HIST7 - Manifest Destiny and Antebellum Foreign Policy q

The Compromise of 1850

25) In the aftermath of the Mexican War, the ratification of the above treaty and the rejection of the Wilmot Proviso, Kentucky Representative Henry Clay, the "Great Compromiser" led the debate over the question of slavery in the territories. ____________________________was the result. This omnibus bill was made up of the following points: 1. the admission of California as a free state. 2. the organization of the rest of Mexican cession into two territories, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah without a federal restriction on slavery. 3. adjustment of Texas-New Mexico boundary. 4. the award of $10 million to Texas as compensation for the land yielded to New Mexico. 5. the prohibition of the slave trade but not slavery itself in the District of Columbia in 1850. 6. a stringent new Fugitive Slave Act.

Filibusters

25) _________________These were zealots/people who engaged in unauthorized warfare against a foreign country. The 1840s and 50s saw a lot of interest in trying to expand America's borders by this kind of individual, especially for the purposes of expanding slavery. William Walker would have been one of these individuals. He tried to start a rebellion in Baja California and then Nicaragua and gain territory for slave interests. It was also an action such as a prolonged speech that obstructs progress in a legislative assembly while not technically contravening the required procedures.

Ostend Manifesto

25) _________________With the full support of Doughface (meaning he was a Northerner with southern proclivities) pro-southern Democrat President Franklin Pierce, this was a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused. Cuba's annexation had long been a goal of U.S. slave holding expansionists, and was supported by a faction in Cuba itself. The dispatch was published as demanded by the House of Representatives. It was immediately denounced in both the Northern states and Europe. The Pierce administration suffered a significant setback, and the manifesto became a rallying cry for anti-slavery Northerners. The question of Cuba's annexation was effectively set aside until the late 19th century, when support grew for Cuban independence from Spain.

1) During the California Gold Rush, which was a greater concern in mining communities, enforcing property laws (claims) or enforcing criminal laws (such as violent acts against individuals or groups)?

Enforcing property laws (claims) was of greater concern in mining communities during the California Gold Rush.

24) ______________________refused to pay taxes for a war he found to be based on brutal aggression. He did a day in jail for not paying his taxes as a protest. Ralph Waldo Emerson bailed him out much to his chagrin. He was a conscientious objector of the Mexican-American War. He wrote "Civil Disobedience".

Henry David Thoreau

21) He was a member of the Young America Movement. Manifest Destiny was a phrase coined in 1840 by _______________________ (a newspaper man). He wrote that it was Manifest Destiny for America to spread from sea to sea and that old crusty imperial powers needed to step out of the way and make way for America because America's government was a righteous self governing republic. We need to spread our beliefs and our way of life across the country, not just because we should, but because it's God's will. It was preordained essentially.

John O'Sullivan

24) Whig _________________________-Critic of the Mexican-American War referred to the war as a southern expedition to find "bigger pens to cram with slaves."

John Quincy Adams

20) _______________In 1845, this U.S. minister's assignment from Polk (who was seeking to obtain California and more western territory) was to negotiate the following:Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and the United States American forgiveness of the claims by U.S. citizens against the Mexican government The purchase of the New Mexico area for $5 million The purchase of California at any price. He had a mission; a mission he couldn't fulfill.

John slidell

15) In his campaign for the Presidency in 1844, Henry Clay of Kentucky, the Whig candidate, didn't mention his strong feelings about Texas annexation. His last minute gestures for southern support persuaded thousands of northern Whigs to vote for the _________________candidate James Birney (a former Kentucky slaveholder who had become an abolitionist) who stood firmly against annexation. This party included abolitionists who were willing to work within electoral politics to reach their goals

Liberty Party

7) How does Diablo Valley College historian Dr. James J. Rawls describe the phrase he coined, "Mission Schlock"?

Mission Schlock refers to the way that the Spanish Mission system is seen. According to Rawls, what is seen and remembered now is schlocky, or cheap and tawdry, when in reality there is a lot more than what's on the surface.

18) President Polk's aggressive reformulation of which 1823 U.S. foreign policy doctrine or principle coincided with the admission of Texas as a state, forgoing the territorial stage?

