Hist ch. 13,14,15,16,17

. In the U.S.-Mexican War, what military technological advantage did the U.S. army posses that tipped the balance in several crucial engagements? A. light artillery B. the paper cartridge C. heavy cannons D. repeating rifles

A. light artillery

Three "frontiers" transformed Plains Indian culture long before white settlers pushed their settlement frontier west of the Mississippi River. Which of following did NOT transform Plains Indian culture during this period? A. liquor B. firearms C. the horse D. disease

A. liquor

What group was vehemently opposed to ending slavery even though they sometimes traded with slaves and keenly resented planters? A. poor whites B. yeoman farmers C. drivers D. overseers

A. poor whites

The battle at Antietam Creek was significant for all the following reasons EXCEPT that it A. proved McClellan could mastermind a victory after all. B. provided an occasion for Lincoln to announce the Emancipation Proclamation. C. repulsed a Confederate invasion of the North. D. was the bloodiest single-day battle in the history of American warfare.

A. proved McClellan could mastermind a victory after all.

The Union victory at Vicksburg A. secured control of the Mississippi, dividing the Confederacy. B. secured central Tennessee for the Union, opening the path for Sherman's march to the sea. C. assured Lincoln's re-election in 1864. D. prompted Lee's surrender.

A. secured control of the Mississippi, dividing the Confederacy.

A group of American settlers near Sacramento launched a revolt against Mexico; and in June 1846 they proclaimed California an independent republic. This action was the A. "Bear Flag Revolt." B. Golden State Secession. C. opening shot of the U.S.-Mexican War. D. "second Alamo."

A. "Bear Flag Revolt."

Which of the following is NOT a way the Confederacy was like the North? A. Both presidents, despite little military background, ably directed the war effort. B. Each government relied initially on volunteer soldiers, but later had to institute a draft, which provoked deep hostility. C. Each government financed the war through taxes and issuing paper money. D. The demands of war tended to increase the power of the central government and accelerate industrialization on both sides.

A. Both presidents, despite little military background, ably directed the war effort.

. Lincoln finally found "his general." Who was he, and why? A. General Grant, who was willing to keep attacking with the tactics of total and relentless war B. General McClellan, who displayed great gifts as an organizer and trainer of large armies C. General Meade, who won the decisive battle of the war at Gettysburg D. General Sherman, who showed a willingness to carry the war to the South's civilian population

A. General Grant, who was willing to keep attacking with the tactics of total and relentless war

Which statement about the Republican party is NOT true? A. It attracted a coalition of voters throughout the nation. B. It emerged from a coalition of Democrats and Whigs who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. C. It was a frankly sectional party pledged to the containment of slavery. D. It was lead by a principle that slavery degraded free labor.

A. It attracted a coalition of voters throughout the nation.

Who invented a sharp-cutting steel plow that could slice through the thick tangle of prairie grass roots without the soil sticking to the blade? A. John Deer B. Cyrus McCormick C. Edmund Flagg D. Eli Whitney

A. John Deer

What is true about African Americans during the Civil War? A. Many slaves escaped to Union lines, where they were put to work or even allowed to join the army. B. Northern whites and northern free blacks both uniformly welcomed black soldiers into the Union army. C. Lincoln permitted African Americans to serve in the navy, but not the army. D. They were put to work as unskilled laborers and paid about the same as white citizens for the same work.

A. Many slaves escaped to Union lines, where they were put to work or even allowed to join the army.

What weakened the natural economic and political ties of the South to the West? A. Southerners opposed federal aid for economic development. B. Railroads diverted trade from the Mississippi artery in an eastward direction. C. Southerners opposed federal aid for economic development, and railroads diverted trade from the Mississippi. D. None of these answers is correct.

A. Southerners opposed federal aid for economic development.

. The doctrine of popular sovereignty was most closely associated with A. Stephen A. Douglas. B. Daniel Webster. C. Zachary Taylor. D. David Wilmot.

A. Stephen A. Douglas.

The Dred Scott decision actually involved three distinct Supreme Court rulings. Which of the following was NOT included? A. The popular sovereignty doctrine was a violation of the First Amendment. B. Missouri law applied in this case, and therefore Scott remained a slave. C. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. D. Slaves were not and could not ever be citizens.

A. The popular sovereignty doctrine was a violation of the First Amendment.

After 1830, southerners defended slavery more aggressively for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. a perceived decline in southern influence in national politics. B. the rise of the abolitionist movement with its threatening literature. C. the increasing dependence of the southern economy on slave-grown staples. D. Nat Turner's revolt.

A. a perceived decline in southern influence in national politics.

The Second Confiscation Act of 1862 had authorized the government to seize and sell the property of supporters of the rebellion; however, President Johnson ruled that the law A. applied only to wartime. B. was unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment. C. should be used only under the most extreme circumstances. D. didn't apply, as the secretary of war did not have legal standing in land issue cases.

A. applied only to wartime.

. Plains Indians responded to the increasing numbers of emigrants on the Overland Trail by A. demanding compensation from both the government and the emigrants. B. refusing to trade with the emigrants. C. attacking the wagon trains. D. migrating away from the main corridor of travel.

A. demanding compensation from both the government and the emigrants.

The southern response to war's end and Johnson's program of Reconstruction indicated A. despair and defiance. B. remorse and resolve to rebuild. C. willingness to give an appearance of accommodation to northern desires. D. grudging recognition that they had to repudiate their old-line Confederate leadership.

A. despair and defiance.

The Union war effort began by implementing the strategy embodied in General Winfield Scott's "anaconda plan," which called for A. encircling and squeezing the Confederacy with a naval blockade. B. a sudden strike against a vulnerable point of the borders of the Confederacy. C. a concealed and roundabout infiltration of Confederate territory west of the Mississippi. D. postponing direct military operations until the North's industrial capacity could be brought up to full military production.

A. encircling and squeezing the Confederacy with a naval blockade.

The North interpreted black codes as A. evidence that the South sought to keep freedmen in an economically dependent and legally inferior status. B. evidence that the South, by granting limited rights such as allowing jury service, was slowly accommodating to an improved status for former slaves. C. a realistic solution by the South to the problems created by sudden emancipation. D. a dangerous experiment by the South that could lead to social equality for blacks in the North.

