Hist 1301 test 3 James Welch

explain the origins and membership of Andrew Jackson's "kitchen cabinet"

president Andrew Jackson distrusted his current official cabinet and turned instead, to a group of unofficial advisers whom we had known for years that became known as the KITCHEN CABINET

identify the components of the "american system"

to promote political ambitions henry clay packaged the national bank, protective tariffs and internal improvements into the american system

Identify the motivation for the second great awakening in New England

to protect Calvinism against the enlightenment

Identify William Lloyd Garrison and the radical anti-slavery movement

accepted theblack leaders views, founded radical Anti-Slavery movement. -Frederick Douglass -Supported immediate emancipation without emigration

describe the ratio between slave and slave owners

25% white southern belonged to families owning slaves

Describe the market revolution

- Barter economy grew - Merchants began establishing general stores in strategic places - Provided limited access to food staples such as coffee & processed sugar also manufactured goods

Explain the concept of a democracy

- Based on majority rule - Large portion of the population must have the right to vote -

Explain he concept of a republic

- Citizens hold supreme power and choose the representatives to govern - Restricted to white males who owned a certain amount of property

explain the emergence and theology of Unitarians

- Denied the doctrine of Trinity, rejected predestination and believed men could work for their won salvation

Identify the architect of America's two party political system and explain the benefits

- Mark Van Buren of New York began to build stable statewide political organizations out of what had been been loosely organized factions - began it his career as a trial lawyer and gained a reputation for his networking skills - he believed two-party system would provide an effective check on the temptation to abuse power.

Explain the emergence of the nationalist agenda with the fourteenth congress in December 1815

- Most members elected immediately before or during the war - Passed laws to protect the country - Felt like the national government support the economy and the nation as a whole

Identify Francis Lowell

- Returned with diagrams for a power loom on a visit to England in 1810-1811 - Established the first successful textile manufacturing company in Lowell, Massachusetts in 1813 - Made New England the first important manufacturing area in the United States

Explain the nullification controversy and identify the emerging threat it posted for the United States

- Was in response to the Tariff of Abomination. - Calhoun and state legislators decreed it unconstitutional, he claimed states could nullify a federal, Jackson saw this as a threat, if a state could nullify a federal law, they could secede from the union

Describe the evolution of commercial agriculture in the trans-Application West.

- Was possible because of the availability of good land and the market revolution - Wheat became the staple crop in the North - Tobacco and cotton dominate the southern agricultural economy

explain how the nations evolving electoral process contributed to the development of a two party political system

- this new election process required national organizations to mobilized grass-roots voters behind particular candidates.

describe the emergence of slaves religious practices and explain the significance of their traditions

-90% of the souths 4 million slaves worked on plantations and farms in the seven cotton-producing states of the lower south -antebellum slaves faced various conditions, but there were two dominate patterns. -on large plantations the slaves worked under supervision of overseers and drivers -small farms slave3s often worked alongside their owners.

Describe the objectives of the American Colonization Society

-Abolish slavery -Realize economic value of slavery -fear of blacks in the south - Paid transportation to a colony in Africa

Explain why slavery lasted as long as it did in the American South

-American South depended on the growth of cotton which required manual labor -Slavery and cotton provided a great wealth and profit to the plantation owners -Union of slavery and cotton offered too great a profit for planters to shift their interest to industry

explain the importance of credit to Americas emerging market economy

-Europeans couldn't make enough food so they to rely on the Americans to make up for it -batter economy worked if merchants receive goods from their merchants. -farmers get credit from the local merchants who received an advance from the commission house in New Orleans. -commission agent received credit from the merchants at the final destination in New York City or Liverpool.

Describe the emergence of new religious traditions- Church of Jesus christ Latter Day Saints

-Joseph Smith Jr had a vision that cautioned him against joining any new competing denominations. - Career- as a visionary and prophet - Received guidance of sacred scripture in the publication of the Book of Mormon

Identify Nicholas Biddle

-Manager of the second bank of the U.S, competent man, behaved like an aristocrat in addition, the bank possessed great power and privillege without accountability to the public

Mountain mens contribution to opening the American west

-Money was the main motivator -Lucrative fur trade attracted the mountain men -Many worked for fur companies, but some worked for themselves, living in the rocky mountain wilderness. -Many assimilated into the native tribes, even taking native women as wives -It led to acquiring unique knowledge of the American West. -Provided valuable geographical information that made important contributions to mapping the west. -Jedediah Smith, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jim Beckworth lived in the wilderness of the rocky mountain hunting and trapping.

