HIST 202 Exam 1

Global History

The study of history as an individual, separate events interconnected throughout time

Ming Dynasty

When: 1368-1644 Where: China What: Successor to the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, started by Emperor Hongwu. Reinstituted Han ideals Significance: - Focus on Splendor led to the creation of the Forbidden City, expensive art, and aristocracy - Focus on China caused them to draw in and minimize their trade with others, giving up the opportunity they had to dominate the sea trade - Unifies the China that was disassembled during the Mongol rule

Zheng He

When: 1371-1433 Where: China What: Led an expedition from 1405-1433, not to conquer, or even trade, but to show Chinese wealth and to impress. Would force, through capture, people to come to China and worship and give gifts Significance: - Commanded very large and advanced fleet of ships, exemplifies the Ming focus on Splendor - Although there was no maritime trade, He's voyages would bring back foreign treasures

Entrepot

When: 13th century Where: Indian Ocean (Kollam, Malacca) What: Traders exchanged goods at these waypoints Significance: - Portuguese and Europe establish a global network and economy through these ports - Used by de Gama for trade in his interactions with India

Mandate of Heaven

When: 13th to 14th century (Yuan Dynasty) Where: China What: Belief of China about the divinity of their rulers. They used this to keep their power. Claimed that it was the gods' will for emperors to rule. Could do whatever they wanted and have the gods' authority. Significance: - Used to explain the fall of the Yuan Dynasty; they lost the Mandate of Heaven - Having the Mandate of Heaven meant that rulers could live as they pleased, meaning they could, for example, live in the Forbidden City in lazy luxury

Aztec Empire

When: 1400s Where: present day Mexico What: Native American civilization that was conquered by Cortes. Built from 3 cities into an empire Significance: - Example of disease from Europe affecting New World in that their empire succumbed to smallpox - Their constant war's led to enemies willing to ally with Cortes to defeat them

Ottoman Empire

When: 1400s to 1700s Where: Near Constantinople, expanded into Balkans and Mediterranean What: Large empire that lasted nearly 300 years, controlled fastest route from the Indian Sea to the Mediterranean Significance: - Using the tulip as a symbol was seen in other countries such as on the Taj Mahal, showing Ottoman impact on art - Creation of Janissaries made their empire one of the first to have a modern standing army

Christopher Columbus

When: 1492 Where: Spain, Americas What: credited with discovering the Americas and the New World Significance: - Changed the way maps were viewed by introducing the New World - Created opportunities for Europe to colonize

Suleiman the Magnificent

When: 1494-1566 Where: Ottoman Empire What: Longest reigning and emperor at the height of the Ottoman Empire Significance: - Conquered areas like the Balkans, which could then be used to supply the Janissaries - Finished the Codification of Laws, which standardized secular laws around the Ottoman Empire and made it more unified

Encomienda System

When: 1500s Where: Europe, New World What: labor systems with grants from Europe to reward conquistadors and other explorers Significance: - Eventually less Native Americans led to the introduction of African slaves into the Americas - Was driven by the "zero-sum game", Spain had to gain the vast amount of silver and gold

Hernan Cortes

When: 1500s Where: Spain, Mexico What: Conquered the Aztecs and claimed Mexico for Spain Significance: - Example of the effect disease had on the New World. Smallpox was a large reason Cortes was able to defeat the Aztecs. - Claimed Mexico for Spain, reflecting the imperialistic mindset of countries looking at the New World

Mughal Empire

When: 1526-1700 Where: India and Pakistan What: took India from warlords, gained power through violent threats, Splendor, and religious tolerance Significance: - Gained power through religious tolerance, for example Akbar and his idea of "divine faith", much like the Safavid Empire - Used Splendor in the sense that they used cannons to threaten those who didn't pay taxes

Potosi

When: 1545 Where: present day Bolivia What: Huge silver mine Significance: - Shows the European idea that they can exploit the natives to extract value - Silver was heavily transported during the Columbian Exchange - Silver became a valued ore/currency, especially by the Qing Dynasty