A. evidence that the South sought to keep freedmen in an economically dependent and legally inferior status.

Both the South and the North experienced rioting during the war. Why? A. in the South over food; in the North over the draft B. in the South over easing slave codes; in the North over jailing dissidents C. on both sides, over military regulations like the draft and economic controls D. on both sides, over centralization of political power

A. in the South over food; in the North over the draft

. Lincoln, later revered as the Great Emancipator, ironically infringed on the civil liberties of northerners during the Civil War—specifically by A. suspending the writ of habeas corpus in specified areas in the North. B. suspending the writ of habeas corpus in areas still in rebellion in the South. C. recommending postponement of the presidential election due to be held in 1864. D. defying the Supreme Court's order to free those imprisoned without being charged.

A. suspending the writ of habeas corpus in specified areas in the North.

Although at the outset European experts expected the Confederacy to prevail, the North won, demonstrating that in modern war, ________ can offset ________. A. technology; terrain and distance B. strategic planning; idealistic determination C. industrial power; agricultural power D. sheer numerical superiority; the advantages of superior leadership

A. technology; terrain and distance

. John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was significant for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. that it provoked bloody retaliation against antislavery voters in Kansas. B. that it intensified southern fears of slave insurrection. C. that it intensified southern suspicions about the Republican party. D. that it added to the southerners' belief that their interests could not be protected within the Union.

A. that it provoked bloody retaliation against antislavery voters in Kansas.

What was the Gadsden Purchase? A. the acquisition of a strip of Mexican land as a railroad route B. a payment to Britain to clear the last jointly held area in the Oregon country C. an offer to buy Cuba from Spain that was rejected by Congress D. an agreement with Russia to obtain Alaska

A. the acquisition of a strip of Mexican land as a railroad route

The chapter introduction tells the stories of several southerners—Colonel Daniel Jordan; a nameless Texan; Sam Williams and his wife Nancy; Octave Johnson; and Ferdinand Steel—to make the point that A. the antebellum South was marked by great diversity, but at its core it was unified by its slave-based agricultural economy. B. the antebellum South had the reputation for being unified in its views of slavery, but actually only a few in the South actively supported the slave-based agricultural economy. C. the South was unique among the sections of the U.S. because of racist attitudes and the speculative approach to farming that characterized all classes of its citizens. D. the South was not much different from other sections, except that the income of the majority of southerners came from slave-grown cotton, while elsewhere the majority of Americans grew corn or wheat with their own labor.

A. the antebellum South was marked by great diversity, but at its core it was unified by its slave-based agricultural economy.

The central issue that divided Johnson and congressional Radicals was A. the future place of African Americans in U.S. society. B. how to win votes for the Republican party in the south. C. whether the power of the planter class should be broken. D. whether federal troops should be stationed as an occupying force in southern states.

A. the future place of African Americans in U.S. society.

. The Kansas-Nebraska Act resulted in all of the following EXCEPT A. the restoration of the Missouri Compromise. B. the destruction of the Whig party in the South. C. the formation of the new Republican party in the North. D. virtual civil war in Kansas.

A. the restoration of the Missouri Compromise.

. The Confederacy suffered from rampant inflation because A. the war was financed primarily through printing paper money. B. wages rose, due to the fact that with so many men off to war, workers were scarce. C. the blockade cut off trade with Europe, producing scarcities. D. speculators hoarded cotton.

A. the war was financed primarily through printing paper money.

The most common form of slave resistance was A. theft. B. refusal to work. C. escape. D. rebellion.

A. theft.

The Radical Republicans in Congress approached Reconstruction with each of the following convictions EXCEPT that A. to heal the nation, the South should be treated with generosity and compassion. B. to avoid any recurrence of southern resistance, the power of the planter class must be destroyed. C. to complete the task of the war, slavery must be totally and irrevocably abolished. D. to keep faith with the antislavery crusade, the rights of freedmen must be secured.

A. to heal the nation, the South should be treated with generosity and compassion.

The slave population A. was concentrated in the Deep South. B. moved steadily south and east. C. was concentrated in the East. D. was concentrated west of the Mississippi River.

A. was concentrated in the Deep South.

Which of the following does NOT characterize the American economy in the 1840s and 1850s? A. Transportation improvements on land and water, especially the rise of the railroad, transformed the American economy. B. Agriculture remained largely unaffected by technology, and thus diminished in importance as a component of the market economy. C. The maturing factory system employed a growing industrial workforce, increasingly foreign-born. D. Water power was increasingly being replaced by steam power.

B. Agriculture remained largely unaffected by technology, and thus diminished in importance as a component of the market economy.

In what river did James Marshall find the first gold that was to start the California gold rush? A. Sacramento River B. American River C. Feather River D. Pit River

B. American River

With the exception of ________, the United States was the only society in the Americas in which the destruction of slavery was accomplished by violence. A. Barbados B. Haiti C. Cuba D. Brazil

B. Haiti

What was Jefferson Davis's central problem in organizing the South for war? A. In a culture that prized the English country gentry, Davis was rough-hewn and awkward. B. In a society that prized states' rights, Davis had to centralize authority. C. In a crisis that demanded tough-minded attention to military details, Davis was more of a grand strategist. D. In a war that required rapid mobilization of a whole society, most ordinary folk in the South expected a protracted conflict and hence were reluctant to enlist.

B. In a society that prized states' rights, Davis had to centralize authority.

What was so important about the Lecompton constitution? A. It was a proslavery document, fairly drawn, that Congress approved. B. It was a proslavery document, pushed through by fraud, which Congress did not approve. C. Douglas's support for it undermined his political credibility in the North. D. Congress had not authorized a separate state of Lecompton.

B. It was a proslavery document, pushed through by fraud, which Congress did not approve.

. ________ initiated the politics of Manifest Destiny by pushing the annexation of the Texan Republic. He did so because, as the first vice president to become president, he alienated his own party leaders and had to find an issue that would attract popular support for his bid for a second term. A. Daniel Webster B. John Tyler C. Millard Fillmore D. James K. Polk

B. John Tyler

The significance, militarily, of the battle of Gettysburg was that A. the Confederacy was cut in half. B. Lee could never again take the offensive as he liked to do. C. the victory gave Lincoln an occasion to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. D. Lee's surrender ended the war.

B. Lee could never again take the offensive as he liked to do.

What is true about southern economic redevelopment? A. Northerners known as "scalawags" came south to exploit the South's economic vulnerability. B. Republican-dominated Reconstruction governments sought to encourage southern industry. C. Unlike the North, southern governments became notorious for corruption, which explains the skyrocketing public debt. D. One success of the postwar South was in laying as much railroad track as the rest of the nation combined.

