HIST 289 Midterm

Conscientious Objectors

- someone who is against going to war - the nature of the Vietnam War explains the conscious objector statistics and the rise of anti war movements -an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion -Vietnam War: 170,000 (650,000 drafted) 26.15% *600,000 illegally evaded the draft*

Blockbusting

- Blockbusting refers to the practice of introducing African American homeowners into previously all white neighborhoods in order to spark rapid white flight and housing price decline. Real estate speculators have historically used this technique to profit from prejudice-driven market instability. -LINKED: to All in the Family episode

Weather Underground

- Terrorist group that came out of Student Democratic Society -1975: The Vietnam War ends and the Weather Underground seems to lose its purpose -The practicalities of living underground begin to take their toll on members -Amid internal dissent and lacking A clear path forward, members begin to come out from hiding and turn themselves in. -Dohrn and Ayers are among the last to do so in 1980.

Silent Spring

- 1962 publication by Rachel Carson - DDT= a pesticide that went after insects on crops -Carsen says the run off goes to streams, birds eat the bugs then their egg shells become weak and wouldn't be able to breed - emphasizes that a harmful insect pesticide can have greater affects -Carson want to show that this thing with one consequence will have multiple consequences that are unintended -Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting the industry's marketing claims unquestioningly. -helped to inspire an environmental movement that led to the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

POW Go-Public Campaign

- 1966-1972 -the dramatic story of POWs and their families did not receive public attention until 1966 due to the fact that the government pursued what it called a policy of "quiet diplomacy" -May 1969, Defense Secretary Melvin Laird ended the policy of quiet diplomacy, publicly charging Hanoi with prisoner mistreatment and demanding that if Vietnam did not release the prisoners, they at least had a humanitarian obligation to disclose vital information about their conditions -the go public campaign mined two dominant discourses: 1. a racial discourse that assigned Asian captors a unique capacity for psychological cruelty 2. a Cold War discourse that constructed Communism as transgressive of the division between public and private spheres -the go public campaign deftly redirected the accusation:it was communist Hanoi that had drawn innocent civilians into the hellish world of war, not the US gov -this theme could unite all Americans regardless of their board political positions about the war

Doing the Hustle

- 1970s Robert Taylor Homes -shows that the tenants received lack of policing, which forced them to create this underground economy influenced by "hustling" - hustling was a way to participate in the American success dream which included activities that might help households to get by in times of crisis and potentially destructive activities that threatened personal and household welfare

Robert Taylor Homes

- 1970s, chicago -households in Robert Taylor were developing means to procure necessary goods and services in the absence of formal resources and poor relations with city political leaders - the viability of Robert Taylor was dependent on two activities, namely, locating material resources so that households could make ends meet and working with others to fulfill collective functions such as social control, policing, and law enforcement provision -police continued to under-police black areas in terms of adequate patrols and protection -At the community level, hustling was not simply the act of exchanging a good or service, but also part of an "underground economy" of goods and services that would become central to the overall security of the tenant body +LINKED: to zoning, neighborhood schools, civil rights laws, suburbanization

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)

- 1971 -Darius Swann had a child, James, who was assigned to an all black school despite the fact that an integrated school was closer to them - School board denies their application and proposes to change the policy that assigns students which allowed white students to leave black schools +zoning also led to plumbing black neighborhoods into schools and white neighborhoods into other schools - Swann sues -the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously upheld busing programs that aimed to speed up the racial integration of public schools in the United States. -linked also to Brown v Board of Ed

Roe v. Wade

- 1973 - Norma McCorvey revealed herself as "Jane Roe" shortly after her decision - Attorney Sarah Weddington argued in the US Supreme Court on behalf of Jane Roe when she was 27 -holds the right to privacy extended to women's right to end a pregnancy but that right is not absolute - to balance these right against state's legitimate interests in protecting life and promoting maternal health, court divides into 3 trimesters: 1st: states cannot restrict women's right to abortion 2nd: states may regulate abortion to protect maternal health 3rd: states may restrict abortion to protect fetal life except where it is necessary to preserve maternal health -leads to the 1976: Hyde Amendment to be created which bans federal funds for abortion -prior, abortion politics were not aligned with Party OR Ideology

The Election of 1980

- 1980 marked a change in American politics + Reagan destroyed Carter (Democrat) + Reagan captures a populist, outsider energy +Reagan a fresh start because he's the first Republican president elected since Nixon + everyone else running for republicans were running as "anti-Reagan" 1. Congressman from Illinois John Anderson took on Reagan on social issues 2. G.H. W. Bush becomes Reagan's running mate, VP, and later President + famous for calling out Reagan's economic program ("Reagonomics", cutting personal income tax severely and increase spending militarily and balance the budget) +Bush says this is voodoo economics - Democratic Party is also going through their own crisis +in 1979, Edward Kennedy wants to run for president against his fellow democrat president Carter - Iran Hostage Crisis + November 4, 1979 +Iran 1973= Iranian revolution resolved +In January, the sha (king) of Iran was installed by the CIA in 1973 as a western ally for the US ++ after he was toppled, by 1979 Jimmy Carter saw that the sha was suffering from lymphoma and passed a law for him to enter US for treatment +52 American citizens taken hostage in Iran and the Iranians demanded: 1. demand that the sha was released to them 2. the return of huge amounts of money that the sha owned them 3. an official apology from the Carter administration for taking the Sha's side +Carter responds by freezing all their assets they possessed in America +Carter benefits from this politically and Ted Kennedy is drowned in politics and no longer a factor + Carter launches a military operation that failed terribly= Operation Eagle + hostages ended up coming home the night Reagan was inaugurated

Earth Day

- 1st Earth Day in April 1970 - Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin gave the federal proclamation - 20 million people across the country put the environmental movement on the map

Harvey Milk

- 1st openly gay official to be elected in 1977 -elected to the City Board of Supervisors in San Fran, Cali -later assassinate by a revenged co-workers -linked to the gay rights movement, Stonewall uprisings (somewhat) bc originally from NY

The Tragedy of Jimmy Carter

- 42 years old on Election Day 1976 - from Plains, GA - Declares himself as a moderate democrats in the south - supports racial tolerance and integration -democrats in 1976 + Ted Kennedy= most prominent Democrat (involved in a car crash that kills his secretary but not him) + Scoup Jackson, Jerry Brown, George Wallace, Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mundale= "New Deal and New Democratic candidates" +Carter positions himself as an outsider ^three major advantages 1. No association with Washington politics 2. Was a southern 3. Carter understood how to operate in a new world of political campaigning - Carter was involved in way too many things to be effective +allowed Carter to play both sides in ways that confused people + was a fiscal conservative, but has a legacy of a tax and spend Democrat - Carter moves towards business oriented solutions to the economy 1. rejects price controls 2. believes in de-regulation 3. argues that labor unions should reduced demands for increased wages - In 1977, Carter delivers the "Crisis of Confidence" or aka "Malaise Speech" after spending 11 days at Camp David reflecting on the status of the nation