Monroe Doctrine

4) When did the California Chamber of Commerce begin the process of rebuilding the 21 mission system for historical posterity and as tourist attractions?

The 1960s.

16) Nevertheless, the incumbent President John Tyler (the Democrat in Whig Clothing) and the triumphant _________________-interpreted the election of 1844 as a mandate for immediate annexation.

Democratic Party

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

25) ______________________________Chief negotiator Nicholas Trist greatly upset President James K. Polk with the terms of this treaty. Polk had wanted 2/3rds of Mexico below the Rio Grande as a U.S. possession; in part as a geographic area to use to expand slavery. Trist used the same talking points as secret ambassador Slidell to hammer out the details of this post-Mexican American War agreement. This created the conditions for the U.S. to start down the road to war; more territory more problems when it came to sectional differences. With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital, Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war. The treaty called for the U.S. to pay $15 million to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to $3.25 million. Mexicans in those annexed areas had the choice of relocating to within Mexico's new boundaries or becoming citizens.

24) Whig Congressman _________________________ of Illinois responded to Polk's declaration of war in 1845 by introducing a series of resolutions demanding to know the "particular spot of soil on which the blood of our citizens was so shed." One of his constituents branded him "the Benedict Arnold of our district," and he was denied renomination by his own party. He received the nickname "Spotty."

Abraham Lincoln

7) What is an example of Mission Schlock in California? (Think sports, architecture, politics, tourism, emigration boosterism, etc.) You can find examples of Mission Schlock in the notes.

An example of Mission Schlock in California is the California Chamber of Commerce trying to cover up the genocide and whitewash the mission system to "sell" California in the 1920s.

8) The ________________Act:Any Indian child that didn't have parental guidance could be made an apprentice, which was short for a slave. A young Indian girl could be enslaved until she was 16. A boy could be enslaved until he was 18. Some of these children were forced into prostitution.So even though California was supposed to be a free state in 1850, many California Indians were enslaved. The film provided an example of this.

Apprenticeship Act

8) The third act was the __________________. If an Indian ended up going to jail for vagrancy, a white settler could bail them out and put them to work as long as it took to to pay back the bailout cost. After the Indian was released they could be rearrested.

Bailout Act

3) When did California's 21 Spanish Missions fall into disrepair?

Beginning during the Mexican period of California from 1821 to 1845, but then continuing after the Mexican American War to the 1880s.

9) This is a 1872 painting by artist John Gast, called "American Progress". What are three ways that this image represents Manifest Destiny? That is, what do you see in the image? and what does it tell us about 19th century Manifest Destiny and western expansion?

The image represents manifest destiny by the farmers/settlers moving westwards, and in front are the Native Americans and animals (forcibly by Americans) moving westward. Another way the image represents manifest destiny is the floating lady laying down the lines for the telegraph pole, one of the first messaging systems in the west. A third way that the image represents manifest destiny is the trains moving west, showing westward travel expansion. Manifest Destiny was practically American's justification for (forcing) Native Americans to move westward (and the genocide that came with them). American's saw it as their right to expand.

1) In the film Manifest Destiny?, how does Stanford historian Richard White frame the policy of the US government towards California Native Americans in the 1850s to the 1870s? a) a negotiated peace b) a genocide c) Indian Removal d) reservation

The policy of the US government towards California Native Americans in the 1850s to the 1870s as described by historian Richard White was *genocide.*

What were the subjects of the first and second parts of Helen Hunt Jackson's 1884 book, Ramona? (Please write out a brief response.) (If you recall it was readers failure to read the second part of the book that arguably led to the book being misinterpreted by the public and then exploited by California real estate developers

The subject of Jackson's book Ramona in the first half was in regards to the Spanish missions in contrast to the American's treatment of Native Americans. The second half covered the genocide of the California Indians.

8) The ________________Act: Any Indian that wasn't working for a white person could be considered a vagrant and they could be jailed. There were so-called hostile Indians and there were civilized Indians (Indians who worked for white people). If you were an Indian who lived in accordance with traditional ways, you were considered a hostile and could be arrested.