B. Republican-dominated Reconstruction governments sought to encourage southern industry.

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about Civil War soldiering? A. Northern soldiers tended to accept army discipline more readily than southerners. B. The lower classes of society, rather than the typical farmer or shopkeeper, made up a disproportionate share of each army. C. Northern soldiers tended to have more quantity and variety of food than southerners. D. Camp life both corrupted morals and provided occasions for religious revivals.

B. The lower classes of society, rather than the typical farmer or shopkeeper, made up a disproportionate share of each army.

Which of the following most accurately explains the meaning of the refusal of Congress to convict Johnson? A. Johnson's influence in Congress was increasing. B. The power of the Radicals in Congress was waning. C. The country's support for Johnson was increasing. D. Radicals in Congress feared counteraction by the Supreme Court if they convicted Johnson.

B. The power of the Radicals in Congress was waning.

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the impact of the war? A. The loss of life nearly equaled the combined battle deaths of all of America's other wars. B. The richest section of the country (in terms of white per capita wealth) became even richer. C. The nation's political balance of power shifted dramatically. D. The principle that the American union is perpetual was established.

B. The richest section of the country (in terms of white per capita wealth) became even richer.

Why did many of the immigrant Chinese work in small businesses or the fishing industry instead of working as miners? A. They had greater experience with small businesses and fishing. B. They were not harassed as much as in the gold fields. C. The income was more steady, and they would be able to pay off their debts sooner. D. All these answers are correct.

B. They were not harassed as much as in the gold fields.

. In the years after the Civil War, many freedmen ended up working as A. farmers on land they owned. B. farmers under a sharecropper system. C. wage laborers in the new textile mills. D. itinerant day laborers in domestic and service jobs.

B. farmers under a sharecropper system.

In his Freeport Doctrine, Douglas defended popular sovereignty despite the Dred Scott ruling by arguing that A. the Scott case was not a valid constitutional interpretation. B. if the people of a territory refused to pass a slave code, slavery would never be established there. C. Americans would stand behind congressional legislation to reverse the decision. D. strategic river cities that chose to ban slavery within their city limits would set the tone for the whole territory.

B. if the people of a territory refused to pass a slave code, slavery would never be established there.

Due to the Union blockade, A. the Confederacy had to turn to Europe for the necessary manufactured goods. B. many southern plantations switched from cotton to raising grain and livestock. C. the Confederacy ultimately became industrially self-sufficient. D. All these answers are correct.

B. many southern plantations switched from cotton to raising grain and livestock.

. One significant difference between the Confederacy and the North was that A. southerners initially romanticized the war, expecting a swift end, but northerners more realistically expected a long and ugly struggle. B. the South became poorer, while the North tended to prosper. C. the South had to resort to a draft, while the North was able to raise its army from volunteers. D. the South felt they were fighting for a cause and so sustained a strong sense of morality and discipline, while the perils and profits of war undermined the moral order of northern society.

B. the South became poorer, while the North tended to prosper.

The southern governments, as initially reconstituted after the war, alarmed northern public opinion for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that A. former Confederate leaders were elected to office. B. they were blatantly corrupt and wasteful in spending tax dollars. C. many refused to repudiate slavery or secession. D. all enacted restrictive legal codes that granted minimal legal rights but kept freedmen in a second-class status.

B. they were blatantly corrupt and wasteful in spending tax dollars.

With respect to slavery, Lincoln at first ________, but later he ________. A. was indifferent to the slavery issue; freed all slaves by executive order B. worried about alienating the border states; proclaimed, as a military measure, that slaves in rebel areas were free C. resisted any interference with the institution; reluctantly went along with Congress's initiative in ending slavery by Constitutional amendment D. lagged behind northern opinion, which strongly supported emancipation; urged Congress not only to end slavery but also to give blacks full social and political equality

B. worried about alienating the border states; proclaimed, as a military measure, that slaves in rebel areas were free

The Overland Trail migration was primarily a(n) A. exploration of the new Oregon territory. B. young family enterprise. C. movement of Indians similar to the Trail of Tears. D. extended family enterprise.

B. young family enterprise.

. Which of the following was an important moderate or mediating position on slavery in the 1850s? A. Slavery should be abolished in the District of Columbia. B. Slaves should be gradually emancipated (with compensation). C. A territory's voters should determine whether or not to permit slavery within its boundaries. D. Whichever position is most popular in a national vote should prevail.

C. A territory's voters should determine whether or not to permit slavery within its boundaries.

Which of the following ideas was Manifest Destiny NOT based on? A. Anglo-Saxon racial superiority justified American absorption of inferior peoples and their lands. B. New lands would extend the domain of free government and free enterprise. C. Conquest of new territory would prove American military superiority. D. America had a specially ordained mission in the world.

C. Conquest of new territory would prove American military superiority.

In the 1848 election campaign, which party set forth a clear position on the slavery issue? A. Whig party B. Democratic party C. Free Soil party D. All these answers are correct.

C. Free Soil party

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of cotton in the Confederacy's effort to gain international recognition? A. King cotton diplomacy succeeded in winning European recognition, but not aid for the Confederacy. B. King cotton diplomacy succeeded in winning substantial aid, but not recognition for the Confederacy. C. King cotton diplomacy failed to win either substantial aid or recognition because of adequate cotton supplies worldwide. D. King cotton diplomacy failed because neither French nor British leaders sympathized with the Confederacy.

C. King cotton diplomacy failed to win either substantial aid or recognition because of adequate cotton supplies worldwide.

. The first shots of the Civil War were fired when A. South Carolina seceded. B. the Confederate States of America was established. C. Lincoln decided to hold a fort on southern soil. D. northern forces invaded Virginia.

C. Lincoln decided to hold a fort on southern soil.

Which of the following was illumined by the text as a familial problem faced by some African Americans after they were freed? A. switching from a matriarchal to patriarchal kinship B. choosing new first names C. having multiple spouses D. keeping women working in the fields

C. having multiple spouses

The Civil War marked a significant change in the history of human warfare, in all EXCEPT which of the following ways? A. The technology of weaponry gave the defense the advantage over the offense. B. The complexity, size, and spatial spread of the armies on the battlefield jumped in magnitude. C. More soldiers died of battle wounds than camp diseases. D. It was the first total war in history.

