked the start of the age of the ghetto?

- the expulsion of the Jews from Spain

Maria Theresa's great achievement was ________.

- the preservation of the Habsburg empire as a major political power

Pan-Slavism

- The movement to create a nation or federation that would embrace all the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe

Corn Laws

- British tariffs on imported grain that protected the price of grain grown within the British Isles. "The second British monument to applied classical economics was the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. The Anti-Corn Law League, organized by manufacturers, had sought this goal for more than six years.

Suffragettes

- British women who lobbied and agitated for the right to vote in the early twentieth century. "Early labor politicians had also sometimes confronted the police over the right to hold meetings. In 1903, Pankhurst and her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, founded the Women's Social and Political Union.

concentration camps

- Camps first established by Great Britain in South Africa during the Boer War to incarcerate noncombatant civilians; later, camps established for political prisoners and other persons deemed dangerous to the state in the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. The term is now primarily associated with the camps established by the Nazis during the Holocaust.

war guilt clause

- Clause 231 of the Versailles Treaty, which assigned responsibility for World War I solely to Germany.

utopian socialists

- Early-nineteenth-century writers who sought to replace the existing capitalist structure and values with visionary solutions or ideal communities. Among the earliest people to define the social question was a group of writers whom their critics called the utopian socialists.

Physiocrats

- Eighteenth-century French thinkers who attacked the mercantilist regulation of the economy, advocated a limited economic role for government, and believed that all economic production depended on sound agriculture.

socialist realism

- Established as the official doctrine of Soviet art and literature in 1934, it sought to create optimistic and easily intelligible scenes of a bold socialist future, in which prosperity and solidarity would reign.

At the outbreak of the French and Indian War, new political alliances formed in Europe and included an alliance between ________.

- France and Austria

Which of these sparked war between France and most of the rest of Europe in 1792?

- France's invasion of Belgium

The monarch that most exemplifies enlightened absolutism was ________.

- Frederick the Great

Émigrés

- French aristocrats who fled France during the Revolution.

Détente

- French for "relaxation," the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation.

Consulate

- French government dominated by Napoleon from 1799 to 1804. Consulate in effect ended the revolution in France.

laissez-faire

- French phrase meaning "allow to do." In economics the doctrine of minimal government interference in the working of the economy.

Convention

- French radical legislative body from 1792 to 1794. The Paris Commune then compelled the Legislative Assembly to call for the election by universal male suffrage of still another new assembly to write a democratic constitution. That body, called the Convention after the American Constitutional Convention of 1787, met on September 21, 1792.

In 1804, the French colony of ________ achieved independence.

- Haiti

What was Napoleon's objective in capturing Egypt from the Ottoman Empire?

- He hoped to drive the British fleet from the Mediterranean.

Third Reich

- Hitler's regime in Germany, which lasted from 1933 to 1945. "Hitler often spoke of the "new order" that he meant to impose after he had established his Third Reich (empire) throughout Europe. The first two German empires were those of Charlemagne in the ninth century and Bismarck in the nineteenth. Hitler predicted that his own would last for a thousand years. If his organization of Germany before the war is a proper guide, he had no single plan of government but relied on intuition and pragmatism. His organization of a conquered Europe had the same patchwork characteristics.

Philosophes were most direct in their attacks on Christian __________.

- Institutions

What was the effect of the Treaty of Amiens?

- It brought temporary peace to Europe.

What was the effect of the Prussian Civil Service Commission?

- It subordinated the nobility and aristocracy to the state under Frederick the Great.

________ believed the European economies should be restructured to make imperialism unnecessary.

- J. A. Hobson

Jihad

- Literally meaning "a struggle," but commonly interpreted as a religious war. Muslim religious authorities declared jihad, literally meaning "a struggle" but commonly interpreted as a religious war, against the Soviet Union.

Duce

- Meaning "leader." Mussolini's title as head of the Fascist Party. "Their leader or Duce, Benito Mussolini, was the son of a blacksmith. After having been a schoolteacher and a day laborer, he became active in Italian Socialist politics and by 1912 had become editor of the socialist newspaper Avanti. In 1914 Mussolini broke with the Socialists and supported Italian entry into the war on the side of the Allies.

Führer

- Meaning "leader." The title taken by Hitler when he became dictator of Germany.

Blitzkrieg

- Meaning "lightning war." The German tactic early in World War II of employing fast-moving, massed armored columns supported by airpower to overwhelm the enemy.

Lebensraum

- Meaning "living space." The Nazi plan to colonize and exploit the Slavic areas of Eastern Europe for the benefit of Germany. "The new Germany would include all the Germanic parts of the old Habsburg Empire, including Austria.