Explain the importance of the natural river system to America's rapid economic development.

-Natural river system provided for a cheap and reliable transportation, it was the most significant reasons for America's rapid economic development. -Natural river systems would carry large loads of goods long distances. -Since roads could not provide the low freight cost required for the hauling of wheat, flour, and other bulky agricultural products of the Ohio valley- For these commodities, water transportation of some sort was necessary. -Flatboats carried cargo down the Mississippi river to New Orleans, one way trip down south but could not bring bring the desired goods up north through the river.

explain how the enlightenment affected religion

-Reason to form their own ideas of religion

Describe the second Great Awakening in the South

-Religious attitudes began to change, Evangelical denominations were enthusiastic over the prospects of rising democracy in America. -Revivalism released reforming impulse in the new nation

Explain the slave families organization and emotional values that shielded them from the harsh reality of slavery.

-Slave quarters provided a setting and the opportunity for leading lives partially free from white supervision. -Within the slave quarters communities, slaves established social lives -Slaves developed their own social autonomy. -Slaves attended church on sunday but put special emphasis on recognizing proper wedding and funeral ceremonies. -Family and religion became the two most most important factors that helped slaves survive the harsh life of bondage.

Identify Horace Mann and describe his argument for government-funded public schools

-Trying to promote tax funded schools -Public schools would save children of the poor and immigrants from ending up like their family members -Pay for their schooling or pay for their incarceration

explain what the french traveler-writer Alexis de Tocqueville perceived to be the most the visible feature of democracy in America

-a french traveler who visited american and observed that a decline of the spirit of deference was the most radical feature of american democracy.

describe Americas pre-Civil War transportation systems

-basic means travel was of by horseback or horse drawn wagon, and roads provided the most practical transportation system. -roads serve the purpose of light travel of short distances, but the nations nations natural river systems would carry large loads of long distances.

Long-staple cotton

-cotton had black seeds that could easily be removed by hand.

Short-staple cotton

-cotton that could be grown throughout the south, but its sticky green were very difficult to separate from the fiber, thus uneconomical

describe the emergence of industry in the United states.

-economic growth was needed to support the americas industrialization -cotton became important to the economy, supporting Britains demand for raw cotton to feed their textile mills and contributing to and contributing to the emergence of the America industry in New England.

explain chief justice marshalls decision un the in the worcesterv georgia case

-john Marshall wrote that the "laws of Georgia can have no force" in Cherokee territories. Marshall then established the doctrine that national government alone could conduct native affairs. -pres. Jackson refused to enforce the counts ruling and endorsed the state action.

explain the economic diversity between the upper and lower south.

-lower: cotton production increasing -upper: could not produce cotton -slaves represent capitalism -want to diversify agriculture alternate crops -start industrialization: no need for slaves but need money for investment.

identity the issues of the campaign

-one of the dirtiest in in american history. both parties spread false rumors. -Jackson portrayed Adams as a decadent aristocrat who spent $on gambling -adams portrayed Jackson as a frontier criminal -they questioned jacksons sometimes-violent discipline of the army in the war of 1812

describe how the intro of short-staple cotton shaped the cotton growing region, geographically, economically and socially

-restricted its cultivation to the lower south (S.C, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas) -cotton growing frontier spread rapidly westward across this region -cotton was an expanding profitable business before civil war. -The economical processing of short staple didn't extend till slavery but continued through slave labor in U.S

Explain the role of technology in the expansion of American slavery.

-technology provided a demand for raw cotton in the textile mills as well the cotton the cotton gin which enabled the American South to become a strong economic engine.

Explain Andrew Jackson's belief about the bank of the United States

-the bank put too much power in the hands of the upper class

describe the interaction between slavery and industrialization in the North and in the South .