C. More soldiers died of battle wounds than camp diseases.

. As settlers arrived in the far West, churches were not immediately established. Why? A. Most settlers of the far West were not very religious. B. Very few ministers were among the new settlers. C. Population densities were too low. D. Many of the initial settlers belonged to sects that believed in "home worship."

C. Population densities were too low.

Which of the following was NOT one of the three harbors on the Pacific that President Polk wished to claim from Britain and Mexico? A. Puget Sound B. San Francisco C. Santa Cruz D. San Diego

C. Santa Cruz

. The final Compromise of 1850, originally introduced by Henry Clay as a single "Omnibus Bill," passed as five separate pieces of legislation. Which of the following was NOT included? A. California was admitted as a free state. B. New Mexico was organized as a territory that could choose for itself whether to be slave or free. C. Slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia. D. Provisions for capturing runaway slaves were strengthened.

C. Slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia.

. In which of the following states did slaves outnumber white southerners by the 1850s? A. Alabama B. Georgia C. South Carolina D. North Carolina

C. South Carolina

In what order did the following states secede from the Union? A. South Carolina; Virginia; Kentucky; Alabama B. Alabama; Virginia; South Carolina C. South Carolina; Alabama; Virginia D. Virginia; South Carolina; Kentucky; Alabama

C. South Carolina; Alabama; Virginia

What was true about slavery as a labor system? A. As the institution spread throughout the Deep South, a majority of white families came to own slaves. B. By the 1850s, the United States was the only remaining slaveholding society in the Americas. C. The gang and task systems were the two main ways of organizing slaves' work. D. The most arduous toil was done by field hands, who were all male.

C. The gang and task systems were the two main ways of organizing slaves' work.

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement concerning the consequences of the U.S.-Mexican War? A. The United States purchased California and the interior Southwest from Mexico. B. The acquisition of new territories pushed the slavery issue to the forefront of national politics. C. The war temporarily unified the country as both parties and all sections supported President Polk and approved the war effort. D. A proposal was introduced in Congress to ban slavery in any new territory. Though it never passed, the idea became central to the antislavery movement in the 1850s.

C. The war temporarily unified the country as both parties and all sections supported President Polk and approved the war effort.

Manifest Destiny was a popular national creed, but there was a long-term cost. The sectional crisis of the 1850s was precipitated not only by the rising abolitionist movement in the North, but also by a question raised by expansion to the West: A. Will the transcontinental railroad link the West to the North or to the South? B. Will more southerners or northerners settle the West? C. What will be the status of slavery in the new territories? D. Will westerners tend to vote Democrat or Whig?

C. What will be the status of slavery in the new territories?

While northerners increasingly feared ________, southerners raised the specter of ________. A. that the West would become contaminated by black slaves; a South contaminated by northern free-labor industrialism B. the South's secessionist threats; the North's determination to abolish slavery once and for all C. a Slave Power conspiracy; a conspiracy by the Black Republicans D. economic uncertainty; social chaos

C. a Slave Power conspiracy; a conspiracy by the Black Republicans

The early volunteers of 1861 expected to fight A. in their local militia units and only for one year. B. an all out war to free the slaves. C. a restrained war that upheld their moral code. D. for at least three years, but no longer.

C. a restrained war that upheld their moral code.

The Dred Scott decision A. struck down the Kansas-Nebraska Act. B. asserted that Congress could prohibit slavery in any territory. C. asserted that Congress could not ban slavery from any territory. D. freed Dred Scott

C. asserted that Congress could not ban slavery from any territory.

After successfully defeating the Mexican army, Texas A. became a self-governing province within the Mexican federation. B. forced the Mexican government to recognize its independence. C. became an independent nation, unrecognized by Mexico. D. was admitted to the United States.

C. became an independent nation, unrecognized by Mexico.

The chapter introduction tells the story of the first battle of Manassas (Bull Run) to make the point that A. the Union army was unprepared to fight. B. the Confederate army was unprepared to fight. C. both sides underestimated what it would be like to fight a total war. D. although the North had the advantage of initiative, the fighting would often turn out to be a series of Confederate victories against all odds.

C. both sides underestimated what it would be like to fight a total war.

Uncle Tom's Cabin, a novel that was quickly adapted into a play, had a significant impact on northern opinion because it A. took advantage of the fact that influential middle-class Americans were regular playgoers. B. introduced ordinary Americans to the literary classics. C. conveyed a moral condemnation of slavery. D. presented for the first time a factual account of the actual conditions of slavery in the South.

C. conveyed a moral condemnation of slavery.

. The Fifteenth Amendment A. abolished slavery. B. defined citizenship. C. expanded suffrage. D. officially ended Reconstruction.

C. expanded suffrage.

. In North America, slave revolts were ________; in Latin American slave societies, full-scale revolts were ________. A. common; extremely rare B. very rare; nearly nonexistent C. extremely rare; common, and involved large numbers of slaves D. numerous but small; nearly impossible to organize

C. extremely rare; common, and involved large numbers of slaves

The chapter introduction tells the story of the Sioux migration to the Great Plains to make the point that A. the American ideology of Manifest Destiny meant manifest destruction for tribal cultures. B. Mexican advancement northward, as well as Anglo-American advancement westward, put pressure on the Plains tribes. C. frontiers were multidimensional and mobile, involved a variety of peoples and cultures, and ultimately proved as disruptive to the settled East as to the contested West. D. the United States not only had to resort to war and diplomacy to expand its borders, it also had to cope within its borders with native peoples who attacked the emigrants on the Overland Trail.

C. frontiers were multidimensional and mobile, involved a variety of peoples and cultures, and ultimately proved as disruptive to the settled East as to the contested West.

Manufacturing lagged in the South because A. whites believed slaves could not do industrial work. B. slaveowners lacked capital to invest in manufacturing. C. high profits from agriculture discouraged other possible investments. D. the South lacked a suitable white workforce, since immigrants settled in the North.

C. high profits from agriculture discouraged other possible investments.

What was the first Union success of the war? A. blocking a southern invasion B. holding coastal forts in the South C. holding the border states in the Union D. winning the first battle of Bull Run

C. holding the border states in the Union

The first decisive Union military victory of the war occurred A. in Maryland, with the defeat of an invading Confederate force. B. in Virginia, at Bull Run. C. in the West, in the middle Tennessee River valley under General Grant. D. along the Gulf coast, where Marines landed against General Jackson's defenders at New Orleans.

C. in the West, in the middle Tennessee River valley under General Grant.

. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation declared slaves to be free A. in the border states and western territories. B. in those areas of the South under Union control. C. in those areas of the South under Confederate control. D. everywhere in the U.S. (including the South).