Akbar

When: 1556-1605 Where: Mughal Empire. What: Military genius, "divine faith" (syncretic religion) religiously tolerant in his courts, recognizes Europeans on the coast, begins in Zamindars/nobles Significance: - Religious tolerance changed the path the empire had previously taken, example of syncretism, "divine faith" - Centralized economy of empire through Zamindars like Tokugawa Ieyasu's use of Daimyos - "Divine faith" unifies empire by accommodating people of many faiths, allows for state religion and other people to exist outside of that religion

Shah Abbas

When: 1571-1629 Where: Safavid Empire What: Ruler of the Safavid Empire, moved capital to Isfahan, religiously tolerant Significance: - Reflected the movement at the time towards religious tolerance (except for Sunni Muslims) - Promoted Persian art, reflecting value of Splendor

St. Barthelomew's Day Massacre

When: 1572 Where: France What: Catholics rampaged through Paris and killed Huguenot (Protestant) men, women, and children. Significance: - Led to decline of Reformation ideas in France and other rulers having to convert to Catholicism - Caused Huguenots to move to the New World in search of religious freedom

Columbian Exchange

When: 15th and 16th century Where: Americas, Europe, Africa What: An exchange of people, plants, and knowledge across the Atlantic Ocean Significance: - Allowed gold and silver to flood the economy, which later became valuable currency to nations like China with silver - Introduced new plants into Europe, allowing a population recovery following the Black Death

Coerced Labor

When: 15th to 19th century Where: Global What: People are indebted to those superior than them, not quite slavery. Could pay tribute through ways like fur tribute or labor tribute Significance: - Was used by merchants in Indian Ocean trading posts, which was able to support the Columbian Exchange and maritime trade - Was originally used by the Incans in potosi, which allowed for the global trade and use of silver

Mercantilism

When: 1600-1800 Where: the World What: Idea that colonies exist to serve the motherland and are closed to others Significance: - Idea was seen throughout the New World, with Mexico for example serving Spain, thanks to Cortes - Influenced by "zero-sum game", idea that resources need to be claimed before they're owned by someone else and unavailable

Tokugawa Japan

When: 1600s Where: Edo/Tokyo Japan What: Tokugawa Ieyasu unifies Japan through war, marriage, and loyalty oaths from the Daimyos who become administrators. Significance: - Japan became unified and initiates a Period of Prosperity - Requiring a loyalty oath and "alternative attendance" from Daimyos (regional leaders) shows Japan's movement towards the global idea of centralization (like the Zamindars)

Li Zicheng

When: 1644 Where: China What: Robin Hood-type figure who led peasants to revolt because of their unhappy state of oppression. A charismatic leader, hero for Communist China. Significance: - His "Robin Hood" image is respected even in Communist China today - His overthrow of the Ming Dynasty allowed for the Qing Dynasty

Qing Dynasty

When: 1644 to early 1900s Where: China What: Li Zicheng takes the Forbidden City and begins the dynasty with the Manchu government. Significance: - Made printed materials more available to the public, causing a spike in literacy - Peking and footbinding show their interest in the globally popular idea of Splendor

Martin Luther

When: 16th century Where: From Germany, effect spanned across Europe What: One of the most influential reformers, criticized Catholicism and published the 95 Theses. Was snuck to Germany to avoid execution and translated parts of the Bible. Significance: - Began the Reformation, which shook the Catholic Church worldwide and translated parts of the Bible to make the Bible available to more than just Catholic officials. This translation further decreased Catholic officials' power. - began Protestantism which fought with Catholicism, sometimes violently. Led to events such as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Silver

When: 16th to 19th century Where: Potosi, New World What: precious ore that came to be desired by many countries in the Columbian Exchange Significance: - Became the desired good in taxes in Ming China, lack of silver led to lower-class discontent and overthrow - Potosi demanded slave trade, use of Middle Passage

Asante Kingdom

When: 1700s Where: West Africa What: Highly structured political empire built on military strength. Participated in European trading, especially the slave trade, good infrastructure and roads. Significance: - Shows African profit off of the slave trade. - Became very prosperous and clashed with idea of Africans being backwards