George McGovern

- A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. - His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. -He lost however to Nixon. - lead the Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection Committee -McGovern helped enact party reforms that gave increased representation to minority groups at the convention

1968 Miss America Protest

- Atlantic City, Sept 7, 1968 -protest occurring outside, pro- feminism and trying to stop the objectivity of women's body -set bras on fire -freedom for women, no more Miss America -5 were arrested - protestors choose this event because they're were lots of reporters, and they linked the patent to Vietnam because winners were sent across seas to entertain the soldiers -event was racist because no blacks ever made the final -a group of women led by the New York Radical Women gathered outside Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey to protest the Miss America pageant being broadcast live inside. - The unexpectedly large gathering of protesters and the publicity stunt that had a small group unfurling a banner inside the pageant proclaiming "Women's Liberation" gave the growing women's movement a boost of publicity

The President's commission on campus unrest

-about Kent State Massacre and the event that played out

Reagan's America Part 2

- Christian Right was in its infancy in the 1980s +throughout 1970s, lots of diversity amongst conservative Christians trying to break down barriers across religious factions +south baptist convention (largest protestant denomination) - Reagan was able to push conservative policies in politics through judicial appointments + Reagan appointed 3 Supreme Court justices 1. Sandra Day O'Connor= 1st woman on Supreme Court 2. Anthony Kennedy 3. Antinus Scollia - the way the Reagan administration utilized the Justice Say No Campaign to combat drugs also demonstrated socialism and conservatism +War on Drugs= military style assault on narcotics (war on drugs effectively lead to a dramatic rise in incarceration rates) - July 3, 1981= first article for HIV/AIDs epidemic +21st page, skinny column in NY Times + Basically emphasizing that you should only worry if ur gay + Rock Hudson, music star and starred in over 70 films, dead of AIDS in 1984 - In 1984, discovery of the AIDS game is announced, and a potential vaccination could be on its way by the Center of Disease Control - Thats what friends are for campaign was celebrities' effort to bridge AIDS underfunding gap +AZT became first drug to combat AIDS, but did not completely cure it (cost $10,000 per year) - ACT UP + protested at Wall Street and FDR headquarters in mid 1980s +become medical experts themselves, self tracking themselves about the AIDS disease - Bring the Death to your doors= protestors spread AIDS victims asks at White House - Gay marriage appeared in 2015 (Jim Obergefell named plaintiff)

Senate Watergate Committee

- Committee, headed by North Carolina Senator Sam Ervin, that investigated the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters -known officially as the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, was a special committee established by the United States Senate, in 1973, to investigate the Watergate scandal, with the power to investigate the break-in at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and any subsequent cover-up of criminal activity - Its revelations prompted the impeachment process against Nixon, which featured the introduction of articles of impeachment against Nixon himself in the House of Representatives, which led to his resignation on August 9, 1974.

Class and Class Action

- In 1970s, difference between de cure and de facto laws were controversial +de jure= by law + de facto= in fact - Class action lawsuit= a long standing legal mechanism that allows a group of similarly- aggrieved individuals to join their claims and pursue a common remedy if they can demonstrate their numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy +civil rights and feminist movements relied heavily on class action lawsuits in the 1970s to pursue their goals - Griggs vs. Duke Power Company (1971) + Duke Power plant had an explicitly racist policy stating blacks can only work in labor intensive jobs (lowest paying) +Duke Power plant then got ride of those policies, but kept HS diploma and aptitude test to keep a lid on how many blacks could actually move up + NAACP stated these policies had the effect of sparking the same racial discrimination as before +Supreme Court sided with the works, stating that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits not only overt discrimination but also practices that are four in form, but discriminatory in practice - Degraffenried vs General Motors (1976) + 5 black women sued their employer because they faced race and female discrimination +the economy starts to decline, and GM lays off all their black women because they were all recently hired + 8th circuit court of appeals answer no ^ the framers of title VII had not intended to permit workers to combine categories of discrimination - Boylan vs New York Times ( settled in 1978) + a group of women that began as 600+ workers in a range of jobs at The NY Times filed a class action lawsuit against the employer in the early 1970s - Bakke vs. Regents of the University of California- Davis + Allen Bakke was rejected from UC Davis medical school twice + every year at Davis, admissions reserve 16 spots for qualified African Americans and people of color +Bakke's GPA was greater than the African Americans both times +Court answers no: while the law does not permit specific quotas, applicants' race can be taken into account as one of "several factors" because the state has a legitimate and substantial interest in eliminating the disability effects of past discriminations (quotas are unconstitutional but race is okay)

Weathermen

- In late 1960s, new left began to move more left ("you don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows") - were a part of the SDS movement previously -protested poverty and racism as well - saw the war as an institute of the global capitalist system - emerged in 1969 - Bernardine Dohrn, Mark Rudd, Dian Oughton, Bill Ayers (notable members) -said they needed to live together in working class areas and cities to implement their ideas -"Days of Rage"= October 1969 in Chicago, days long protest confronting the police and causing chaos (a bust tho because they did not spark mass movement) -deprived themselves of luxury pleasures to toughen themselves up -Greenwich Village Townhouse bombing March 1970 -Bombed other places like: US capitol (Feb 1970), National Guard Headquarters in response to Kent State (May 1970)

National Environmental Policy Act

- January 1970 -signed by Nixon, required progressive steps to protect the environment by limiting private corporations -major regulations on businesses for pollution, chemicals etc. -creates real cost for businesses who did not comply -leads to the creation of Environmental Protection Agency to administer and enforce new regulations in July 1970 +controversial because Nixon was bffs with conservative businessmen, but he wanted to appease people who wanted stricter environmental laws

Address to the Nation Announcing Decision to Resign the Office of President of the US

- Nixon's official resignation that was broadcasted on tv -talks very little about Watergate, and more about what he did as a president like create connections with the Soviets and China and ended the Vietnam war -his way of making sure his legacy is not tarnished

Operation Homecoming

- On Feb 12, 1973, one month after the signing of the cease fire agreement in Paris, the first returning prisoners of war arrived at Clark Air Base in the Philippines on their way to the United States -Over the next 6 weeks, a total of 587 prisoners of war returned home -Operation Homecoming, the military's official name for the repatriation of the prisoners, quickly exploded into a full-blown media event -At a crucial moment, Operation Homecoming attempted to reconfigure the meaning of patriotism by distancing it from the actual war and aligning it instead with a far more inclusive commitment to the process of national healing and reconciliation -LINKED: to feminist movement, POW go public campaign, Anti war movements from Vietnam, consciousness raising -LINKED: "Homeward Unbound", "Kent State Report",

Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956

- On June 29, 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. -The bill created a 41,000-mile "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" that would, eliminate unsafe roads, inefficient routes, traffic jams and all of the other things that got in the way of "speedy, safe transcontinental travel." -linked to suburbanization

Reagan's America Part 1

- Ronald Reagan= conservative, republican candidate +Reagan's top priority when elected was economic conservative issues (gov had gotten too big and too expensive, causing other problems) + Reagonomics ^ cut tax rates, on businesses but especially on individuals ^reduce government social welfare spending ( eduction, food stamps, etc.) ^ reduce regulations, bureaucratic constraints, other barriers to commerce including labor - Reagonomics in practice: 1. Taxes: simpler, lower, less progressive (ex: shift the burden down) (supply side policy) (people who made more money, paid more in taxes across the board were cut) 2. Budget: some cuts, some expansion (tax cuts leads to reduction in government ) (cut taxes but didn't cut the government funding which leads to massive budget deficits 3. tough stand against labor: ex Professional Air Traffic Controllers organization (PATCO) Strike busted in 1981 ^ PATCO was a union for air traffic controllers ^wanted guaranteed shorter work weeks and younger retirement age with a pension ^ the union rates to go out on strike (air traffic controllers are federal employees, therefore prohibited from striking) (Reagan used his executive order to fire 11 thousand people and forbid the from working for the federal government again - Clearance Thomas + despised Affirmative Action policies (stigmatizing effects of Affirmative Action that put him at a disadvantage when applying for jobs) (he thought potential employers didn't take him seriously because they thought he wasn't as smart as he was) +he called affirmative action "racial engineering" + 1982-1990= Reagan appoints him EEOC Chairman (controversial because he was against class action and favored individual cases and wanted minorities to thrive on their own ) (allowed many cases to expire to limit what the commission could do) +first African American to be on supreme court - Thomas vs. Anita Hill + Hill states that Thomas mistreated her when he was her boss +3 days of testimony + 52-48 confirmation for Clearance

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

- Supreme Court rules on racial segregation, stating "separate but equal" is wrong because separate was never equal -racially segregated schools were unconstitutional -1955 "Brown II"= desegregate with "all deliberate speed" +make a prompt and reasonable start (not immediately but not never) -Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional +linked to Little Rock 9, housing zones, Civil Rights boycotts, "Massive Resistance" from whites who refused to desegregate schools and send their children to white schools

Running on empty: the energy crisis

- The US are the highest oil producers in the world (~18% of world's oil supply) +In 1970, the US produced a quarter of the world's oil + petroleum is the heart of post WWII American life + number of cars, suburbs and factories increasing with the increased amount of petroleum use +demand for oil drastically increases, and US oil fields by 1970s reached its peak performance + US is becoming more reliant on outside countries to met high demands - IN 1971, Nixon announces price controls +announced August 15, 1971 + effort to half price inflation by stopping increases in both prices (set by businesses) and wages (paid to workers) - environmental regulations imposed during the 1970s increasingly punished companies that did not follow the restrictions that they had set out - Summer of 1973 signs of gasoline shortage - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) +Founded in 1960 + US is not in it - Yom Kippur War: Oct 1973 +In 1967, Israel fought a 6 day war with Arab neighbors, claiming more land that they had not had previously + Kissenger negotiates a deal to support Israel in this war, angering the Arab countries who were at war with Israel +OPEC= includes Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Egypt, Syria and Iran (Launched a unilateral embargo on the west, specifically the US, by cutting their production and refusing to sell to the US +Nixon's response on November 7, 1973 "we have an energy crisis, but there is no crisis of the American spirit" - Mid 1970s= stagnation (economy is not growing) and inflation (price levels still rise) - Iranian Revolution begins January 1979

Environmental Protection Act (1970)

- The purpose of the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) is to support and promote the management, protection, enhancement and wise use of the environment, while recognizing the following: 1. Preventing, mitigating and remediating environmental impacts is important in making decisions and taking actions. 2. Where there are threats of serious or irreparable harm to the ecological integrity, lack of complete certainty is not to be a reason for postponing reasonable environmental protection measures. 3. All persons are responsible, financially and otherwise, for impacts on the environment as a result of their actions or inaction. 4. Administrative, management and regulatory processes need to be adaptive, responsive, fair, effective and timely.

Introduction: Notions of Sex Equality

- Title VII granting equality amongst the sexes and prohibiting discrimination based on sex +a tantalizing weapon for the feminist and labor activists - Women who were employed by the New York Times appealed to their common sex for protections, but their varied notions of workplace justice threatened to divide them - at The NY Times, most women found it impossible to obtain a job that was not sex-typed for them -By early 1973, they began investigating how to take legal action against the Times +the impeccable credentials that made women hardy plaintiffs also left them vulnerable to accusation of greed +the Times agreed to pay a modest annuity to all members of the class and to pay the plaintiffs attorneys fees ++also promised to implement an aggressive affirmative action plan, complete with specific percentage goals and timetables

The State and the Marginalized

- US Prison population, 1960- 2010 +increase dramatically in people in prison - Deinstitutionalization + in mid 1970s, reformers stated that building specialized hospitals was the move to help the mentally ill + by mid 20th century, push for deinstitutionalization (hope was that people would be treated better in their own communities) (also boosted by Medicare and Medicaid, dropping the population in public health hospitals by 1.5% per year) + Thorazine= first effective, anti-psychotic medicine, approved by FDA and developed in 1954 - In 1953, Community Mental Health Act was passed +proposed by JFK +Patients can be treated at the centers while walking and living on their own + act is never fully funded due to Vietnam War and JFK's assassination - In 1977, Carter starts a presidential commission on mental health, heading it by his wife ^commission identities and describes problems with deinstitutionalization -Omnibus Budget Law passed by Reagan effectively eroded the rule of the federal government to help the mentally ill - Lyndon Johnson led the groundwork to mass incarceration + mass incarceration= dramatic increase of people in jail in the 1970s (certain communities have bore the brunt of this change like black and hispanics) - Nixon declares war on crime January 1970 +states he's gonna reduce crime rate, but increased building of prisons shows he plans on arresting more people -response to killing of Black Panther leader George Atticus leads to Attica Prison uprising in 1971 by the prison population there + 40 prison staff taken hostage + Elliot Barkley = spokesman for prisoners who demanded things such as toilet paper, amnesty etc. + on the 4th day, helicopters dropped tear gas and opened fire, killing 43 people - In 1975, first year that prison population changed from majority white to majority black - 1970s, police began testing new ways to get people into prisons through fake operations +Between 1980-1995, total prison population was half a million to 1.5 million (New Jim Crow)