C. in those areas of the South under Confederate control.

Nat Turner A. became a leading advocate of slavery as a "positive good." B. strongly defended humane treatment of slaves as the slave owners' paternalistic obligation. C. led a slave revolt despite enjoying relatively humane treatment by his master. D. was an escaped slave who returned to the South to lead other runaways to freedom.

C. led a slave revolt despite enjoying relatively humane treatment by his master.

. Both Lincoln's and Johnson's Reconstruction plans shared an intent to A. provide economic assistance to former slaves. B. punish the southern planter class for its rebellion. C. liberally grant pardons to Confederate soldiers. D. give Congress the final say in shaping the reconstruction process.

C. liberally grant pardons to Confederate soldiers.

Free blacks in the South A. developed an internal hierarchy favoring darker or "more African" skin colors. B. lived mostly in urban centers. C. lived mostly in the Upper South. D. were primarily mulattoes.

C. lived mostly in the Upper South.

Under new president Andrew Johnson, presidential Reconstruction A. would implement a harsher program on the South than Lincoln had called for. B. adhered substantially to the views of congressional leaders. C. made it possible for former high-ranking Confederates to assume positions of power in the reconstructed southern governments. D. was never implemented, because Congress passed its own program before Johnson's could go into effect.

C. made it possible for former high-ranking Confederates to assume positions of power in the reconstructed southern governments.

Andrew Johnson narrowly avoided conviction on impeachment charges because A. of his earlier cooperative attitude toward Congress. B. Radical Republicans were beginning to support his policies. C. some Republicans feared that removal would set a bad precedent for using impeachment as a political weapon against the presidency. D. only a minority of the Senate voted to convict.

C. some Republicans feared that removal would set a bad precedent for using impeachment as a political weapon against the presidency.

Which of the following adapted most easily to military discipline and organization? A. northern farmer B. urban resident C. textile worker D. southern farmer

C. textile worker

At the beginning of the Civil War, which one of the following factors favored the South? A. the transportation system B. the manpower pool C. the fact that the fighting would be on southern soil D. the potential for developing an industrial base to sustain the war effort

C. the fact that the fighting would be on southern soil

According to your text, what two issues lay at the heart of Reconstruction? A. whether the federal or state government was ultimately sovereign, and whether African Americans or Native Americans were the most oppressed minority group B. which party would gain the ascendancy, and how the government could regulate the economy C. the future of political and economic power for African Americans, and the future of North-South economic and political relations D. rebuilding the North's shattered economy, and restoring the South's shattered society

C. the future of political and economic power for African Americans, and the future of North-South economic and political relations

The trek west on the Overland Trail A. followed Lewis and Clark's route across the plains; and established agricultural societies that were deliberately different from those in the East. B. evidenced traditional gender roles despite women's quest to act like men; and once in the West, the emigrants developed a new frontier society where women had little influence. C. was difficult and stressful on everyone involved, but placed a special strain on women. D. was plagued by periodic attacks by hostile Indians, but the U.S. government refused to provide a military presence before the Civil War.

C. was difficult and stressful on everyone involved, but placed a special strain on women.

During the war, congressional leaders felt that Lincoln's plan ________, so they passed ________. A. would cost them votes in the North; a program designed to attract white support in the South B. ignored the reality of slavery; the Thirteenth Amendment over the president's objections C. was too lenient; the more stringent Wade-Davis bill, which Lincoln vetoed D. was acceptable; its essential provisions, but shifted primary responsibility to Congress

C. was too lenient; the more stringent Wade-Davis bill, which Lincoln vetoed

What group was particularly susceptible to the appeal of the Know-Nothing party? A. southern Whigs B. western farmers C. young, native-born workers D. the elderly

C. young, native-born workers

As the frontier, and Anglos, moved further and further west, Mexicans who already lived in this "new" territory had to adapt by A. conforming to Anglo customs and culture. B. taking seasonal work. C. becoming principally urban, especially in California. D. All these answers are correct.

D. All these answers are correct.

By the mid-1820s, Americans had established direct links with which Mexican province? A. Texas B. New Mexico C. California D. All these answers are correct.

D. All these answers are correct.

Thirty-seven thousand African American servicemen gave their lives as Union soldiers in the U.S. Civil War, a rate of loss about 40 percent higher than that among white soldiers. Why did black soldiers fight and die so fiercely? A. The freedom of their race hung in the balance. B. They hoped to win their civil rights after the war. C. More than for a white soldier, their capture by rebel forces might mean death. D. All these answers are correct.

D. All these answers are correct.

. The U.S.-Mexican War began when A. the U.S. annexed Texas. B. Mexico expelled an American diplomat. C. Taylor's force of Texans crossed the Rio Grande River into Mexico. D. American and Mexican forces clashed over disputed border territory in southern Texas.

D. American and Mexican forces clashed over disputed border territory in southern Texas.

. In addition to the Democratic and Republican tickets, additional presidential candidates were fielded in 1856 by the ________ and in 1860 by the ________. A. Whig party; American party B. American party; Free Soil party C. Southern Democratic party; Constitutional Union party D. American party; Constitutional Union party

D. American party; Constitutional Union party

What city experienced explosive growth as a result of the gold rush in California? A. Saint Louis B. Sacramento C. Salt Lake City D. San Francisco

D. San Francisco

. Lincoln's re-election in 1864 became far more likely when A. he imprisoned a large number of Irish Catholics. B. the election was postponed for three months. C. the Democrats nominated an obscure border-state politician as their candidate. D. Sherman captured Atlanta.

D. Sherman captured Atlanta.

In the 1830s, reacting to Nat Turner's rebellion and the growing abolitionist movement, southern slaveholders developed the argument that slavery was a positive good. Which of the following assertions was NOT part of their proslavery argument? A. Slavery was a beneficial status for blacks, as they required white guardianship. B. Slavery was sanctioned by the Bible and history. C. Slavery was more consistent with the humanitarian spirit of the age than the northern wage labor system. D. Slavery's opponents could build no persuasive argument against it.

D. Slavery's opponents could build no persuasive argument against it.

According to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, what would be the status of slavery in those western territories? A. Slavery would be expressly prohibited. B. Slavery would be expressly permitted. C. Slavery would be permitted in Kansas but banned in Nebraska. D. The people would decide.

