HIST 2381 ch 10-11
How did free blacks fare in the United States after the declaration of the Emancipation Proclamation?
Relief almost always proved difficult because of the small amount of land available for redistribution to blacks.
The fall of which of the following cities signaled the end of the Civil War?
Richmond
Which of the following did the southern black conventions emphasize in the 1860s? (Check all that apply.)
Safeguards from white violence Educational opportunity
How did Mary Peake contribute to the education of blacks in the 1850s and 1860s?
She had started a school for slaves and free blacks as early as 1851—in violation of Virginia law at the time.
What role did Susie King Taylor have in the Union army during the Civil War?
She worked as a nurse, cook, and laundress, and she taught soldiers how to read.
Which of the following is true of slave owners in the South during the Civil War?
Slave owners would commonly take their slaves in haste to safety from war-torn regions.
Identify an accurate statement about the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Slaves were closely controlled and patrol laws were strengthened all over the South.
In the South, blacks wielded the greatest influence in _____ during Reconstruction.
South Carolina
Who was the woman who escaped from slavery and recounted her experiences in her memoir Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops (1902) about her time in the Union army during the Civil War?
Susie King Taylor
Which of the following is true of the era of Reconstruction?
Teachers from the North went to the South in large numbers to rid the freedpeople of the cultural vestiges of slavery in their speech.
How were the Democrats able to come to power in most of the southern states during the mid-1870s?
They were helped by the high corruption rates of the Republican governments.
In the black belt areas, newly freed slaves held the idea of _____ in considerably higher favor than wage labor.
owning land
Why did the Fourteenth Amendment create divisions in the old abolitionist vanguard?
Because many women's rights advocates opposed the gendered language of the amendment
Why did the Congress refuse to recognize the validity of the southern elections that took place in the aftermath of the Civil War?
Because most of the newly elected southerners were former Confederates
Why did Benjamin Butler decide to enlist the Louisiana Native Guards to the Union army in 1862?
Because he saw the wisdom of enlisting them after a Confederate attack on nearby Baton Rouge
Identify an accurate statement about education in the post-Civil War South.
A majority of white teachers came from the North.
How was the hotly disputed presidential election of 1876 between Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes and Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden resolved?
A special commission was formed, charged with deciding the presidency of the United States.
In 1861, veteran white abolitionist Lewis Tappan offered the services of the _____ to the Union to help educate blacks.
American Missionary Association
The Civil War came to an end as Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to the Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on _____.
April 9, 1865
Why did Lincoln restrain his officers who emancipated slaves without his authorization in the early period of the Civil War?
Because he did not want to risk losing the loyalty of the slave-owning Border States
Why did Lincoln initially refrain from enlisting blacks in the Union army when the Civil War broke out in 1861?
Because he feared that the Border States would resist a policy of arming blacks
Why did the freedpeople of the South Carolina and Georgia low country believe that the federal government planned to redistribute abandoned and confiscated land in forty-acre plots around Christmas time in 1865 or in early 1866? (Check all that apply.)
Because of the Confederates' apprehension during the war that the federal government planned to seize their land Because the Congress created the Freedman's Bureau
Why did Lincoln allow black troops to enlist in the Union army in August 1862?
Because the Union army faced mounting deaths and desertions and declining enlistments
Why did the implementation of a national military draft in 1863 precipitate a four-day riot in New York City?
Because the rioters linked the Civil War to black freedom
Which of the following is true of the post-Reconstruction South?
Black farm workers contributed greatly to the economic recovery of the South.
Identify an attribute of plantations in the South during the Civil War.
Black men and women became increasingly insolent toward their masters.
Who was the only black to serve a full term in the United States Senate until the election in 1966 of Edward Brooke?
Blanche K. Bruce
Under Presidential Reconstruction, the laws that were passed by the governments of the southern states to curb the freedom of blacks were called _ _
Blank 1: Black Blank 2: Codes
Disclosures of corruption in Republican governments during the 1870s served to discredit and hasten the end of _ _
Blank 1: Radical Blank 2: Reconstruction
Identify a true statement about the conditions in the South after Reconstruction.
By 1880 the South was producing more cotton than ever before.
What roles did Harriet Tubman play for the Union army during the Civil War? (Check all that apply.)
