hist 1500 final exam
ch. 12 What elements from the elite became a severe threat to imperial rule during the late Tang dynasty?
merchants and unemployed eunuchs
ch. 11 Aside from being an island, Japan was isolated from East Asia largely because
of the difficulty of the navigating the sea around it.
Ch. 12 In order to maintain peaceful relations with the neighboring Liao Empire, the Song Empire
paid tribute to the Liao.
ch. 13 Once on the steppes, the Mongol society was largely centered on
pastoralism.
Ch. 12 What were the basic movements that lay behind the development of the Crusades in Western Christendom?
pilgrimage and holy war
ch. 11 The population of Cahokia at its height in 1200 C.E. was approximately
10,000 persons.
ch. 12 The first Turkic people to convert to Islam were the Karkhanids who became Muslims in
960 C.E.
ch. 11 What environmental event occurred around 1000 C.E. that made possible a migration of the Thale Inuit across the Arctic region?
A warming trend made conditions easier for hunting and navigating.
ch. 11 The Eurasian people who were most involved in trade in East Africa during the twelfth century were
Arabs
ch. 14 Text ID University of Paris Medical Faculty, Writings on the Plague
Attempts were made to explain the plague including attributing it to divine wrath or even to a plot by Jews. Church scholars in the fourteenth century sought rational explanations based on the understanding that disease was caused by bad air which in turn may have been brought about by a planetary conjunction or by earthquakes and volcanoes. However rational, all explanations and cures were complete failures (though the idea of quarantine did somewhat succeed). Take note of how little even medical professionals understood about the causes and transmission of disease.
ch. 12 The majority of the wealth of the Byzantine Empire was based on
agriculture and trade.
ch. 12 How was China like Western Europe during the ninth to tenth centuries C.E.?
Bribery and aggressive diplomacy were meeting with success in keeping out nomadic invaders.
ch. 11 In order to obtain food, the Thale Inuit were primarily focused on
agriculture.
ch. 11 Ethiopian kings used an ideology of holy war to spread which religion throughout their growing kingdom?
Christianity
Ch. 12 In what manner did the Islamic empire integrate the Turkish peoples into its world?
It converted them and turned their military value to its service.
Ch. 12 essay question: With the speech by Pope Urban II, thousands of people from western Europe ventured east to claim Jerusalem for Christianity. These people were from all walks of life and they included not just able-bodied young men, but also the old, the weak, women and children. Describe the the social context in Europe that led to such an overwhelming response to Pope Urban II's speech. Then list and explain at least three specific factors that may have motivated the people of Europe to want to go on Crusade. (note there are a couple of general things in the chapter and there are some others in the lectures).
It seems that during this time Pope Urban II was not only motivated to spread Christianity, but more importantly to him, take back the holy land from the Muslims. This was a time, coming out of the dark ages that the Catholics in particular wanted to join in on the march to Jerusalem to form a community in hopes of bettering their lives but also by claiming their territory. The Crusades was a wonderful example of having "power in numbers". Pope Urban II and the European army was not ready to fight against the very impressive and well-trained Muslim army! It was because of the sheer amount of people that Pope Urban was able to recruit that the Christians were to win the war.
ch. 14 Essay Question: Where did the plague start and how did it spread? Why were the populations of Europe so susceptible to the plague? What as some of the major changes that the plague caused in China, the Middle East and Europe?
Originating in Asia, the bubonic plague made its way to Europe through trade and the quickly spread throughout Europe when it was carried by fleas on rats mostly. The plague uprooted the social hierarchy in Europe making way for the peasants to gain employment after losing 1/3 to 1/2 of the members of their communities. The plague brought upon changes to the social, religious and the economic sectors of Europe.
ch 12 The Dede Korkut portrays the Turkic peoples in
an epic that celebrates their virility and violence.
chapter 11 essay question: -The Khmer and Ethiopian civilizations both adopted one of the Axial religions. Although the Vikings were largely on the peripheries of European civilization, they both traded with and raided many parts of Europe. Cahokia was almost certainly in regular contact with the civilizations of Mesoamerica. And Japan adopted and adapted many aspects of Chinese civilization.