Glasnost

- Meaning "openness." The policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s of permitting open criticism of the policies of the Soviet Communist Party.

European Union

- The new name given to the EEC in 1993. It included most of the states of Western Europe.

pogroms

- Organized riots against Jews in the Russian Empire. "in Russia, and in Poland under Russian rule, the traditional modes of prejudice and discrimination continued unabated until World War I. Russian rule treated Jews as aliens. The government undermined Jewish community life, limited the publication of Jewish books, restricted areas where Jews could live, required Jews to have internal passports to move about the country, banned Jews from many forms of state service, and excluded Jews from many institutions of higher education.

Which French physician measured the skulls of human beings from different races and assigned them intellectual capacity on the basis of brain size?

- Paul Broca

Peninsulares

- Persons born in Spain who settled in the Spanish colonies. Many peninsulares (persons born in Spain) entered the New World to fill new posts, which were often the most profitable jobs in the region

Creoles

- Persons of Spanish descent born in the Spanish colonies.

Fascism

- Political movements that tend to be antidemocratic, anti-Marxist, antiparliamentary, and often anti-Semitic. Fascists were invariably nationalists and exhalted the nation over the individual. They supported the interests of the middle class and rejected the ideas of the French Revolution and nineteenth-century liberalism. The first fascist regime was founded by Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) in Italy in the 1920s.

anti-Semitism

- Prejudice, hostility, or legal discrimination against Jews. "That newfound security began to erode during the last two decades of the nineteenth century. Anti-Semitic voices began to be heard in the 1870s, attributing the economic stagnation of the decade to Jewish bankers and financial interests

What foreign power dominated Poland after the second partition was complete?

- Russia

What was the relationship between Russia and Serbia after the mid-1820s?

- Russia became the protector of Serbia.

Which of the following events are in the correct chronological order?

- Russo-Japanese War, Congress of Berlin, Russo-Turkish War, and First and Second Balkan Wars

Ghettos

- Separate communities in which Jews were required by law to live. No matter where they dwelled, Old Regime Jews lived apart in separate communities from non-Jewish Europeans. These communities might be distinct districts of cities, known as ghettos, or in primarily Jewish villages in the countryside. Jews were also treated as a distinct people religiously and legally.

What was Queen Victoria's role in India?

- She was named the Empress of India in 1877.

Brezhnev doctrine

- Statement by Soviet party chairman Brezhnev in 1968 that declared the right of the Soviet Union to interfere in the domestic policies of other communist countries. sought to sustain the communist governments of Eastern Europe and prevent any liberalization in the region.

conservatism

- Support for the established order in church and state. In the nineteenth century, it implied support for legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches. Conservatives favored only gradual, or "organic," change

Concert of Europe

- Term applied to the European great powers acting together (in "concert") to resolve international disputes between 1815 and the 1850s. At the Congress of Vienna, the major powers—Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain—had agreed to consult with each other from time to time on matters affecting Europe as a whole.

Aristocratic Resurgence

- Term applied to the eighteenth-century aristocratic efforts to resist the expanding power of European monarchies

Mercantilism

- Term used to describe close government control of the economy that sought to maximize exports and accumulate as much precious metals as possible to enable the state to defend its economic and political interests." "If any formal economic theory lay behind the conduct of eighteenth-century empires, it was mercantilism, whereby governments heavily regulated trade and commerce in hope of increasing national wealth.

Appeasement

- The Anglo-French policy of making concessions to Germany in the 1930s to avoid a crisis that would lead to war. It assumed that Germany had real grievances and Hitler's aims were limited and ultimately acceptable.

levée en masse

- The French revolutionary conscription (1792) of all males into the army and the harnessing of the economy for war production.

Nazis

- The German Nationalist Socialist Party. "After the conflict, Hitler settled in Munich, and during the two years after the war firmly and frequently voiced anti-Semitism as a fundamental part of his political outlook. He soon became associated with a small nationalistic, anti-Semitic political party that in 1920 adopted the name of National Socialist German Workers Party, better known simply as the Nazis

Luftwaffe

- The German air force in World War II. "As weeks passed and Britain remained defiant, Hitler was forced to contemplate an invasion, and that required control of the air. The first strikes by the German air force ( Luftwaffe ), directed against the airfields and fighter planes in southeast England, began in August 1940. If these attacks had continued, Germany might have gained control of the air and, with it, the chance of a successful invasion.

Weimar Republic

- The German democratic regime that existed between the end of World War I and Hitler's coming to power in 1933.