Cook Spy
Congress awarded a medal to _____ for gallantry while acting as color-sergeant of the Thirty-Ninth United States Colored Troops at Petersburg on July 30, 1864.
Decatur Dorsey
What was the policy of the Union generals to southern slaves who escaped to Union lines?
Each Union general seemed to use his own discretion while dealing with the slaves.
True or false: An early and vocal supporter of disfranchisement through the poll tax and literacy test, Robert Brown Elliot advocated against integration of public accommodations.
False This is false. An early and vocal opponent of disfranchisement through the poll tax and literacy test, Robert Brown Elliot advocated integration of public accommodations, although he stopped short of integrated public schools.
True or false: During the era of Reconstruction, the Republican party was able to mount a quick revival in all the southern states.
False This is false. During the era of Reconstruction, the Republican party began to lose most of the southern states. By 1876 the only states that Republicans could claim were South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana.
True or false: The freedpeople of the South Carolina and Georgia low country were promised by the federal government in 1866 that it planned to redistribute abandoned and confiscated land in forty-acre plots around Christmas time.
False This is false. In 1865 the freedpeople, particularly in the South Carolina and Georgia low country, but in other areas as well, were convinced through rumor and hearsay that the federal government planned to redistribute abandoned and confiscated land in forty-acre plots around Christmas time or in the early new year of 1866.
True or false: During the Civil War years, both army officers and the government were fully equipped to ensure the fair treatment of blacks, meet their basic needs, and provide medical care in every camp.
False This is false. Neither army officers nor the government was equipped to ensure the fair treatment of blacks, fully meet their basic needs, or provide medical care in every camp. Survival itself was not promised in the trek to the camp or after arrival. Unsanitary conditions, lack of clean clothing or warm clothing in areas with colder temperatures, poor nutrition, and overcrowding compromised health.
True or false: The number of actual insurrections in the Confederacy was relatively high because slaves were unable to secure their freedom without committing violence.
False This is false. The number of actual insurrections in the Confederacy was relatively small because slaves were able to secure their freedom without committing violence.
True or false: Slave owners were happy when the Confederacy passed a law to impress slaves during the Civil War.
False This is false. The owners of slaves disliked the principle of impressment, under which their property could be seized at a price set by the government. Consequently, in many instances they simply refused to cooperate.
During Reconstruction, the responsibility for a comprehensive and unified program of relief and rehabilitation for the newly emancipated came under the auspices of the _____.
Freedmen's Bureau
Identify the true statements about the Confederate States of America. (Check all that apply.)
Governmental sanction of slavery appeared just as visibly in the laws as it did on paper money. The Confederate constitution used the words "slavery" and "slave" explicitly.
How did Lincoln plan on emancipating the blacks?
He advocated a policy of gradual emancipation.
Which of the following is true of President Andrew Johnson's policies?
He appeared to favor the planter elite once he became the president.
Identify a true statement about the life of Blanche K. Bruce.
He fled to Hannibal, Missouri, at the onset of the Civil War and established a school for blacks.
How did Lincoln respond to General David Hunter's proclamation that slaves in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina were "forever free" in 1862?
He nullified Hunter's order.
How did General Rufus Saxton, the head of the Department of the South, deal with former slaves in December 1862?
He provided blacks with two acres of land for each working hand and required them to raise a certain amount of cotton for the government.
What did Andrew Johnson do after replacing Lincoln as the President of the United States?
He rejected outright the idea of black suffrage and began to dictate Reconstruction policy.
What was Lincoln's stand on the issue of slavery during the inaugural address of his first term as the president of the United States?
He stated that he did not wish to interfere with the institution of slavery in the South where it existed.
What did Lincoln instruct General David Hunter to do with the First South Carolina Volunteer Regiment of former slaves in 1862?
He told Hunter to disband this unit, and the men were sent home unpaid and dissatisfied.
Which of the following is true of the life of Robert Brown Elliott?
He was elected the attorney general of South Carolina in 1876.
Which of the following is true of Lincoln's plans and policies?
He was hopeful that colonization would remove at least a portion of the blacks from the United States.
Who was the first African American to serve in the United States Senate?
Hiram Revels
Identify a true statement about the Black Codes.
It denied blacks the right to vote.