The Ethiopian civilization was geographically isolated from the rest of the Christian world. Africa was already geographically isolated, and with the split of northern Africa between Christianity and Islam the Ethiopian civilization was already a fish out of water. Ethiopian civilization had practiced Christianity for so long at this time, 700 years, that they felt entitled and felt as though they were kings. This pride within the county as well as the internal strife that was going on separated them further from the rest of the Muslim African world.
ch. 13 essay question: The Travels of Marco Polo is perhaps the most well-known and certainly one of the most important works of the fourteenth century. Answer this question in two parts. First, describe Marco Polo's book. Who wrote it and why? What does the book describe? Second, describe at least two specific ways in which Marco Polo's book effected the way the Europeans of the day saw their world.
The Travels of Marco Polo chronicles Marco Polo's travels into the heart of the Mongol Empire during the reign of Khubilai Khan, Ghengis Khan's grandson. The book was dictated by Marco Polo and written by his cell mate, Rusticello, who was a professional writer of the day after they had been taken prisoner in the conflict between Venice and Genoa around 1295 CE. In the book, Marco Polo describes his trip to China with his father and Uncle; first sailing to Israel, then traveling by land where they rode camels, and eventually made their way to the heart of the empire where he had several meetings with the Great Khan. His elaborate palace was a point of interest, the exotic animals kept within the court, and the adaptive nature of Mongol religious culture which imported aspects of many faiths to suite their liking were important parts of Marco Polo's book. Also, descriptions along the Silk Road, and manufacture of high-valued silks are detailed. Marco Polo's book was important to European life because it gave broad perspective to Europeans who came to see themselves as only a small part of larger world, prompting greater exploration voyages. Also, the Chinese technology imported by Polo's journey helped European cartographers hone their craft, as well as open their minds about Chinese culture and technology.
ch. 13 text ID Marco Polo's description of the Great Khan
The Travels of Marco Polo records in great detail Marco Polo's travels through central Asia to the heart of the Mongolian Empire where he stayed in the Mongolian capital and met on numerous occasions the great Khan - Kubulai. What Follows is an excerpt from his book in which he describes the great Khan "The title Khan means in our language "Great Lord of Lords." And certainly he has every right to this title; for everyone should know that this Great Khan is the mightiest man, whether in respect of subjects or of territory or of treasure, who is in the world today or whoever has been, from Adam our first parent down to the present moment....He is indeed the greatest lord the world has ever known." (Marco Polo)
ch. 11 Why were emperors in Japan largely pushed out of having political power?
They were never interested in political power.
chapter 11 overview:
Who what: In this section we explore what many scholars consider to be societies in areas isolated from the main centers of civilization. However, we will see that isolation does not necessarily diminish the importance of these societies, in fact, living on the edge in some cases allowed groups to flourish while places like Europe and China became embroiled in conflict. In the lectures we examine Cahokia, which rightly could be called the first North American city, which prospered in spite of the fact that had no contact with Europe and Asia. We will also learn about the Vikings, who were feared and despised by Christian Europe even though they possessed technology more advance than their contemporaries. In Asia and Africa, we will discuss the peoples of Ethiopia, who had their own independent advent of agriculture, and Khmer who blended traditions of the Axial Age to create a unique civilization in the jungles of Southeast Asia. Finally, we will see how Japan, chose to, or not to, adopt Chinese culture filtering influence to forge their own uniquely Japanese culture and society. when where why is it important? what does it add to history?
ch. 12 overview:
Who what: In this section we will examine the Byzantine Empire, Medieval Europe and the Crusades. when where why is it important? what does it add to history
ch. 14 overview
Who what: In this section we will learn about the devastation that the plague brought to the civilizations of Eurasia. This devastation rocked the foundations of these civilizations and about changes that formed the world after 1500. when where why is this important? what does it add to history?