Jonestown and the Culture of the Cult

- What is a cult? 1. a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object 2. a relatively small group of people having religious beliefs or practices regarded by others as strange or sinister -Jim Jones +born in 1931 in Indiana +considered an outsider who loved death +Establishes the People's Temple when he moved to California in 1965 +talks about the equality of races and wanting to build a Utopian society +Able to receive donations from others, and made people feel guilty for taking too many luxuries (leading people to allow Jones to think for them rather than people thinking for themselves) +performed fake miracles to get people to believe in him +enforced discipline through public beating for law breakers -In 1974, Jones relocates the church to San Fran - Jones preaches that the US is a capitalistic, selfish and racist state, so in 1976 he moved everyone to Guyana (socialistic economy, spoke English, also allowed Jones to not get in trouble with the US for what he was doing) - Congressman Lee O'Ryan (1978) goes to Jonestown to get a formal tour which ends in his assassination since he attempts to bring some of the people back home - Jones then administers a mass suicide by putting poison in their kool aid and shooting himself (909 Americans commit suicide on Nov. 8, 1978)

Why is the new right winning?

- election of 1980 - Reagan wins in a landslide - talks bad about the New Left and how they support negotiating with communist, attacking allies instead of enemies, allowing the takeover in Iran etc. - the new right has made a network of thousands of conservative Christian ministers who broadcast daily on tv - The New Right's success is due to 4 elements: 1. single issue groups= wrote letters, formed PACs and got involved in campaigns 2. multi-issue conservative groups= NRA, Right to Life 3. coalition politics= working within the Republican and Democratic parties to nominate conservative candidates, promote conservative positions and create conservative majorities in both parties 4. direct mail= the media often only showed the positive sides of liberal issues, so the New Right used direct mail to reach to a greater audience personally

Tom Grace

- first hand account about a student, Tom Grace, who was scheduled to go to take a history exam but ended up experiencing the Kent State massacre

"One Soldier's View: Vietnam Letters"

- first hand account journal entries from a soldier in Vietnam, stating how underprepared and lack of confidence the US soldiers were in Vietnam fighting

The New Right

- What was the New Right? +right winged politics in the US linked to mid 1970s to onward + describes a more coherent, organized conservative movement + right to life movement, anti feminism driven by people like Phylis Schaffly - What was the Old Right? + Paleoconservative (old right) + characterized as aristocratic, high minded, religious, intellectual, concerned with order , hierarchy, stability, and pro-business + hostile to labor unions, regulations that threatened your power or ability to make trades/negotiations - New Right + saw themselves as a lot more populist, not elitist +racialized and genderized social hierarchy - Tactics of the New Right + grassroots mobilization, especially direct mail ^direct mail= junk mail deliberately aimed at certain people in their mail boxes (So effective that the New Left starts doing it, and donors become more important them members) (allows campaigns to target people specific concerns with much more persuasion them a candidate would say in a public speech) + think tanks and foundations ^ Heritage Foundation, Cato Institute (found wealthy sponsors and used this money to spit out a huge amount of policy papers) +direct lobbying= business and single issues (STOP, ERA, NRA) and Political Action Committees/ Campaign funding - Republican Primary, 1976 + Reagan challenges Ford from the Rights +"Political outsider", fiscal conservative : cut spending and taxes, balance the budget

End of an Era

- Why did Feminism become controversial and partisan by late 1970s? 1. 3 1970s women's and gay rights victories ( Roe v, Wade, ERA, and growing visibility of gays and lesbians) 2. Anti- feminism emerges: Phylis Schlaffy and Anita Bryant 3. tensions over goals, strategy, tactics among feminists themselves contribute to antifeminist arguments that feminism is divisive, not common sense 4. By the early 1980s, feminists are on the defensive - Women's Liberation in Pop Culture 1. print advertisements 2. television 3. "Freedom Spray" deodorant - Title IX and the Battle of the Sexes + Bobby Riggs= #1 champion in tennis (Riggs began challenging famous players despite his disadvantaged age) (Challenges Billie Jean King but she rejected) ^ he then challenged the #1 woman for $ 10,000 and this became known as the Mothers Day Massacre because Riggs destroyed ^eventually King beats Riggs in front of 90 million people and becomes the first super star female athlete, getting lots of endorsements - Title IX + no person on the basis of sex can be subjected to discriminated from financial resources from federal funding + sparked number of women in sports by 600% - a series of feminist victories gives grass roots to conservatives + ERA +Roe v Wade = established a woman's right to privacy, protected by the 14th amendment - Phylis Schlaffy, celebrity anti-feminist + white women began to attack traditional American values by centering ERA, Roe v Wade and gay visibility at the core of their argument + women's roles at home should be celebrated, and feminists discredited that +spoke against the ERA + Eagle Forum= her organization +According to STOPP (Stop Taking Our Privileges), the ERA would erode women's privileges leading to: 1. even more accessible abortion 2. denial of social security to housewives and widows 3. women being drafted 4. same sex marriage 5. unisex bathrooms -Anita Bryant + Miss Oklahoma + wrote " Save our children from homosexuality"

Bayard Rustin

- a gay Quaker -jailed during WWII for refusing to take part -part of the action of the Journey of Reconciliation= key demonstration to test a recent Supreme Court decision that banned segregation (7 white men and 7 black men were to ride on buses on intrastate transportation) to see if the new law of the land would be enforced -things escalate in Chapel Hill for him -applies Gandhis tactics to US problems (was part of the Montgomery Bus Boycott) - MLKs mentor -fuses pacifism and civil rights -a civil rights organizer and activist, best known for his work as adviser to Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1950s and '60s.

Uncertain Days

- a journal of Gerald Ford while the whole Watergate scandal was occurring - includes conversations with his wife, fellow co workers, and even a meeting with Nixon himself -talks about Nixon either getting impeached or resigning

Man and Woman of the year: the middle americans

- about how blue collar white, middle class workers feeling the politicians aren't hearing their voice -Nixon appeals to this crowd to get votes

Days of Rage

- administered by the Weathermen - October 1969 in Chicago - days long protest confronting the police and causing chaos -used this protest to introduce their new way of Anti war protest -was a bust because: 1. did not spark as a mass movement 2. groups they thought were they're allies publicly spoke out against it 3. their ways played into the political stage 4. FBI was keeping track of them -hundreds of young people wielding lead pipes and clad in football helmets marched through an upscale Chicago shopping district, pummeling parked cars and smashing shop windows. T -the first demonstration of the Weathermen, later known as the Weather Underground.