Which of the following are true of the Freedman's Bureau? (Check all that apply.)
It achieved notable successes in ministering to human welfare. It supervised contracts between ex-slaves and their employers.
Identify a true statement about black political mobilization in the post-Civil War United States.
It advanced more rapidly in places where the federal troops had remained the longest.
What paradox did the Thirteenth Amendment create?
It allowed the South to return with even greater congressional representation than before the war.
Identify a feature of the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
It attempted to clarify beyond all doubt the rights of blacks to freely use public accommodations.
How did the Confederacy address the acute labor shortage that it faced during the late years of the Civil War?
It attempted to impress slaves to address the labor shortage.
What did the Union League do during the era of Reconstruction?
It branched out into the South to protect the fruits of the northern victory.
What did the Enlistment Act of July 17, 1862, do?
It decreed that white soldiers would receive more pay than black soldiers of the same rank.
Which of the following is true of the presidential campaign of 1876 between Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes and Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden?
It determined Reconstruction's fate in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida.
Which of the following is true of the Emancipation Proclamation?
It did not free slaves residing in those pockets within the Confederate States loyal to the Union from the start.
Which of the following is true of the Union League?
It faithfully delivered the black vote to the Republican party.
What role did the Freedman's Bureau play in the 1860s?
It helped many ex-slaves search for their lost family members.
Identify the true statement about the Crittenden Compromise proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden.
It included an amendment that prohibited changes to any of his other amendments.
How did sharecropping influence the life of African Americans?
It led to most blacks getting locked in a spiral of debt from which there was no escape.
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 do?
It made illegal the discriminatory practices that existed in every region of the nation.
Identify a feature of the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
It provided blacks with protections against the Black Codes and acts of violence.
Identify an accurate statement about the Thirteenth Amendment.
It required the loyal Border States to abolish slavery.
Identify an accurate statement about the Emancipation Proclamation.
It sounded the death-knell for the institution of slavery despite its limitations.
How did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 affect the life of African Americans?
It stipulated the right of blacks to testify in court.
What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have on its release?
It succeeded in rallying to the northern cause many thousands of British and other European liberals and believers in democracy.
How did the Congress respond to the southern elections that took place in the aftermath of the Civil War?
It vigorously argued for a sterner policy toward the South and assumed authority over Reconstruction.
Which of the following is true of black enlistment during the Civil War?
It was the enlistment of black soldiers in the South that helped to fill the draft quotas of the northern states.
Who was the soldier of the Thirty-Sixth United States Colored Troops who received a medal for rushing in advance of his brigade to shoot a Confederate officer leading his men into action in the Civil War?
James Gardner
Identify an accurate statement about the conditions of blacks in the South at the end of Reconstruction.
Land ownership was represented by between 4 to 8% of all freed families.
Identify an accurate statement about the conditions of black women in the South during Reconstruction.
Less than half of all black married women worked in the Cotton Belt in 1870.
Which of the following is true of black families in the South during Reconstruction?
Male heads of households took on an authority impossible under slavery.
How did slaves fare on southern plantations during the Civil War?
Male slaves gained greater freedom of movement.
Identify the true statement about the treatment of black soldiers in Fort Pillow by the Confederates.
Many were shot dead and others were burned alive.
Which city was the first capital of the Confederacy?
Montgomery
Identify the true statement about the views of the northerners on Lincoln's policies during the Civil War.
Most northern Democrats rejected the idea of black freedom.
How was the problem of scarce labor solved in the South during the era of Reconstruction?
Negotiations were made between the white employer and the black worker, in some instances under the supervision of the Freedmen's Bureau.
What were the factors that caused the Freedmen's Bank to fail? (Check all that apply.)
Numerous financiers unloaded bad loans on the bank. Political influence was used to secure loans.
How did the Confederate economy fare during the Civil War?
The Confederacy had great difficulty making the transition to a wartime economy that could provide the food necessary for its fighting forces.
How were captured black soldiers of the Union army dealt with by the Confederacy?
The Confederate secretary of war countenanced the killing of some black prisoners to make an example of them.
Identify the first large-scale federal welfare program in the United States.
The Freedmen's Bureau
During the first year of the Civil War, what was the Lincoln government's stance on slavery and the role of blacks in the defense of the Union?
