Hist 150 Exam 3

What is the Crystal Palace?

A symbol of GB's superiority. It was made of iron and glass and held the great exhibition. It displayed examples of the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. 100k exhibits.

Describe 18th century European cities.

Economic changes, population growth, expansion in banking and trade, an agricultural revolution, stirrings of industrialization, an increase in world trade.

What impact did the American Revolution have on Europe?

Taught Europe that individuals can overthrow their government

Seventh Amendment

Right of trial by jury in civil cases.

Fifth Amendment

Right to due process of law, freedom self-incrimination and double jeopardy.

Second Amendment

Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well regulated militia.

Sixth Amendment

Rights of accused persons, right to a speedy and public trial.

What did populations decline in the 18th century?

Sanitation issues

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

The had the agricultural revolution, population growth, capital for investment, and they could easily transport gods.

How did industrialized European nations use their colonies?

For natural resources and new markets for products.

What countries made up the Triple Entente?

France, Russia, and Great Britain

Which European monarch's life was changed after reading the works of Voltaire?

Fredrick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great?

Eighth Amendment

Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments

Fourth Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable search and seizures

First Amendment

Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

After 1870, who was the Industrial leader of Europe?

Germany

Before 1914, what countries made up the Triple Alliance?

Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

What was the chief cause of the rising European populations between 1850 and 1880?

Good economy = more money = better nourished = lower death rate. Better sanitation policies and medical discoveries.

Describe the Austrian empire under Joseph II.

He was determined to make changes; at the same time, he carried on his mother's chief goal of enhancing hapsburg power within the monarchy and Europe. An earnest man. Had a reform program.

Who is Albert Einstein?

A German-born patent officer working in Switzerland, published theories. Came up with the theory of relativity.

Who is Olympe de Gouges and what was the outcome of her work?

A playwright and pamphleteer, refused to accept this exclusion of women from political rights. She penned a Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen, in which she insisted that women have the same rights as men. The National Assembly ignored her demands.

At its most basic level, what is Burkean conservatism?

An obedience to political authority. Organized religion is crucial to the social order. They hated revolutionary upheavals. They were unwilling to accept liberal demands for civil liberties or representative government.

Describe Marxism.

Based on the theories of communists, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles. Idea that history is a story of class struggle and there should be an equality throughout. Marx believed that the working class would take over the ruling class and in return there would be a classless society

What was the chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power?

By his energy, charm, and ability to comprehend complex issues quickly and make decisions rapidly. Military genius.

What was the primary reason for using children as a source of labor in the Industrial Revolution?

Children were small and could fit under machines, as well as they could be paid very little.

What was Henry Cort?

Created puddling, in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron.

Describe Pablo Picasso's early work.

Cubism used geometric designs as visual stimuli to recreate reality in a viewer's mind.

Define Social Darwinism. How did the interpretation of human existence shape late nineteenth and early twentieth century European society? In what sections of modern society today do we see the persistence of this philosophy?

Darwin's principle of organic evolution to the social order. Argues that societies were organisms that evolved through time from a struggle with their environment. Applied to human society in an even more radical way, by rabid nationalists in racists.

What was the chief reason for the development of mass transportation?

Discovery of the internal combustion engine.

From where did the ideology of Romanticism come?

Emerged to challenge enlightenments preoccupation with reason and to discover truth.

According to the philosophes, what was the best hope of reforming 18th century society?

Enlightenment ideals

Describe Napoleon's domestic policies.

Established peace with the Catholic Church, codification of laws, rationalized the bureaucratic structure of France by developing a powerful centralized administrative machine, and growing despotism.

What was the position of women during the second half of the nineteenth century? Had women's positions and opportunities for self-expression changed any since the previous century? How?

Had more education available. Girls had home economics and boys had workshop. Women had more leisure time to spend with children, and there were more jobs which gave them more sending money. There was an increased literacy rate.

What was James Hargreaves?

He created the spinning jenny, which spins cotton for you.

Who was Edmund Burke?

He developed the conservative view or ideology. He thought that people should think about change before acting too quickly. Not best for the people if you move too quickly. Wrote the "Reflections on the Revolution in France"

Describe Russian society under Nicholas I.

He strengthened democracy, it had multinational citizens. It was one of the most stable countries at that time, people couldn't revolt even if they wanted to.

By the 18th century, what was the largest European city in terms of population?

London with 1,000,000 inhabitants.

When they were not able to find work in factories, where did many European women find it?

Lower class sweat shops and middle class white collar jobs.

In the decades after 1870, how did most Western governments deal with elementary education?

Mandatory primary education for ages 6-12 boys and girls.

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

Military leader. Only went to war when ultimately necessary. Prime minister of Prussia.

What was the most immediate cause of the French Revolution?

Near collapse of government finances.

Third Amendment

No quartering of soldiers

Ninth Amendment

Other rights of the people, nothing written in the constitution can be used to cancel amendments to it.

What was the most important form of literary expression for the romantics?

Poetry

What was Real politik?

Politics of reality on practical concerns.

What was the difference between Post-Impressionist painters and Impressionist painters?

Post impressionism revolutionized it more by paying more attention to structure and form. Sought to use both color and line to express their inner feelings and produce a personal statement of reality rather than an imitation of objects.

Tenth Amendment

Power is reserved to the states.

Who was Camillo di Cavour?

Prime minister of Italy and pushed unification.

According to Karl Marx, who would become the dominant class of society?

Proletariat- the industrial working class.

What was Napoleon's greatest victory.

The Battle of Austerlitz

What industry did Britain build the Industrial Revolution?

The cotton industry

What was the German Reichstag? Was it effective?

The lower house of the German Parliament. Not effective because they didn't have responsibilities.

What was the result of Alexander II's emancipation edict of 1861?

The nobility wasn't happy and neither were the serfs because they couldn't make money on their own and the nobility didn't have anyone to work their land.

What did women hope to achieve in the feminist movement? To what extent were they successful by 1914? Today?

The right to divorce and own property. Right to vote.

Describe French society on the eve on their revolution.

There were social classes with 3 estates. 1st the clergy (tax exempt 10% land) 2nd the nobility (tax exempt 30% land) 3rd peasant, shop keepers and middle class were heavily taxed. 1787-1788 had harvests and famine. 3rd estate mad that nobility and clergy were given more priviledges Government also in debt.

What was the Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867?

They established a north German state and it was an agreement to later create a south German state.

What were the "national workshops"?

They were ran by workers and don't exist because they cost the government too much money.

Compare and contrast slavery in the US with the serfdom in Imperial Russia, the abolition of both, and the resulting aftermath.

US established the Emancipation Proclamation resulting in the AA not having any money and there was a mass exiting from the south to the north, also sharecropping took place. In Russia, Alexander II emancipated the surfs which allowed them to marry, own land, and file law suits. This made the nobility made because they didn't have anyone to work their land and the surfs couldn't find work and had no money as well.

What was Charles Dickens trying to convey in his works?

What it meant to be a poor human and how evil people could be to each other. How life really is.

What is the concept of human natural rights?

fundamental privileges that must not be withheld from any person. Equality before the law, freedom of worship, freedom of speech and the press, and the rights to assemble, hold property, and seek hapiness.

What is behavior, according to Sigmund Freud?

strongly determined by the unconscious, by earlier experiences and inner forces of which people were largely unaware.

Who is Friedrich Nietzsche?

was one of the intellectuals who glorified the irrational. Western bourgoise society was decadent and incapable of any real cultural creativity, primarily because of its excessive emphasis on the rational faculty at the expense of emotions, passions, and instincts.