Sugar

When: 17th to 18th century Where: Europe, grown on plantations in the Caribbean What: Heavily imported commodity in Europe during mercantilism Significance: - Caused the need for Caribbean plantations and the Middle Passage was used to bring African slaves over - Drove relationships and trade with African Kingdoms due to need for labor

Forbidden City

When: Created in early 1400s (Ming Dynasty) Where: China What: City built to house Ming and later Qing emperors Significance: - Housed the emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, witnessed Li Zicheng's overthrowing of Ming Emperors - Prime example of Chinese Splendor and power, center of the world and only for the elite

Ferdinand Magellan

When: Early 1500s Where: Portugal, Spain, Americas What: first to sail around Cape Horn and ship is first to circumnavigate the globe Significance: - Proved the utility of their current maps and sailing technology, helped them realize that more was possible - Proved the Earth is spherical, caused a new innovation in drawing maps - Europe discovers a vacuum in the ocean, more resources and land to conquer

Inca Empire

When: Early 1500s Where: present day Peru, South America What: Ancient civilization that was conquered by Pizarro Significance: - Their impressive creations such as Machu Picchu were their form of Splendor, a global value - Inca systems of roads and bridges were used by European explorers to navigate the region, allowing them to go through the Andes and the rest of South America

Taj Mahal

When: built around 1630 Where: Mughal Empire, India What: Large mausoleum Significance: - Shows Islamic, Persian, and other cultural influences on Mughal art - Shows Mughal Empire's respect for their royalty in a demonstration of Splendor

Safavid Empire

When: consolidated power in 1200s, 1500s Where: Persia, now Iran What: Shiite Muslims that began to expand out of Persia in the 1500s Significance: - Created Isfahan's Plaza which reflected the global fascination of Splendor - Was a strong religious center for Shiite Muslims

Janissaries

When: early 1500s Where: Ottoman Empire What: Peasants converted to Islam and to be Sultan's personal bodyguards/soldiers. Essentially slaves with really good conditions Significance: - Created a loyal class to the Sultan in an effort to decrease chances of nobleman uprising and Sultan overthrow - Led Patrona Halil Rebellion in overthrowing a weak emperor to help a declining Ottoman Empire - One of the first modern standing armies in Europe

Vasco de Gama

When: end of 1400s to early 1500s Where: Portugal, Africa, India What: Portuguese explorer who rounds the Cape of Good Hope and interacts with East Africa and India Significance: - Started Euro-African relations and unveiled the "Dark Continent" - Conquering Calicut led to Portugal reaping rewards of other conquered areas

Middle Passage

When: late 1400s to late 1800s Where: Atlantic Ocean What: The route taken in the Transatlantic slave trade to get from Africa to the Americas Significance: - Was necessary in the supply of slaves to the sugar plantations and potosi - Led to decivilization of some African civilizations and the benefit of others (Asante Kingdom)

Chinese Civil Service Examination

When: late 500s to early 1900s Where: China What: Test to find candidates for Chinese bureaucracy. Gave the common citizen a chance to gain a place, they'll be more loyal to the rulers (Ming Dynasty). Had them memorize Confucian texts. Significance: - Was readopted by the Ming Dynasty to reinforce tradition and xenophobia - Reflected Chinese values in tradition

Caravel

When: mid 15th century Where: created by Portuguese What: a new and improved ship with lateen and rectangular sails Significance: - Allowed Portugal to become powerful in early colonial history. Example of tech as an agent of historical change - Made travel across the Atlantic to the New World possible, leading to the Columbian Exchange and more. Also allowed travel around Africa, other seas

Emperor Hongwu (Zhu Yuanzhang)

When: mid to late 1300s Where: China What: Took advantage of noble discontent and overthrew Mongols, starting the Ming Dynasty. Focused heavily on Chinese tradition, making sure China was self-sufficient and traded with others as little as possible Significance: - Commander of the Red Turban Movement which overthrew the Yuan Dynasty - Began Ming Dynasty that ruled China for centuries