The Union offered no clear or consistent script at the beginning of the war.
Identify a true statement about the Union army during the Civil War.
The War Department only began to grant equal pay to black soldiers in 1864.
What was General Rufus Saxton's plan for black fugitives of the Civil War in December 1862?
The abandoned lands of the Confederate slave owners were to be used for the benefit of former slaves.
Identify a true statement about black enlistment in the Union army during the Civil War.
The abolitionists declared that it would be cruel to deprive blacks of the opportunity to fight for the freedom of their brothers and sisters.
What was the purpose of the Confiscation Acts that were passed by Congress during the Civil War?
The acts sanctioned the Union army's seizure of any rebel property.
Identify the true statements about the constitutional amendments proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden in 1860. (Check all that apply.)
The amendments effectively guaranteed the perpetuation of slavery. The amendments favored federal protection of slaveholders' interests.
Which of the following is true of the effect of the Confederacy's attack on Fort Sumter?
The attack heightened the public's awareness of the causal relation of slavery to the unfolding warfare.
What happened in the South during the era of Reconstruction?
The black population in the South's ten largest cities doubled in size.
Identify the true statements about the redistribution of abandoned plantations and other areas confiscated by the Union. (Check all that apply.)
The federal government either returned the land to the former owners or sold parcels to private investors. The federal government reclaimed the forty-acre parcels of land distributed to slave families on the South Carolina Sea Islands.
How did black women fare during the era of Reconstruction in the South?
The great majority of them never had the luxury to approximate white women's lifestyles.
Which of the following is true of the economic situation in the South during Reconstruction?
The overall per capita labor hours in the South dropped by one-third of its prewar level.
How did Reconstruction influence the political climate of the South?
The political effect could be seen in the quick revival of the Democratic party in state after state.
Identify a feature of Lincoln's draft of an emancipation proclamation.
The proclamation reversed Lincoln's position on black troops and called for the enlistment of black soldiers.
How did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 impact the ex-Confederate states?
The states were ordered to hold a new constitutional convention based on universal male suffrage.
Which of the following is true of the four-day riot in New York City in 1863 that was precipitated by the implementation of a national military draft?
The white rioters were inflamed by the sight of blacks in army uniform.
Identify the true statements about the black refugees who poured into federal areas during the Civil War. (Check all that apply.)
Their numbers doubled the size of African Americans in Washington, D.C. Black women constituted the vast majority of refugees in the camps.
Which of the following statements is true of the southern black conventions that were held in the 1860s?
Their overriding theme was the idea of universal manhood suffrage being an essential and inseparable element of self-government.
How did groups such as the Camelias and the Ku Klux Klan influence the South during the late 1860s and early 1870s? (Check all that apply.)
They attempted to propagate violence against blacks to prevent them from entering politics. Their purpose was to exercise absolute control over blacks and establish "white home rule."
Identify a characteristic of black families in the South in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War.
They attempted to withdraw black females from the wage-labor market and from the fields of the South.
Which of the following is true of black soldiers who were present in the Union forces?
They championed the message of freedom and equality in their daily social relations.
Which of the following is true of black women in the South in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War?
They contributed to the decline in per capita production in the South.
Why did pragmatic Republicans promote the idea of black suffrage during Reconstruction? (Check all that apply.)
They felt that it would aid in the continued growth of the Republican party. They were fearful of the political consequences of a South dominated by Democrats.
How did the Black Codes affect the lives of blacks in the South?
They imposed heavy penalties on unemployed black men, women, and even children.
Which of the following is true of the state constitutions that were drawn up in the South in 1867 and 1868?
They introduced public education into the South.
Identify the features of the southern state constitutions that were drawn up in 1867 and 1868. (Check all that apply.)
They introduced public education into the South. Most of them abolished property qualifications for voting and holding office.
How did the Black Codes oppress blacks in the post-Civil War South?
They limited the areas in which blacks could purchase or rent property.
Which of the following is true of the views that were held by blacks in the South during Reconstruction?
They perceived landownership as the source of economic independence.
How did Radical Republicans perceive Lincoln's reconstruction policy?
They rejected the Ten Percent Plan and demanded congressional oversight of Reconstruction.
What roles did southern black churches play during Reconstruction? (Check all that apply.)