D. The people would decide.

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the South's economic underdevelopment? A. The preoccupation with cotton hindered economic diversification (such as developing internal markets or manufacturing enterprises). B. The South remained a region vulnerable to market fluctuations and beset by cultural backwardness (e.g., lack of public education). C. The South remained overwhelmingly rural. D. The southern economy in general, and white per capita income in particular, lagged behind that of the free states.

D. The southern economy in general, and white per capita income in particular, lagged behind that of the free states.

Dissidents in one southern state created which new border state? A. Kansas B. Missouri C. Western Kentucky D. West Virginia

D. West Virginia

Which of the following did the congressional Reconstruction program enacted 1866-1867 NOT provide for? A. citizenship and suffrage for former slaves B. a requirement that southern states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before readmission C. military occupation D. a land reform measure that would grant small tracts of farmland to deserving freedmen

D. a land reform measure that would grant small tracts of farmland to deserving freedmen

. The North raised money to support the war effort through all of the following methods EXCEPT A. raising taxes. B. loans (i.e., government bonds). C. printing paper money. D. accepting fees from draftees in lieu of induction.

D. accepting fees from draftees in lieu of induction.

One measure of black efforts to experience freedom was the A. fact that males would rather work for wages than live the rough life of a sharecropper. B. small but tidy homes built by hand in villages separate from the land they farmed. C. tendency for husbands to insist that their wives and children work alongside them in the fields. D. adoption of a surname.

D. adoption of a surname.

Which of the following was NOT an issue driving the collapse of the Jacksonian party system? A. religion B. alcohol C. slavery D. economics

D. economics

The chapter tells the story of Benjamin Montgomery to make the point that A. former slaves who really tried could achieve a measure of prosperity in the postwar South. B. Reconstruction clearly hinged on northern rather than southern actions after the war. C. Reconstruction was an impossible task, for neither northerners nor southerners wanted African Americans to gain political and economic opportunity. D. for former slaves to attain meaningful lives as free citizens, they would need economic power, which, in turn, required political power.

D. for former slaves to attain meaningful lives as free citizens, they would need economic power, which, in turn, required political power.

During the war, women of both the North and the South did all of the following EXCEPT A. enter the formerly male professions of nursing and teaching. B. take jobs in the growing government bureaucracies. C. run farms and plantations. D. run railroads.

D. run railroads.

After emancipation, the most important institutions for African Americans as they tried to establish their own independent family and community life were the A. Freedmen's Bureau and the Supreme Court. B. black-controlled state legislatures and the land reform program. C. sharecropping system and the black codes. D. schools and the churches.

D. schools and the churches.

Yeoman farmers in the South A. owned only a few slaves. B. hated the planter class. C. opposed slavery because it hurt them economically. D. suffered from isolation, a limited market, and chronic money shortage.

D. suffered from isolation, a limited market, and chronic money shortage.

What won the support of congressional moderates for the Radical program? A. the behavior of southern Reconstruction governments B. the persuasive actions of Radicals in rallying public opinion for their program C. secret lobbying offering lucrative opportunities in a South occupied by northern troops D. the president's uncompromising veto of a civil rights bill

D. the president's uncompromising veto of a civil rights bill

According to the text, what was the event that decided the "war in the balance"—that is, the event that both ended any last hopes of the Confederacy and assured the abolition of slavery? A. the Emancipation Proclamation B. the elevation of Grant to commander in chief C. the victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg D. the re-election of Lincoln

D. the re-election of Lincoln

The Republican Congress during the Civil War passed economic legislation that would have warmed Henry Clay's heart, including all EXCEPT A. a system of nationally-chartered banks. B. a protective tariff. C. a program to underwrite the costs of public colleges. D. the restriction of money to hard currency (specie).

D. the restriction of money to hard currency (specie).

The chapter introduction tells the stories of Lawrence and Pottawatomie, Kansas, to make the point that A. westward migration continued despite the distractions of sectional strife. B. it was deliberate, violent acts by an extremist minority that sucked Americans into civil war. C. the ability of settlers in Kansas to disagree, yet still get along, shows that the Civil War was not necessarily inevitable. D. violence in Kansas discredited popular sovereignty, the only remaining compromise solution to the growing sectional split.

D. violence in Kansas discredited popular sovereignty, the only remaining compromise solution to the growing sectional split.

The proslavery argument A. was fully developed before 1830 as part of the anti-tariff campaign. B. refused to consider the Bible, depending instead on racist scientific treatises. C. was successful in influencing northern public opinion on slavery. D. was developed primarily to satisfy the consciences of southerners.

D. was developed primarily to satisfy the consciences of southerners.

The Virginia debate of 1832 A. led to a resolution declaring slavery a positive good. B. caused the legislature to condemn slavery but adopt no program to deal with it. C. led to the adoption of a program of gradual emancipation. D. was the last significant attempt by white southerners to take action against slavery.

D. was the last significant attempt by white southerners to take action against slavery.

African Americans who held political office in southern Reconstruction governments generally A. alienated whites by pushing for social equality and land reform. B. were more radical in their views than the black population at large. C. manipulated the Freedmen's Bureau to impose unequal labor contracts on white planters. D. were educated professionals, independent landowners, or otherwise from the ranks of black elites.

D. were educated professionals, independent landowners, or otherwise from the ranks of black elites.

Which statement about the southern economy in the later 1850s is true? A. A sense of crisis grew in the region as the price of slaves jumped and the price of cotton remained relatively stagnant. B. The progress of transportation development reoriented western trade toward New Orleans. C. Although cotton's importance as an export crop declined, it remained the primary driver of domestic economic growth. D. As they converted to the new agricultural machinery, southern planters found themselves deeply in debt in a time of declining profits.

A. A sense of crisis grew in the region as the price of slaves jumped and the price of cotton remained relatively stagnant.

Which of the following is NOT true of Nat Turner's revolt? A. Turner rebelled due to extreme mistreatment by a series of harsh Louisiana masters. B. It was small and spontaneous, in contrast with earlier noteworthy slave uprisings. C. All participants in it, including Turner, were eventually captured and hanged. D. It prompted a debate in the Virginia legislature on the merits of slavery.

A. Turner rebelled due to extreme mistreatment by a series of harsh Louisiana masters.

What is NOT true of slave religion? A. It was expressed in secret meetings beyond white supervision. B. It was central to the culture of most slave communities. C. It featured songs with both earthly and heavenly applications. D. It remained largely unaffected by Christianity until the 1860s.