Ch. 12 The role that Turkic peoples played within the Islamic Empire was that of
a military force that fought for Shia Islam.
ch. 13 In terms of religion, twelfth-century Mongol communities were largely practicing
b. various religions.
ch. 12 During the Song Dynasty, women's place in society
became more restricted, as evidenced by the practice of foot-binding.
ch. 12 The Almoravid religious zealots seized much of the Iberian Peninsula from
both Muslim and Christian rulers in order to found an empire of their own.
ch. 11 How did the rulers of the Canyon peoples deal with the environmental challenges that their region presented?
by adopting harsh military methods
ch. 11 How did powerful families like the Fujiwara legitimize their power at court?
by marrying their daughters into the imperial family
Ch. 12 In order to provide new territory for a growing population, the Song rulers
colonized under-populated areas to the southwest.
ch. 12 The most successful manner in which the Byzantines spread Christianity was through
diplomacy and military activity.
ch. 12 The famous Muslim leader Saladin was important because of his leadership in
establishing the power of Shia Islam in Iran.
ch. 13 The ideology developed by the Mongols during the reign of Genghis Khan was that
eternal heaven decreed that the Mongols rule the world.
ch. 11 What three reasons did the Norsemen give for going to Greenland?
fame, curiosity, and gain
ch. 11 During the ruler of Khmer King Jayavarman VII, he surrounded Angkor with shrines, palaces, and
hospitals.
ch. 11 The city of Angkor was laid out to evoke
ideas of the divine design of the world.
ch. 11 In the region dominated by the Mixtec culture, civilization is characterized by
large, densely inhabited cities and elite craftsmen.
ch. 12 The kingdom of Ghana before the invasion of the Almoravids was a region
largely pagan with some Muslim traders.
ch. 11 In The Tale of Genji, a world is depicted in which the supreme values are
snobbery and sensitivity.
ch. 13 In Mongol society, the phrase "Crane catching" referred to
successful leaders forcing submission from rivals.
ch. 13 An environmental explanation for the Mongol conquests has been put forth is that
temperatures fell and declining pastureland caused a need for expansion.
ch. 12 The ruins of the early Turkish city at Konya reveal that
the Turks entirely forgot their pastoral past rapidly.
ch. 13 At its furthest extent, the Mongol Empire stretched from
the Volga River to the Pacific Ocean.
Ch. 12 One of the key reasons for the success of the First Crusade was
the divisions that existed in the Islamic world at the time.
ch. 11 During the eleventh century in India, what is most remarkable is that
the merchant caste presented themselves as warriors.
ch. 13 The title Genghis Khan means something close to
the ocean-king
ch. 12 When Muslims first called the Turks "the army of God," they meant that
they believed the Turks were ferocious pagans sent to punish the sins of Muslims.
ch. 12 In order to cope with declining agriculture within the Byzantine Empire, twelfth-century emperors began
to try to revive revenues by granting lands to great lords and to monasteries.
ch. 12 The Sufi writer al-Ghazali was important as a bridge in Islamic thinking and teaching because he
valued the faith of the poor as much as the learning of scholars in the mosques.
chapter 11: text ID frankish sources on the vikings
when:
chapter 11 text ID Tale of Genji
when: Text ID: Excerpt from the Tale of Genji-2 The Tale of Genji (源氏物語) is a classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century, around the peak of the Heian period. It is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, the first psychological novel or the first novel still to be considered a classic. Notably, the novel also illustrates a unique depiction of the livelihoods of high courtiers during the Heian period. The Tale of Genji may have been written chapter by chapter in installments, as Murasaki delivered the tale to aristocratic women. It has many elements found in a modern novel: a central character and a very large number of major and minor characters, well-developed characterization of all the major players, a sequence of events covering the central character's lifetime and beyond.