They served as the setting for political meetings and rallies. They gave black leaders an opportunity to develop leadership.
Identify a true statement about the white supremacist groups that existed in the South during Reconstruction.
They used intimidation, force, ostracism in business and society, bribery at the polls, and arson to accomplish their deeds.
How did blacks aid the cause of the Union army during the Civil War?
They used their knowledge of the southern countryside to act as spies.
How did African Americans react to Lincoln's attempts to convince them to emigrate from the United States?
They vehemently opposed the idea.
Which of the following are true of the African American responses to the attack on Fort Sumter and the ensuing Civil War? (Check all that apply.)
They volunteered for the Union military, believing the war to be as much or even more their fight. They brought a unique apocalyptic meaning about God's intervention and coming justice to the war.
Identify a feature of the Louisiana Native Guards during the 1860s.
They were fully mustered into service for the Union army by Benjamin Butler.
True or false: During Reconstruction, industrialists with an eye on markets and cheap labor in the South supported suffrage for blacks in order to deter the reemergence of the powerful agrarian interests that reigned in the prewar era.
True This is true. During Reconstruction, industrialists with an eye on markets and cheap labor in the South supported suffrage for blacks in order to deter the reemergence of the powerful agrarian interests that reigned in the prewar era.
Which of the following is true of the legislature of South Carolina during the Reconstruction period?
Whites controlled the state senate and the lower house.
During the Reconstruction era in the South, black men were more likely to _____.
be older than their wives
A true statement about the freedpeople's dealings with the Freedmen's Bureau is that _____.
black men were more likely to speak for their larger households than women
While dealing with the Freedmen's Bureau, black women were more likely to _____ than men.
complain about individual mistreatment
Freedmen's Bureau agents, as well as the freedpeople themselves, believed that _____ was the key to the successful transition from slavery to freedom.
education
Reconstruction left its most positive and enduring legacy for blacks in the realm of _____.
education
Under Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan, a former Confederate state could be readmitted to the Union if one-tenth of its _____.
eligible voters in 1860 swore an oath of loyalty to the United States and accepted the abolition of slavery
An accurate statement about Lincoln's views on the freedpeople during the Civil War is that _____.
he hoped that a substantial number of blacks would choose to emigrate from the United States
An accurate statement about the life of Hiram Revels is that _____.
he was chosen to fill out the term previously held and vacated by Jefferson Davis
In the aftermath of the Civil War, a characteristic of black mobilization was that _____.
it was especially strong in southern cities
President Lincoln left little doubt that _____ had been the primary justification for the Emancipation Proclamation.
military expediency
An accurate statement about southern black churches during Reconstruction is that _____.
most of the early black politicians were ministers
An accurate statement about the Confederacy during the Civil War is that _____.
most white southerners lived in constant fear of slave uprisings during the war
Abolitionists grew disgruntled in the Civil War's first year because _____.
of the lack of a consistent policy toward slaves who escaped to Union lines
According to the Reconstruction Act of 1867, none of the former Confederate states were to be admitted to the Union until they _____.
ratified the Fourteenth Amendment
During the Civil War, most people in the North supported a war to _____.
restore the Union
During the Civil War, when an area was threatened with invasion by federal troops, southern planters attempted to remove their slaves to safety, usually in the interior. This was popularly called "_____."
running the Negroes
In the late 1860s, the agricultural system that emerged as a flawed resolution to the economic tug-of-war between planters' need for greater stability and control over agricultural production and freedpeople's need for less risk in economic compensation was the system of _____.
sharecropping
Lincoln's draft of an emancipation proclamation stated that _____.
slave owners in the Confederate States would be penalized under the Confiscation Act
An accurate statement about the black troops among the Union forces stationed in the postwar South is that _____.
they helped to build schools and other community institutions for the freedpeople
An accurate statement about black troops in the Union army during the Civil War is that _____.
they were organized into regiments of light and heavy artillery, cavalry, infantry, and engineers
A true statement about the Freedmen's Bank is that _____.
thousands of black depositors suffered losses they could ill afford due to its failure
When Lincoln took office for the first time, he had one overarching goal—_____.
to preserve the Union
The American Equal Rights Association was formed because _____.
women abolitionists condemned the gendered language of the Fourteenth Amendment