D. It remained largely unaffected by Christianity until the 1860s.

While the Old South was a diverse region of the United States, it was united in all the following ways EXCEPT in A. how most white southerners believed slavery to be on the decline by the 1830s. B. its dependence on staple crops such as tobacco, cotton, and rice. C. its dependence on the institution of slavery. D. how slavery was central to not only the South's economy but also its culture and identity.

A. how most white southerners believed slavery to be on the decline by the 1830s.

Where was the black belt region described in the text located? A. in central Alabama, in the heart of the deep South, where the rich soil was ideal for cotton B. in the Tennessee River valley, where devastating flooding was frequent C. along the Gulf Coast, where the slave population was concentrated D. in an arc from South Carolina to Mississippi, where in most counties blacks outnumbered whites

A. in central Alabama, in the heart of the deep South, where the rich soil was ideal for cotton

What turned the 1854 elections in Kansas from routine territorial organization into a referendum on slavery? A. popular sovereignty B. the Freeport Doctrine C. the Dred Scott decision D. the Lecompton constitution

A. popular sovereignty

. In the early 1830s the Mexican Congress turned vast landholdings in the Mexican borderlands over to A. rancheros. B. Catholic padres. C. mining barons. D. bureaucrats appointed by the central government in Mexico City.

A. rancheros.

Mexico's northern frontier provinces developed A. with little influence or control from Mexico City. B. according to plans conceived and directed by Mexico City. C. under the predominant influence of the Catholic Church. D. despite a failure of the Mexican government to provide incentives for settlement.

A. with little influence or control from Mexico City.

. Which of the following was NOT true about slavery as a labor system? A. Slavery was worth more in terms of investment than all the land in the South. B. As slavery spread into the Deep South, wealth and power became more equally shared among the various classes of white southerners. C. It was slavery that made possible the South's "mass production" of agriculture products for export. D. Only a minority of southerners owned slaves.

B. As slavery spread into the Deep South, wealth and power became more equally shared among the various classes of white southerners.

Why was the Kansas-Nebraska Act so controversial? A. Because it worked to the advantage of Douglas's home state, southerners felt betrayed. B. Because it overturned a policy on slavery already in place, northerners felt betrayed. C. Because it did not provide for land grants along with territorial government, westerners felt betrayed. D. Because it would attract immigrants who would vote Democrat, Whigs felt betrayed.

B. Because it overturned a policy on slavery already in place, northerners felt betrayed.

. By 1860, the forces that divided North from South were stronger than those that unified the two regions. Which of the following is NOT true? A. Formerly but no longer, a national transportation network had bound the nation together, especially the upper Mississippi valley to the South. B. Formerly but no longer, both North and South had been prejudiced against African Americans. C. Formerly but no longer, the political system had offered the stability of two national parties. D. Formerly but no longer, the sections had shared a common romantic vision of America's destiny.

B. Formerly but no longer, both North and South had been prejudiced against African Americans.

Which is a correct statement regarding mid-century immigrants? A. Germans fled a severe potato famine. B. Germans, Irish, and Scandinavians came seeking improved economic opportunity. C. The Irish and Scandinavians tended to come as families with some resources, but the Germans were usually single men from impoverished backgrounds. D. Immigration swelled to its highest levels during periods of economic downturns in the U.S., when employers sought cheaper labor.

B. Germans, Irish, and Scandinavians came seeking improved economic opportunity.

Which of the following was NOT an element of the proslavery argument developed in the 1830s? A. None of the Biblical prophets or Christ himself had ever condemned slavery. B. Slavery was an unfortunate legacy of earlier tyrannical acts of the English Parliament and northern colonial merchants. C. Southern slaves lived better lives than northern factory workers. D. Slaves belonged to an inferior race.

B. Slavery was an unfortunate legacy of earlier tyrannical acts of the English Parliament and northern colonial merchants.

Texas was finally annexed by A. treaty with Texas when John Tyler first forced the issue. B. a joint resolution of Congress in early 1845. C. joint resolution after Polk became president. D. treaty with Mexico at the end of the U.S.-Mexican War.

B. a joint resolution of Congress in early 1845.

Which of the following was NOT included in the aging Henry Clay's proposed compromise package to "escape from crisis"? A. admission of California as a free state B. admission of Texas as a slave state C. abolition of the slave trade in Washington, D.C. D. strengthening of the federal fugitive slave law

B. admission of Texas as a slave state

The antislavery message of the Free Soil supporters was first introduced in what form? A. as a label for a new political party that attracted supporters from among both Whigs and Democrats B. as a proposed legislated policy: the Wilmot Proviso C. as a method by which new territories would be organized in the Compromise of 1850 D. as a lengthy essay by a widely read editor, William Lloyd Garrison

B. as a proposed legislated policy: the Wilmot Proviso

The Tidewater planter ________, while the planter of the Deep South ________. A. raised primarily rice; raised primarily cotton B. aspired to the ideal of the English country gentleman; was an entrepreneur bound on making a fortune C. dealt brutally with his slaves; tended to treat slaves more humanely D. defended slavery as a positive good; was often troubled by the immorality of the slave system

B. aspired to the ideal of the English country gentleman; was an entrepreneur bound on making a fortune

When cotton farmers were opening up new land for cotton cultivation, they typically planted ________ the first year after clearing the new fields. A. cotton B. corn C. wheat D. soybeans

B. corn

The most important component of the ideology of the Republican party at its founding was A. a nationalist approach to economic development. B. free labor. C. immigration restriction. D. a repudiation of the Revolution and acceptance of slavery.

B. free labor.

A famous novel by the daughter of Lyman Beecher rallied northern hostility toward one particular component of the Compromise of 1850, the A. provision that Mormon Utah could decide for itself whether to be slave or free. B. fugitive slave law, which allowed southerners to more easily reclaim their runaway slaves. C. re-drawing of the Texas boundary. D. failure to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia.

B. fugitive slave law, which allowed southerners to more easily reclaim their runaway slaves.

Which of the following was an unintentional consequence of railroads in the urban environment? A. the economic survival of urban communities becoming less dependent on rail links B. living near the tracks becoming a marker of social and economic divisions C. increased traffic in fashionable neighborhoods and shopping areas D. None of these answers is correct.

B. living near the tracks becoming a marker of social and economic divisions

Had it passed, the Wilmot Proviso would have A. divided Texas into five slave states. B. prohibited slavery in any territory won from Mexico. C. extended the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. D. given legal sanction to the doctrine of popular sovereignty.