Reichstag

- The German parliament, which existed in various forms, until 1945.

SA

- The Nazi parliamentary forces, or storm troopers. "Soon after the promulgation of the Twenty-Five Points, the storm troopers, or SA (Sturm Abteilung), were organized under the leadership of Captain Ernst Roehm (1887-1934). It was a paramilitary organization that initially provided its members with food and uniforms and, later in the decade, with wages. In the mid-1920s the SA adopted its famous brown-shirted uniform.

Containment

- The U.S. policy during the Cold War of resisting Soviet expansion and influence in the expectation that the USSR would eventually collapse.

Imperialism of Free Trade

- The advance of European economic and political interests in the nineteenth century by demanding that non-European nations allow European nations, most particularly Great Britain, to introduce their manufactured goods freely into all nations or to introduce other goods, such as opium into China, that allowed those nations to establish economic influence and to determine the terms of trade.

League of Nations

- The association of sovereign states set up after World War I to pursue common policies and avert international aggression

Family Economy

- The basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe. "With that mode of economic organization, there developed what is known as the family economy. Its structure, as described here, had prevailed over most of Europe for centuries

Collectivization

- The bedrock of Stalinist agriculture, which forced Russian peasants to give up their private farms and work as members of collectives, large agricultural units controlled by the state.

Nationalism

- The belief that one is part of a nation, defined as a community with its own language, traditions, customs, and history that distinguish it from other nations and make it the primary focus of a person's loyalty and sense of identity. "Nationalism proved to be the single most powerful European political ideology of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Third Estate

- The branch of the French Estates General representing all of the kingdom outside the nobility and the clergy. Third Estate was, theoretically, all other adult men in the kingdom, although its representatives were drawn primarily from wealthy members of the commercial and professional middle classes

SS

- The chief security units of the Nazi state. "Terror and intimidation had helped propel the Nazis to office. As Hitler consolidated his power, he oversaw the organization of a police state. The chief vehicle of police surveillance was the SS (Schutzstaffel), or security units, commanded by Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945). This group had originated in the mid-1920s as a bodyguard for Hitler and had become a more elite paramilitary organization than the larger SA.

Euro

- The common currency created by the EEC in the late 1990s. In 1991, the Treaty of Maastricht made a series of specific proposals that led to a unified EEC currency (the Euro) and a strong central bank.

civilizing mission

- The concept that Western nations could bring advanced science and economic development to non-Western parts of the world that justified imperial administration.

Enclosures

- The consolidation or fencing in of common lands by British landlords to increase production and achieve greater commercial profits. It also involved the reclamation of waste land and the consolidation of strips into block fields

European Economic Community (EEC)

- The economic association formed by France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg in 1957. Also known as the Common Market. So, in 1957, through the Treaty of Rome, the six members of the Coal and Steel Community agreed to form a new organization: the European Economic Community (EEC). The members of the Common Market, as the EEC was soon known, envisioned more than a free-trade union. They sought to achieve the eventual elimination of tariffs, a free flow of capital and labor, and similar wage and social benefits in all their countries. The Common Market achieved stunning success during its early years.

War Communism

- The economic policy adopted by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War to seize the banks, heavy industry, railroads, and grain. War Communism helped the Red Army defeat its opponents. The revolution had survived and triumphed. The policy, however, generated domestic opposition to the Bolsheviks, who in 1920 numbered only about 600,000.

Philosophes

- The eighteenth-century writers and critics who forged the new attitudes favorable to change. They sought to apply reason and common sense to the institutions and societies of their day.

Second Industrial Revolution

- The emergence of new industries and the spread of industrialization from Britain to other countries, especially Germany and the United States, in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Which of the following was true about family law in most European countries?

- The father had the right to take his children from their mother.

Chartism

- The first large-scale European working-class political movement. It sought political reforms that would favor the interests of skilled British workers in the 1830s and 1840s. "By the late 1830s, many British workers linked the solution of their economic plight to a program of political reform known as Chartism.

Cold War

- The ideological and geographical struggle between the United States and its allies and the USSR and its allies that began after World War II and lasted until the dissolution of the USSR in 1989.

Great Purges

- The imprisonment and execution of millions of Soviet citizens by Stalin between 1934 and 1939. In 1933, with turmoil in the countryside and economic dislocation caused by industrialization, Stalin and others in the central Soviet bureaucracy began to fear they were losing control of the country and the party apparatus and that effective rivals to their power and policies might emerge. These apprehensions were largely a figment of Stalin's own paranoia and lust for power, but they resulted in the Great Purges, which remain one of the most mysterious and horrendous political events of the twentieth century.