Suburbanization

- after WWII, population booms and mass exodus to suburbs -veterans came home wanting their own home and start their own families (families of GI wanted a single family home in the suburbs) -expansion of American highways thanks to the Federal Highway Act of 1965 - America's manufacturing industry switched from making war weapons to making domestic things like cars +cars allowed you to live further an further into the suburbs -white, heterosexual middle class people were moving to the suburbs because they allowed for a more homogenous life and emphasized white conformity -cities become places of social mobility, specialization, and a hub for new movements to emerge (like the gay rights movement)

Lavender Menace (Done)

- an informal group of lesbian radical feminists formed to protest the exclusion of lesbians and lesbian issues from the feminist movement at the Second Congress to Unite Women in New York City on May 1, 1970. -held a zap (theatrical form of protest) in which they wore t shirts printed with "Lavender Menace" on it -formed to protest the exclusion of lesbians and lesbian issues from the feminist movement -"Lavender Menace" was first used in 1969 by Betty Friedan, president of NOW, to describe the threat that she believed associations with lesbianism posed to NOW and the emerging women's movement. +Friedan, and some other heterosexual feminists, worried that the association would hamstring feminists' ability to achieve serious political change -LINKED: "Lesbians in Revolt: Male Supremacy Quakes and Quivers"

Our Bodies Ourselves

- collaborative medical journal for females composed by females -a book about women's health and sexuality produced by the nonprofit organization Our Bodies Ourselves (originally called the Boston Women's Health Book Collective). - First published in the late 1960s, it contains information related to many aspects of women's health and sexuality, including: sexual health, sexual orientation, gender identity, birth control, abortion, pregnancy and childbirth, violence and abuse, and menopause. -links to the feminist movement and sorta to Roe v Wade

Lobbying America

- crisis of confidence - business leaders believed that the public's growing distrust, combined with their collective inability to defend themselves and promote the virtues of the capitalist system, had led directly to debilitating policy measures - individual firms dramatically escalated their direct lobbying, corporate PACs multiplied, and libertarian and conservative think tanks blossomed - no longer able to tap their old political allies or rely on their outdated methods of political entrepreneurship, corporate leaders increasingly talked themselves into an inescapable truth

Détente

- from the French word for "slacking" - characterized as "realist" approach to foreign policy (Kissenger leaves moral reality at the door) -name given to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in 1971 and took decisive form when President Richard M. Nixon visited the secretary-general of the Soviet Communist party, Leonid I. Brezhnev, in Moscow, May 1972. -On May 22 Nixon became the first U.S. president to visit Moscow. He and Brezhnev signed seven agreements covering the prevention of accidental military clashes; arms control

Milllken v. Bradley

- important limitation of Swann case - busing can only happen within a school district unless de cure discrimination is proven across multiple counties -1974 - a suit charging that the Detroit, Michigan public school system was racially segregated as a result of official policies was filed against Governor Milliken. - the Court held that the school systems were not responsible for desegregation across district lines unless it could be shown that they had each deliberately engaged in a policy of segregation.

Letters to the Editor

- letters pertaining to the Kent State Massacre, showing how people had mixed emotions about the shootings +some thought the students deserved to die while others thought it was inhumane to shoot innocent people

1970 Strike for Women's Equality

- occurred August 26, 1970 -in honor of the 19th Amendment - thousands of women protesting in 46 cities across the country -feminism could no longer be dismissed - The rally was sponsored by the National Organization for Women (NOW) -The strike, spearheaded by Betty Friedan, self-stated three primary goals: free abortion on demand, equal opportunity in the workforce, and free childcare

Invasion of Cambodia (Done)

- on April 30, 1970, President Nixon authorized U.S. troops to invade Cambodia -At the same time that the Vietnamization plan was put in place, however, the Nixon administration also escalated U.S. military activity in other parts of Southeast Asia. -In April 1970, for example, the president secretly authorized bombing campaigns and a ground invasion of Cambodia, a neutral country. -Nixon asserted that the incursion into Cambodia was necessary to keep pressure on the enemy until the Vietnamization strategy took root. -The president's actions nonetheless came under harsh criticism and prompted massive anti-war demonstrations across America. -LINKED: Tom Grace Reading and Kent State Massace

Discophobia

- rock and roll, soul, and folk = the soundtrack of the 1950s and 60s +Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, and James Brown +lots of sexual innuendos -disco comes out from smooth black in cities like Detroit, NY etc +beat is similar from song to song, allowing an easy mix and constant dancing -Disco culture captured the excitement during this time for women, gays and blacks +Barry White, Donna Summer, The Bee Gees, The Village People - men began to sing about pleasing women romantically as opposed to Jame Brown's sex machine song - disco is a break through genre for gay men and African American women -YMCA came out at this time by the Village Poeple + embraces a new gay macho, trying to separate from the stereotypical assumption of being weak and female-like "Young Men Christian Association", originally community organizations and living spaces that allowed people in the 70s to create safe gay spaces in these places - Disco was a platform for African American women + black women singing about sexual satisfaction and empowerment -disco fashion (self styling, self presentation was political, afros to make you look bigger) - Backlash +Disco faced backlash in the 1970s and early 1980s - DJ Steve Dahl was a rock DJ fired by a radio who switched from rock to disco +hosted a disco demolition night at the Chicago White Sox Stadium on July 12, 1979 +baseball fans asked to bring disco records for admissions of 98 cents to blow these records up + 60,000 people showed up even tho only 30,000 were expected +opponents of disco, traditional white men, showed that this music was dangerous

Equal Rights Amendment

- section 1: equality of rights should not be denied based on sex - section 2: congress has power to enforce this article - section 3: article shall take in effect 2 years after this date of ratification - labor unions were not a fan of this - First proposed by the National Woman's political party in 1923, the Equal Rights Amendment was to provide for the legal equality of the sexes and prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex. - Oct 1971 it passes the House of Reps - March 1972 it passes the Senate

Daniel Ellsberg

- served as a U.S. Marine Corps officer from 1954 to 1957 and worked as a strategic analyst at the RAND Corporation and the Department of Defense, had been an early supporter of U.S. involvement in Indochina and had worked on the preparation of the 1967 study -Ellsberg had come to believe that the war in Vietnam was unwinnable. -He also believed that the information contained in the Pentagon Papers about U.S. decision-making regarding Vietnam should be more widely available to the American public -leaked the pentagon papers and became one of the most sought after people on Nixon's list

Stonewall Uprising

- stonewall Inn was considered a gay bar in Greenwich NYC run by the mafia who typically tipped off police - police tried to use statues to regulate homosexual activity, but the people of stonewall usually fought back - people threw rocks and other stuff at the police, and the police openly beat them - accelerated the creation of new gay activist organizations - San Fran elected the 1st openly gay official to the city Board of Supervisions= Harvey Milk in 1978 -The raid sparked a riot among bar patrons and neighborhood residents as police roughly hauled employees and patrons out of the bar, leading to six days of protests and violent clashes with law enforcement outside the bar on Christopher Street, in neighboring streets and in nearby Christopher Park.