-the south had the raw material, they sent it to the north for them to make it into something. -wanted the south to develop their own industry but the were doing to good with their own agriculture -slavery and cotton offered too great of a profit for planters to shift their interest to industry

Explain the scheme Biddle and Henry Clay devised that they believed would force jacksons approval of legislation to recharter the bank

-they bought the charter four years early -jackson vetoed the new charter

Describe the characteristic units of western agriculture

A characteristic unit of western agriculture was a family farm or owner-operated plantation

Identify Samuel Slater

Built first water powered cotton mill causing the Industrial revolution.

Describe the voter's revolt of 1816

Congress passed an act that raise their pay and the people weren't happy about that. It resulted in replacing two-thirds of the House of Representatives and half of the senate. It showed Americans an example of personal extravagance and corruption.

describe the pro slavery arguments used to defend the institution of slavery

Cotton was very economical to southerners way of life and without cotton southerners could not provide for themselves and the North's demand for cotton.

Identify John Jacob Astor and describe his fur trading enterprise

German Immigrant -build a powerful commercial domain on the fur resources of the great lakes. -Astor founded the American Fur company w/ the Canadian partners created partners created the pacific fur company in 1810 -intended to emulate the British model and establish an american claim to the northwest while expanding his global commercial empire. HAD THE IDEA OF ESTABLISHING TRADE W/ ASIA THROUGH THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

identify the john quincy adams

He was Secretary of State who had the task of negotiating the problem with Spain, but had problems with Latin America.He was responsible for negotiating the Adams Onis treaty.

Identify Henry Clay

Henry Clay of Kentucky was the candidate of the upper class west. He began his career as a lawyer and was practical-minded, popular, and shrewd.

Explain how the crisis of 1819 contributed to modification of the United States' political process

It provided a catalyst and realized they needed more democracy

explain the importance of Monroe Doctrine

It put Europe on check and it would compete with their economy.

Explain President Andrew Jackson's attitude about the nullification issue in South Carolina

Jackson responded by alerting the secretary of war for possible military action-he issued a proclamation denouncing nullification as a treasonous attack on the union, Congress gave Jackson military power he sought in the "force bill"' and passed a compromise tariff

identify the controversial issue of Adams presidency

Jackson's followers kept the charge of a "corrupt Bargain" alive throughout his one term in office

Describe how African Americans' lived in the Antebellum South

Large plantation slaves worked under the supervision of overseers and drivers small farm slaves worked alongside their owners

Describe Lyman Beecher's role in the reform movements

Leader of the temperance movement

explain jacksons response to the biddle-clay scheme and explain how jackson killed the bank

Made angry threats to the bank of the US when he came into office. He killed the bank by taking federal money and putting it into state banks.

describe how slaves expressed their discontent

Passive resistance -runaways to the north often used "underground railroad" with the help of people like Harriet Tubman -some runaways simple hid with free African Americans who lived in the south -destination was Canada -north all runaways left the south.

Describe the emergence and politics of the whig Party

Political party formed to go against Andrew Jackson; they were against the executive branch having too much power; Martin Van Buren was elected as a Whig candidate in 1836

Explain the significance of preemption rights

Preemption rights gave "Squatters" title to their land. They can buy the land they made improvements on at the minimum price. Squatters - having no legal title to the land

Explain the pros and cons of the public school movement

Pro-provides Cons- deprived wages of children families, they could not help the family at home

Identify Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and describe the emergence of the of women's rights movement

Pulled away from the anti-slavery movement and organized a women's rights movement, Seneca Falls, New York

Describe the origins and development of the Republicans' political agenda after the War of 1812

Republicans borrowed good ideas from the federalists (2nd Bank of the United States, protective tariff [agricultural and industrial], internal improvements, and military expansion) who were destroyed as a result of the War of 1812

describe how the age of democracy influenced the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828

Rotation in office - A way of democratizing govt. arguing that men of ordinary common sense could administer public affairs as effectively as the more aristocratic men who had previously dominated public office.

Describe Americans attitude toward the abolitionist movements

Successful in bringing slavery to the forefront of American consciousness

explain the panic of 1819

The bank gave away too much of their money so they had ask for their money back. Because of that, prices dropped, businesses fail, and foreclosure on land bought on credit.