Ch. 12 Text ID Pope Urban II's call for a crusade
when: 1095 •On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II made what is perhaps the most influential speech of the Middle Ages, giving rise to the Crusades by calling on all Christians in Europe to wage war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land. By the end of the 11th century, the Holy Land—the area now commonly referred to as the Middle East—had become a point of conflict for European Christians. Since the 6th century, Christians frequently made pilgrimages to the birthplace of their religion, but when the Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem, Christians were barred from the Holy City. When the Turks then threatened to invade the Byzantine Empire and take Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor Alexius I made a special appeal to Urban for help. This was not the first appeal of its kind, but it came at an important time for Urban. Wanting to reinforce the power of the papacy, Urban seized the opportunity to unite Christian Europe under him as he fought to take back the Holy Land from the Turks. At the Council of Clermont, in France, at which several hundred clerics and noblemen gathered, Urban delivered a rousing speech summoning rich and poor alike to stop their in-fighting and embark on a righteous war to help their fellow Christians in the East and take back Jerusalem. Urban denigrated the Muslims, exaggerating stories of their anti-Christian acts, and promised absolution and remission of sins for all who died in the service of Christ. Urban's war cry caught fire, mobilizing clerics to drum up support throughout Europe for the crusade against the Muslims. All told, between 60,000 and 100,000 people responded to Urban's call to march on Jerusalem. Not all who responded did so out of piety: European nobles were tempted by the prospect of increased land holdings and riches to be gained from the conquest. These nobles were responsible for the death of a great many innocents both on the way to and in the Holy Land, absorbing the riches and estates of those they conveniently deemed opponents to their cause. Adding to the death toll was the inexperience and lack of discipline of the Christian peasants against the trained, professional armies of the Muslims. As a result, the Christians were initially beaten back, and only through sheer force of numbers were they eventually able to triumph. •Urban died in 1099, two weeks after the fall of Jerusalem but before news of the Christian victory made it back to Europe. His was the first of seven major military campaigns fought over the next two centuries known as the Crusades, the bloody repercussions of which are still felt today. Urban was be Urban II (1088-1099): Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095 •"Although, O sons of God, you have promised more firmly than ever to keep the peace among yourselves and to preserve the rights of the church, there remains still an important work for you to do. Freshly quickened by the divine correction, you must apply the strength of your righteousness to another matter which concerns you as well as God. For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and have conquered the territory of Romania [the Byzantine Empire] as far west as the shore of the Mediterranean and the Hellespont, which is called the Arm of St. George. They have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians, and have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. If you permit them to continue thus for a while with impurity, the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it. •"All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. O what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God and is made glorious with the name of Christ! With what reproaches will the Lord overwhelm us if you do not aid those who, with us, profess the Christian religion! Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who have been wearing themselves out in both body and soul now work for a double honor. Behold! on this side will be the sorrowful and poor, on that, the rich; on this side, the enemies of the Lord, on that, his friends. Let those who go not put off the journey, but rent their lands and collect money for their expenses; and as soon as winter is over and spring comes, let hem eagerly set out on the way with God as their guide."
Ch. 12 Text ID the Nicene Creed
when: 325 who: Constantine, the first council of Nicaea What: Legalizing Christianity The Nicene Creed We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth,of all that is, seen and unseen.We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God,begotten, not made, of one Being with the Father.Through him all things were made.For us and for our salvation he came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made man.For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried.On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father.He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end.We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son. With the Father and the Son he is worshiped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets.We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.
ch. 13 overview
who what: This Chapter examines the origins and history of the Mongol Empire and then turns to the world at the time of the Mongols. Particular interest will be paid to how Genghis was different from previous nomadic leaders and how he transformed the Mongols into a successful nomadic empire. Lastly we will see how the heirs of Genghis Khan conquered much of Asia and parts of Europe, bringing the world together as never before. To do so we look at the Mongols through the eyes of the Europeans as reflected in the famus text of Marco Polo.As a counterpoint to the World of the Mongols we spend one lecture on Islamic India. when where why is this important? What does it add to history?