Homeward Unbound

- talks about POWS - North Vietnam's failure to abide by prisoner code of war by not releasing them or giving the US information -US government wanted the women of POWS to keep quiet until they figured something out, but the go public campaign was launched to give North Vietnam a bad rep and to boost US self esteem - shows how Vietnam was bringing the war to US by making innocent women and children psychologically suffer -Operation Homecoming -reveals how men had a hard time getting back into family life because women had been the head of the house for so long -denounces women who divorced their POWs or who were against the war

Vietnamization

- term Nixon coined around 1969 to encourage the US to leave the war to Vietnam and decrease US presence -the US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam. -Nixon believed his Vietnamization strategy, which involved building up South Vietnam's armed forces and withdrawing U.S. troops, would prepare the South Vietnamese to act in their own defense against a North Vietnamese takeover and allow the United States to leave Vietnam with its honor intact.

Consciousness-Raising

- the number 1 tactic used for radical feminism -each person discussing their own experiences in a supporting way, helping the group come to political conclusions more feasibly -the activity of seeking to make people more aware of personal, social, or political issues. -also linked to the gay liberation movement to motivate people to "come out"

Neighborhood schools

- token integration by moving small number of blacks to white schools, but no whites to all black schools - linked to the failure to promote prompt integration, Swann v. Board of Education, busing issue, civil rights laws -White parents and politicians framed their resistance to school desegregation in terms like "busing" and "neighborhood schools," and this rhetorical shift allowed them to support white schools and neighborhoods without using explicitly racist language.

Archie and Edith Bunker

- two fictional 1970s sitcom characters on All in the Family -Edith Bunker is an undereducated but kind, cheery and loving woman. She is less politically opinionated than the rest of the family -Archie is a main character of the series, is a World War II veteran, blue-collar worker, and family man. Described as a "lovable bigot," he was first seen by the American public when All in the Family premiered on January 12, 1971, where he was depicted as the head of the Bunker family. Archie's prejudice is not motivated by malice, but is rather a combination of the era and environment in which he was raised and a generalized misanthropy.

Plumbers Unit

- unit created to ensure internal security - was called the "Plumbers" because they were put in charge of stopping "leaks" - Howard Hunt, James Mclord, Gordon Liddy, Chuck Colson -Daniel Ellsberg was there top priority -July 1971, they robbed and deteriorated the psychiatrist's office that Daniel Ellsberg went to go see in California -While Nixon was in Moscow, the Plumbers Unit broke into the Democratic Convention Committee's room at the Watergate hotel to get information +they copied files and installed wiretaps +On July 17, 1972, the plumbers had to do a second burglary because the wire taps weren't loud enough, so they put tap on the door locks and a nightwatchman called the police -important because it leads to Nixon's impeachment trial and eventual resignation and Ford's pardon

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

-1930: Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Social Security, unemployment insurance -Means tested"- you had to qualify - Originally, aid based on absence of father. Many states had "man in the house" rule about eligibility. Struck down in 1968. -Civil Rights Activism in 1960s expanded coverage to African American women -created by the Social Security Act (SSA) and administered by the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provided financial assistance to children whose families had low or no income. -criticized for offering incentives for women to have children, and for providing disincentives for women to join the workforce.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

-1964, key turning point - US involved in a naval conflict on Aug 2 and 4 -gun boats make raids and were fire upon (led to greater military escalation) - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was signed on Aug 7, allowing US president to use military power and prosecute war without any further confirmation -connected to the Vietnam War -authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia. -This resolution became the legal basis for the Johnson and Nixon Administrations prosecution of the Vietnam War.

Comprehensive Childcare Development Act

-1971 -guarantee universal access to child development programs through day care and preschool, regardless of parents' income level -set aside $2 billion annually to provide free childcare for low income families and a sliding scale to families who made less than 74% of nation's median income - Senate and HOR passed it easily - Nixon vetoed the act on Dec. 9, 1971 +law is characterized by "fiscal irresponsibility administrative, unworkability , and family weakening implications" +Nixon's veto and his accompanying rationale reveal several staple thought processes of Cold War politics in the United States

Nixon Visits China

-1972 - seeks to end the Cold War -wanted to bring China into the war -Mao Zedong is the ruler of China who meets with Nixon +political success because 84% of Americans approved of this move (helping Nixon almost unanimously win his second term election) -Nixon struck a diplomatic relationship with a communist country, something that was never done before -Nixon, and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger saw a unique opportunity in these circumstances—diplomatic overtures to the PRC might make the Soviet Union more malleable to U.S. policy requests (such as pressuring the North Vietnamese to sign a peace treaty acceptable to the United States).

Limits to Growth

-Club of Rome - The team examined the five basic factors that determine and limit growth on this planet: population, agriculture, natural resources, industrial production, and pollution

Kent State University (Done)

-Four Kent State University students were killed and nine were injured on May 4, 1970, when members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on a crowd gathered to protest the Vietnam War -Protests across the country in the latter half of the 1960s were part of organized opposition against U.S. military activities in Southeast Asia, as well as the military draft. -President Richard M. Nixon had been elected in 1968 due in large part to his promise to end the Vietnam War. -May 2, there were rumors that radicals were making threats against the town of Kent and the university (After the Invasion of Cambodia) -protesters had already set fire to the school's ROTC building, and scores were watching and cheering as it burned -the protest on May 4th, during which activists spoke out against the presence of the National Guard on campus as well as the Vietnam War, was initially peaceful. +also was protesting the presence of the national guard on campus -reactions to the massacre shows the generation divide because the older adults thought the protestors deserved to die while the younger population thought it was inhumane for the national guard to fire upon unarmed protestors -linked to the Kent State Reading and Tom Grace (reactions) reading

George and Louise Jefferson

-George Jefferson was the black version of Archie Bunker in many respects, both were loud-mouthed, opinionated and set in their bigoted ways. -By 1975, Jefferson's fledging dry-cleaning business, Jefferson Cleaners, had successfully grown into a small chain; his newfound wealth led to moving his family to a "deluxe apartment in the sky" in Manhattan. -Louise, a level-headed and open-minded woman who's married to George and who often had to scold George when his mouth got him into trouble -The Jeffersons were a spinoff of All in the Family

Granting Pardon to Richard Nixon

-Gerald Ford grants Nixon pardon for Watergate, stating that it would be in the best interest of the nation if we all moved on from the incident