Identify John C. Calhoun

The movement against the tariff gained strength in south Carolina. in 1832, Congress lowered the tariff the nullifiers saw no real relief and succeeded in getting the south Carolina state legislature to call a special convention -Convention voted to nullify the protective tariffs and stop the collection of custom duties within the state of S.C

Describe the movement of settlers into trans Appalachian interior

They migrated west to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, and worn out soil.

Identify the prominent preachers of the Second Great Awakening and explain the significance of their contributions

Timothy Dwight- Founder of the New Haven theology Lyman Beecher-first great practitioner of new Evangelical Calvinism Charles Finney-Father of modern revivalism Nathaniel William Taylor- Student of Dwight, the real architect of New Haven theology

explain the conflicting interests between spain and in the united states that emerged during James monroes presidency

United states wanted to acquire Florida from spain

explain why congress established a second bank of the united states in 1816

congress failed to renew the charter of the bank of united states and private state banks filled the void by issuing banknotes promise to redeem their paper in gold and silver -the demand for money and credit led to an increase of state banks within 2 yrs -the flood of state banks caused this form of currency to depreciate below its value and threaten severe inflation

explain the controversy known as the "corrupt bargain" that emerged during the presidential election of 1824 and identify the principle characters

corrupt bargain -Philadelphia newspaper charged that Adams had offered clay an appointment as secretary of state in return for his support -the charge was serious b/c of the widespread belief at that time presidential candidates should not campaign or make deals to obtain office -principles characters: Henry clay, Adams. Adams named secretary of state the "corrupt bargain" charge was made

identify Robert Fulton and explain his contribution to the early transportation system

demonstrated to the potential steam power to propel steamboat by successful steaming the Clermont up the Hudson river from NYC to Albany and back in 5 days most imp event was when the Enterprise made the first return trip from New Orleans to Pittsburgh in 1815

identify the Adams Onis treaty

eliminate the Spanish claim establish boundary by international treaty Spain relinquished Florida U.S assumed 5 million dollars of financial claims of american citizens against Spain Spain also gave up their territory in Oregon country

explain the contreversy over admitting Missouri to the union as it took shape in the north and in the south

forced Missouri to become a free state compromise: wanted to keep the slave states equal so maine also became a free state establish Missouri compromise line- no slave could go past the line and Maine would come in too

Identify Alexis de Tocqueville

french writer/traveler. he published the OBSERVATIONS OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY.

describe Andrew Jacksons attitude toward the native americans

had long favored removed eastern Indians west of the Mississippi river beyond white expansion, agreeing with the southern states that the federal government had not pushed the indians hard enough

Explain how tocqueville described the differing attitude toward religion in America to what he was accustomed to in France

he described a different attitude towards the religion in America than he was accustomed too. -he observed he couldn't determine if all Americans were sincere to their religion. -he was certain that Americans hold their religion to be indespensable to the maintainence of their republican institutions. -after his visit to America, his interpretation of the religion would have seen the influence of democracy in religion

explain the meaning of the word "internal movements" as used by politicians in the nineteenth century

it refers to the federal governments funding of reliable national transportation system -roads, canals. -calhoun argued for this program believing this to promote national unity. Monroe argued that the constitution wouldn't allow for national gov intervention of state construction projects and veto legislation -monroe encouraged congress to pass a constitutional gov

describe the trail of tears

jacksons supporters introduced this bill, to implement speedy and complete removal of all eastern Indians. The legislation drew heated debate. Cherokees were rounded up by federal troops and during a severe winter forcibly marched

explain the phrase and the idea of the "era of good feeling"

james monroe attempted to capitalize on the situation by projecting a sense of republican national unity the federalists were gone

Identify Lewis and Clark

made a significant contribution to mapping the American Northwest commissioned by Pres. Jefferson -introduced Anglo-Americans to the west -Known as the CORPS OF DISCOVERY

Explain Americans motivation for favoring protective tariffs in the nineteenth century

most imp items was the protection of newly risen American manufacturers who were being pressured by cheap British imports. -the long period of restriction and war had convinced calhoun that the country could no longer depend on other nations for survival -b/c of that favored a high tariff to protect americans manufactures as well as agriculturalsits.