Agricultural Revolution

- The innovations in farm production that began in the eighteenth century and led to a scientific and mechanized agriculture

petite bourgeoisie

- The lower middle class. "Finally, there was a wholly new element—"white-collar workers"—who formed the lower middle class, or petite bourgeoisie. They included secretaries, retail clerks, and lower-level bureaucrats in business and government.

Great Trek

- The migration by Boer (Dutch) farmers during the1830s and 1840s from regions around Cape Town into the eastern and northeastern regions of South Africa that ultimately resulted in the founding of the Orange Free State and Transvaal.

Utilitarianism

- The theory associated with Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) that the principle of utility, defined as the greatest good for the greatest number of people, should be applied to government, the economy, and the judicial system. "though utilitarianism did not originate with him, Bentham sought to create codes of scientific law that were founded on the principle of utility, that is, the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

Marxism

- The theory of Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (FREE-drick ENG-ulz) (1820-1895) that history is the result of class conflict, which will end in the inevitable triumph of the industrial p.roletariat over the bourgeoisie and the abolition of private property and social class.

How did the revolutionary tribunals deal with Girondist politicians who had been prominent in the Legislative Assembly?

- The tribunal executed the Girondists.

How did Louis XVI and his family try to escape Paris in June 1791?

- They disguised themselves as servants.

What did Baruch Spinoza and Moses Mendelssohn have in common?

- They were both Jewish.

anarchists

- Those who believe that government and social institutions are oppressive and unnecessary and society should be based on voluntary cooperation among individuals.

Leon Trotsky's military forces were opposed by the ________.

- White Russians

Who was Elizabeth Fry?

- a reformer who exposed the horrible conditions within prisons in England

What did the introduction of maize and the potato represent for Eastern Europe?

- a significant nutritional gain and agricultural change

One of the objectives of the Paris Commune was to ________.

- administer Paris separately from the rest of France

Initially, the Soviets ________.

- allowed the provisional government to function without actually supporting it

What event gave Napoleon the excuse he needed to crown himself emperor?

- an assassination attempt

Working-class workers ________ middle class.

- aspired to become

Catherine the Great of Russia ________.

- built a strong alliance with the nobility

In the late eighteenth century, Britain began transporting criminals to Australia as an alternative to ________.

- capital punishment

Landlords considered Russian serfs to be ________.

- economic commodities

Most Europeans in the 1700s took part in the _________.

- family economy

The Chapelier Law ________.

- forbade workers' associations

Following the revolutions of 1848, the experience of and opportunities for Jews in Europe ________.

- generally improved

What technological innovation helped Britain win the first Opium War against China?

- iron steamboat

The industrial economy led to the development of gender-determined roles because ________.

- it allowed many families to live on the wages of the male spouse

The technique used to assure discipline, prevent injury to the crew, and prevent suicide among Africans on the Atlantic Passage was to ________.

- keep the Africans in iron shackles throughout the voyage

German conservatives gained power by playing on conflicts between ________.

- liberals and the working class

Primogeniture in France was restored by ________.

- liberals in government

One of the central features of the Romantic movement in Germany was the emergence of ________.

- nationalism

The name given to the practice by Russian police and right-wing groups of conducting riots against the Jews was ________.

- pogrom

The process by which workers became a commodity in the labor marketplace is called ________.

- proletarianization

The British Empire in the early nineteenth century sought to extend its power and influence primarily through which means?

- promoting imperialism through free trade

Which of these was used by Russia to justify its expansion in the Transcaucasus?

- protection of fellow Christians

Germany and Austria made a secret treaty in 1879 in which they agreed they would ________.

- provide military assistance to each other if Russia attacked either of them

What had Pope Pius VII hoped to see in the Concordat issued by Napoleon?

- religious dominance for the Roman Catholic Church in France

The commercial empires of the 1700s were a feature of the _________ stage of European imperialism.

- second

The largest single group in eighteenth century cities was composed of ________.

- shopkeepers, artisans, and wage earners

Which of these was true about Europe between 1860 and 1914?

- socialism declined even as the welfare state emerged

Count Camillo Cavour was a ________.

- strong monarchist

Which of the following factors allowed European nations to exert influence and dominance over much of the world?

- technological superiority

Napoleonic Code

- the Civil Code of 1804. The Napoleonic Code safeguarded all forms of property and tried to secure French society against internal challenges. All the privileges based on birth that the revolution had overthrown remained abolished.

The Hungarians accepted which of the following?

- the Compromise of 1867