Pentagon Papers

-June 13, 1971 (a year before)= Nixon's downfall begins with the Pentagon Papers - a military comprehensive study to analyze all of US involvement in Vietnam commissioned by the Secretary of Defense under Lyndon B Johnson - these papers were leaked and made public - leaked by Daniel Ellsberg -report paints the Vietnam War in a damning way, contradicting the progress that the US. had been telling its citizens -admits to not having power and weapons to winning the Vietnam War while the US gov promised its people that the war was almost over -connects with Nixon's growing sense of insecurity which leads him to the Watergate Scandal +Nixon first deflects criticism and then is eager to stop the publication - name given to a top-secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967

Edmund Muskie's Crying Speech

-Muskie was thought to have been the guy to beat in the 1972 election -around the New Hampshire primary, people of the Nixon Campaign planted false stories about Muskie saying he was racist to French Canadians and they also make comments about his relationship with his wife -Muskie denounces the story, speech becomes know as the "Crying Speech" +this speech forces him to drop out of the race because people thought he was crying during the speech, making McGovern the front runner -people thought he was crying because he gave the speech outside when it was snowing and cold -Evidence later came to light during the Watergate scandal investigation that, during the 1972 presidential campaign, the Nixon campaign committee maintained a "dirty tricks" unit focused on discrediting Nixon's strongest challengers

National Organization for Women

-N.O.W -calls for a fully equal partnership between the sexes - emerged in 1966 - majority founders were white - argued that only women could argue their own fertility, fought against all abortion laws -sparks the strike for Women's Equality on August 26, 1970 when thousands of women in 46 cities across the country came out in honor of the 19th amendment -The National Organization for Women was established by a small group of feminists who were dedicated to actively challenging sex discrimination in all areas of American society. -Betty Friedan, one of its founders, served as NOW's first president. -linked to the rise of feminism

Smoking Gun Tape

-Nixon released this tape on August 5, 1974 after having used his executive privilege to avoid giving it out - shows Nixon knew about the Watergate break in and the following cover up -creates a power struggle between the FBI and CIA due to the obstruction of justice -Nixon and Haldeman discuss telling Deputy CIA Director Vernon Walters to interfere with FBI Acting Director Pat Gray's investigation. -They also mention Mark Felt, then an FBI deputy, who 30 years later revealed himself to be the Watergate whistle blower known as Deep Throat.

"The Problem of the Blue Collar Worker" (Done)

-Nixon thought he could connect with white middle class working people by giving them empathy +This class felt like they were the "Forgotten Men" -Middle Americans both physically and ideologically inhabit the battleground of change (taxes hit them the hardest and yet they have less and less voice) -Blue Collar strategy emerged from Nixon's South strategy and suburban strategy -Blue Collar workers are typically white working, middle class Americans who feel as if their voices are not being heard by leaders and who feel as if their lives are being negatively impacted the most by war and policies that are implemented -leads to the Hard Hat riot in NYC -LINKED: "Man and Woman of the Year: The Middle Americans"

Southern Strategy

-President Nixon's attempt to attract the support of Southern conservative Democrats who were unhappy with federal desegregation policies and the liberal Supreme Court. -Nixon combined this with "Suburban strategy" from his campaign which ends up resulting in a Blue Collar Strategy - attract people by giving them policies they want or talking a big game that sided with such constituents - refers to efforts by the Republican Party and its candidates to win presidential elections since 1964 by appealing to conservative whites (especially white southerners) disaffected with the Democratic Party by its strong embrace of civil rights laws in the 1960s and its racially egalitarian policies since.

Black Panther Party

-a political organization founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to challenge police brutality against the African American community. -early activities primarily involved monitoring police activities in black communities in Oakland and other cities. -started a number of popular community social programs, including free breakfast programs for school children and free health clinics in 13 African American communities across the United States -In 1969, the FBI declared the Black Panthers a communist organization and an enemy of the United States government -called for the arming of all African Americans, the exemption of African Americans from the draft and from all sanctions of so-called white America, the release of all African Americans from jail, and the payment of compensation to African Americans for centuries of exploitation by white Americans.

Paris Peace Accord 1973

-a result from the pressure on the North Vietnamese -The Paris Peace Accords, officially titled the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Viet Nam, was a peace treaty signed on January 27, 1973, to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War. -The settlement included a cease-fire throughout Vietnam. - In addition, the United States agreed to the withdrawal of all U.S. troops and advisors and the dismantling of all U.S. bases within 60 days. In return, the North Vietnamese agreed to release all U.S. and other prisoners of war -Nixon spun this as "peace with honor," helping him out in the upcoming election

Fraser-McGovern Commission

-aka Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection -was a commission created by the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in response to the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention. -reformed the primary election process -weaken control of local party officials in delegate selection -greater importance on winning state primaries and caucuses= more proportional representation -selection of delegates to be open and transparent -increase diversity in delegates= especially women, youth and racial minorities= by appointing delegates proportionally (Democratic Party trying to shed its historical white majority rule) - connected to the 1972 presidential election because many democrats joined the race thinking Nixon looked vulnerable

Club of Rome

-an informal organization that has been aptly described as an "invisible college" -April 1968, a group of 30 individuals from ten countries gathered in the Accademia Dei Lincei in Rome -the intent of the project was to examine the complex of problems troubling men of all nations: poverty in the midst of plenty, degradation of the environment; loss of faith in institutions etc. -The team examined the five basic factors that determine and limit growth on this planet: population, agriculture, natural resources, industrial production, and pollution -LINKED: Limits of Growth which talks about environmentalism -principle problem the author was trying to explain? consumption and overpopulation

Family Assistance Plan

-announced in Aug 1969 -passed House in Spring 1970 - stalled in Senate in 1971 -Legislatively dead by 1972 -Guaranteed annual income- up to$1600 for a family of four. - Benefit amount based on income- gradual reduction—via "Negative income tax" - Abolish AFDC, food stamps, housing subsidies, etc. -why did it fail? + liberals didn't think it was enough +conservatives didn't like paying people to do nothing -What were the consequences of its failure? "Demogrant"—McGovern proposal from 1972 Supplemental Security Income (1974) Earned Income Tax Credit (1975) Debates over "worthiness" and "dependency" persist—esp. in 1995 Welfare Reform Act

Newt Gingrich speech to Republicans

-atlanta airport holiday inn, June 24, 1978 - the Democratic Party has always produced young, nasty people who have no respect for their elders - one of the greatest weaknesses of the Republican Party is that we recruit middle class people - the democrats don't worry about unity, and the republicans always talk about unity but never have it - encouraging the crowd to find a job in politics thats real and take action that will address this broken governmental system - His campaign is filled with college republicans

Stokely Carmichael

-born in Trinidad but moved to Harlem -graduated from Howard University -involved in Civil Rights movement -in 1966, becomes national president of SNCC - coined the termed "Black Power" in a speech he delivered following a murder -proposed that blacks take over leadership in SNCC because white leaders do not face the obstacles that blacks did -openly criticizes MLK JR and his followers for their non violence tactic

National Right to Life Movement

-contains elements opposing induced abortion on both moral and sectarian grounds and supports its legal prohibition or restriction -the anti-abortion movement became politically active and dedicated to the reversal of the Roe v. Wade decision, which struck down most state laws restricting abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy -the first major U.S. organization in the modern anti-abortion movement, the National Right to Life Committee, was formed out of the United States Catholic Conference in 1967 -The first major anti-abortion success since Roe's case came in 1976 with the passing of the Hyde Amendment prohibiting the use of certain federal funds for abortions.