B. prohibited slavery in any territory won from Mexico.

The Republican party A. quickly won solid voter support in the elections of 1854 and 1855. B. prospered because of northern outrage over "Bleeding Sumner" and "Bleeding Kansas." C. won the presidency the first time it fielded a national ticket. D. advocated popular sovereignty to defuse the issue of slavery in the territories.

B. prospered because of northern outrage over "Bleeding Sumner" and "Bleeding Kansas."

By mid-century, the birth rate was declining, but population continued to grow. The explanation for this paradox is also the explanation for another development in those years, the A. rise of the medical and nursing professions in the United States. B. rise of the short-lived American party. C. Gadsden Purchase. D. Ostend Manifesto.

B. rise of the short-lived American party.

. In spite of poor diet, lack of medical care, and a high infant mortality rate, the United States was the only slave society in the Americas where the A. white population grew significantly faster than the slave population. B. slave population increased naturally. C. slave population's life expectancy was greater than that of white Americans. D. slave population grew at a faster rate than the white population.

B. slave population increased naturally.

The slave population concentrated in all of the following places EXCEPT A. the Deep South. B. the Upper South. C. in areas of fertile soil and relatively flat terrain. D. in areas accessible to transportation.

B. the Upper South.

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the growing discontent and eventual revolt of Americans in Texas? A. the lack of political participation of Texans in their government B. the government's refusal to provide land for settlers C. the Mexican government's ban on Protestant churches in Texas D. the Mexican government's ban on slavery

B. the government's refusal to provide land for settlers

Which statement best summarizes the effects of slavery on the southern economy? A. It was a highly efficient mode of production. B. It helped diversify the southern economy, but was not highly profitable. C. It released capital for investment that would otherwise have been tied up in wages. D. It retarded southern development and led to economic dependency on the North.

D. It retarded southern development and led to economic dependency on the North.

Stephen Douglas pushed for the organization of territorial governments in the Louisiana Purchase for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. to hasten the opening of the West for the sake of economic development. B. to accelerate the process of bringing the Plains Indians under federal control. C. to insure that Chicago became the eastern terminus of any transcontinental railroad. D. to help fulfill the aims of the Young America movement, of which Douglas was a typical representative.

B. to accelerate the process of bringing the Plains Indians under federal control.

. The slave family A. had to be sold as a unit, according to laws in the Upper South. B. usually consisted of the nuclear unit (father, mother, and their children), but often was part of larger kinship networks. C. rarely existed in a functional way on large plantations. D. was essentially impossible to sustain under the conditions of bondage.

B. usually consisted of the nuclear unit (father, mother, and their children), but often was part of larger kinship networks.

To what does "Bleeding Sumner" refer? A. violence in a small town in Kansas B. violence on the floor of the U.S. Senate C. the agonized pleas on behalf of free labor made by a New York editor D. the threats of secession and armed defense of southern rights made by a southern Congressman

B. violence on the floor of the U.S. Senate

The gang and task systems A. were used alternately in the spring and fall. B. were the two main ways of organizing slave labor. C. were used for rice and sugar production, but not cotton. D. required constant supervision of the slaves.

B. were the two main ways of organizing slave labor.

"Cotton was king in the Old South." Which of the following statements about cotton is true? A. It was grown primarily in the Upper South. B. It was grown only by the larger slaveowners. C. Cultivation migrated gradually westward to new agricultural frontiers. D. By 1860 the United States produced almost half of the world's cotton supply.

C. Cultivation migrated gradually westward to new agricultural frontiers.

Slaveowners made up ________ of the southern white population, but the true "planters of consequence," with at least 50 slaves, ________. A. the great majority; were found only in the older Tidewater region B. about half; dominated politics C. roughly a quarter; made up less than 1 percent of the total white population D. a small minority; constituted a majority of those slaveholders

C. roughly a quarter; made up less than 1 percent of the total white population

The settlements of the Mormons in Utah A. at first exhibited the typical character of a raw, disproportionately male, disorderly frontier area. B. at first developed as a scattered, unplanned series of refugee encampments. C. were established as family-centered communities dominated by church leaders. D. were established on land grants obtained from the federal government.

C. were established as family-centered communities dominated by church leaders.

Which of the following was NOT influential in securing passage of the Compromise of 1850? A. Senator Douglas took over leadership of the pro-compromise forces. B. The president, who had threatened to veto the plan, died. C. Each bill was passed piecemeal, with different supporters. D. Clay originally submitted the compromise as an Omnibus Bill.

D. Clay originally submitted the compromise as an Omnibus Bill.

. The "Know-Nothing" or nativist movement (later the American party), which prospered especially in the northeastern states, was characterized by its A. states' rights position. B. antislavery position. C. defense of Indian rights. D. anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant position.

D. anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant position.

. The upper-class plantation mistress A. accepted a sexual code that kept white women pure but tolerated sexual relations between white men and slave women. B. lived a life of leisure centered around artistic and literary pursuits. C. enjoyed the unique luxury of criticizing her own role in society as well as the slave system in general. D. faced an unexpected variety of burdensome managerial and service duties.

D. faced an unexpected variety of burdensome managerial and service duties.

Southerners voiced many concerns and complaints in the 1850s, including all the following EXCEPT A. that the North was making the South into its economic colony. B. that the immigrant influx strengthened the North's dominance in the House of Representatives. C. that only the expansion of slave states could overcome the South's isolation and decreasing political clout. D. that the threats against slavery had led to a sharp drop in the market value of slaves.

D. that the threats against slavery had led to a sharp drop in the market value of slaves.

Which of the following was NOT a United States territorial acquisition in the 1840s? A. Texas B. Oregon south of the 49th parallel C. the area between the Rockies and California D. the area between the Rockies and the Missouri River

D. the area between the Rockies and the Missouri River

The doctrine of Manifest Destiny A. developed in the 1820s as a popular response to the Monroe Doctrine. B. developed in the 1830s as a southern and western reaction against evangelical millennialism. C. was used to recruit Americans to migrate to Texas to protect slavery and U.S. interests. D. was used to justify U.S. expansion southward and westward.

D. was used to justify U.S. expansion southward and westward.

. In terms of sheer numbers, which of the following groups made up the backbone of southern society? A. the planters of consequence B. whites who owned only a few slaves C. whites who owned between 20 and 50 slaves D. yeoman farmers who owned no slaves

D. yeoman farmers who owned no slaves