Students for a Democratic Society

-emerges in 1962 as a part of the new Left -founded at the University of Michigan -opposition of the Vietnam war was one of its biggest targets - American student organization that flourished in the mid-to-late 1960s and was known for its activism against the Vietnam War. -Operating under the principles of the "Port Huron Statement," a manifesto written by Tom Hayden and Haber and issued in 1962 -By 1969 the organization had split into several factions, the most notorious of which was Weatherman, or the Weather Underground,

George Wallace

-faced previous VP Richard Nixon and sitting VP Hubert Humphrey in the 1968 presidential election -segregationist Democrat, supported segregation - drew political support from white southern segregationists - gain support based on his rhetoric to appeal to the white mass that went against elites and blacks -had contempt for anti-war movement -carried 5 states in the south and significant portion of the popular vote -appealed to the "Rust Belt" population -ends up losing to Nixon -U.S. Democratic Party politician and four-time governor of Alabama who led the South's fight against federally ordered racial integration in the 1960s.

DJ Cool Herc

-from the Bronx, NY - Jamaican immigrant who helped established a form of rapping known "toasting" -important because it lead to cities creating new forms of culture (especially Hip Hop) -Established "the break" which was when people would show off their best dance moves in the middle of the song where only rhythm was present

Pauli Murray

-grew up in Durham - rejected from UNC because she was black -"Jane Crow"- black women experienced harsher obstacles than white women and black men because they are at the corner of racism and sexism - often dressed as a man to participate in the Freedom Riders Protests - criticized the " I have a Dream" speech because no women were invited to speak -A member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), Murray also became involved in attempts to end segregation on public transport and this resulted in her arrest and imprisonment in March 1940 for refusing to sit at the back of a bus in Virginia. -Formed CORE which was mainly pacifists who had been deeply influenced by Henry David Thoreau and the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi and the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign that he used successfully against British rule in India -her efforts lead to the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (women get same pay as men) and Civil Right sAct of 1964 (federal law that dealt with race discrimination in housing etc. ) to be passed

1968 Democratic National Convention

-held August 26-29 in Chicago, Illinois. -tens of thousands of protesters swarmed the streets to rally against the Vietnam War and the political status quo -In November 1967, a relatively unknown and unremarkable Minnesota senator named Eugene McCarthy announced his intent to challenge Johnson for the Democratic presidential nomination. -The convention soon became a battleground between anti-war supporters and Vice President Humphrey's—and indirectly, President Johnson's—supporters.

Casey Hayden

-is an American civil rights activist -well known for a speech she gave to the 1960 United States National Student Association (USNSA) Congress, which bolstered the Liberal Caucus and eventually contributed to the formation of Students for a Democratic Society. -her efforts lead to the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (women get same pay as men) and Civil Right sAct of 1964 (federal law that dealt with race discrimination in housing etc. ) to be passed

Urban Crisis

-municipal bankruptcy -decline of manufacturing and moving away of white middle class -those who stayed in cities were people who needed many services -NYC was decreasing in cleanliness and increasing in crime, but they previously had high education institutions and rent stabilization +this became increasingly expensive as wealthy New Yorkers moved away -NYC borrowed from private banks, but in 1965 a recession hit and the banks cut off the city, leading libraries and other services to shut down -NYC mayor reached out to DC for help, but they rejected them +police officers and firefighters decreased, tuition for NYC schools emerged, transportation fairs increased, and the city can afford less -leads to the urban disinvestment of public housing to help the impoverished people and put construction workers back to work

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

-negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union that were aimed at curtailing the manufacture of strategic missiles capable of carrying nuclear weapons. -The SALT agreements signed on May 27 addressed two major issues. +First, they limited the number of antiballistic missile (ABM) sites each country could have to two +Second, the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles was frozen at existing levels. -reduced hostilities and increased communication

1972 Democratic National Convention

-new system didn't allow the nominee to be picked ahead of time -many new people had never been to a convention before, young people were just there to do their duty in building a party -when democrats agreed to nominated McGovern, they also had to deal with the party platform -Democratic platform: 1. pro equal rights amendment and financial equality for women 2. abortion rights: contentious debate 3. repeal laws against gay marriage (defended but not included) 4. promote busing to redress school segregation 5. guaranteed family income -McGovern campaign was chaotic and super diverse while Nixon's campaign ran on peace, success, and optimism -The convention, which has been described as "a disastrous start to the general election campaign",[4] was one of the most unusual—perhaps the most contentious in the history of the Democratic Party since 1924

The Emerging Republican Majority

-shows the change in support from the US population which leads to a change in political power +Democrats to Republicans +the south is shifting to a more influential role - stresses a 32 year political cycle -Democrats have more losses than gains, leading to Nixons election

Lesbians in RevoltL Were ready to lead

-states that the development of lesbian feminist politics as the basis for the liberation of women is their top priority -how lesbians commits themselves to women not only as an alternative to oppressive men but primarily because she loves women lesbianism is a political choice -men continuously suppress women -the personal is political - women's liberation lacks direction now because it has failed to understand the importance of heterosexuality in maintaining male supremacy and because it has failed to face class and race as real differences in women's behaviors and political needs

Refugees from Amerika

-talks about the homosexual movement and what it means to be a homosexual -stresses the importance of gays to come out of the closet - denounces male chauvinism, marriage between heterosexuals -talks about the oppression that gays encounter, the significance of sex, and the importance to free gays from oppression

Port Huron Statement

-written in Port Huron, Michigan, at a meeting of Students for a Democratic Society. -Tom Hayden, the driving force behind the manifesto, was a student at the University of Michigan and came from a working-class family. - reflects the dissatisfaction and disillusionment many young people were feeling in the 1960s. -one goal was to emphasize their opposition in the Vietnam War

Black Capitalism

federal funding where they gave money and created programs appealed to the African American community -introduced by Nixon in order to appeal to black voters