Vagrancy Act

23) .____________________In 1846, a Democratic Pennsylvania Congressman tried to attach this to a House appropriations bill; it was intended to exclude slavery from any of the lands annexed to the United States as a result of the Mexican American War. Oddly, the Democratic Congressman who championed this bill simply resented the growing influence of slave states in national politics. This had the unintended consequence of starting to unravel the second two party system along sectional lines. That is, most northerners voted for it and most southerners voted against it, independent of which party they were from.

Wilmot Proviso

10) _______________________________________ Led by a faction of the Democratic Party, including, Stephen Douglas, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, and New York financiers, this faction broke with the agrarian and strict constructionist orthodoxies of the past and embraced commerce, technology, regulation, reform, expansionism and internationalism. The movement attracted a circle of outstanding writers, including, Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne. They sought independence from European standards of high culture and wanted to demonstrate the excellence and exceptionalism of America's own literary tradition. They were interested in expanding Jacksonian Democracy and supporting western expansion. They were into industry, reinventing America based on new territorial acquisitions and technology, and expanding democracy for free white men. Polk and his followers not only advocated for the U.S. expanding west, but they also believed that modern infrastructure and transportation systems, such as,telegraphs, turnpikes, railroads and harbors were key to this expansion. And that was a new idea for most Democrats: the expansion of Jacksonian Democracy through internal improvements. If you remember Jackson would always veto road or infrastructure bills. (Maysville Road bill for example.) They endorsed the "Market Revolution" and promoted capitalism. They advocated for federal land grants to the states in order to maintain their claim that internal improvements (Links to an external site.) were locally, rather than federally sponsored.

Young America Movement or Young Democrats

22) ________________ Associated with Manifest Destiny, this military veteran from the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War became the second Whig President in 1848. He died soon after his administration began. In 1845, as the annexation of Texas was underway, President James K. Polk dispatched him to the Rio Grande area in anticipation of a potential battle with Mexico over the disputed Texas-Mexico border. He wanted to California to be a free state, he died before that determination had been made. Some historians have theorized that he had been poisoned over that issue. His body was exhumed and examined; there is no evidence to support this.

Zachary Taylor

19) ________________________________This term has to do with a fear some southern politicians and prominent slaveholders felt toward America's former mother country regarding that country's intentions in the western hemisphere, especially Texas in the 1840s and 1850s. After the independence movement in Texas in 1836, some American slave owners thought Texas could be another Cuba, a place where illegal slave trading could take place. Britain offered loans to the new republic in exchange for making Texas a slave free republic. Britain was also patrolling the coast of Africa for illegal slave ships. A theory developed among some southern leaning politicians, such as accidental President, John Tyler that Britain was trying to end slavery in the U.S. as a means to maintain a comparative advantage of their own colonies- such as India. Southerners never comprehended the depth of anti- slavery sentiment among the British middle class - British taxpayers having subsidized the west Indian emancipation by paying 20 million in compensation to former slave owners.

anglophobia

17) The Democrats in Congress united in championing the new expansionism of The Young American Movement, thus, allowing the outgoing Tyler administration to secure the _______________________ of Texas by joint resolution in both houses of Congress.

annexation

2) All of the following are true about the California Genocide of California Indians during and after the Gold Rush from 1850-1870 except: a) Because Indians were perceived to be in the way of gold claims, the state of California was reimbursed for the cost of killing and removing Indians by the Federal government. b) California Indians who survived the Gold Rush were compensated for their property losses, loaded onto covered wagons, and sent out of California to Oklahoma- Indian Territory. c) If a "Indian hunter" happened to ruin their horse saddle while hunting Indians, they could be reimbursed for the lost or damage to their personal property by the federal government. d)"Indian hunters" were paid about $5 to $10 for an Indian scalp, head, or body.

b) California Indians who survived the Gold Rush were compensated for their property losses, loaded onto covered wagons, and sent out of California to Oklahoma- Indian Territory.

11) All of the following are changes that were made after after the trial of Denmark Vesey except: a) Blacks, free or enslaved, couldn't meet in assemblies anymore. b) Under a new law, if a slaveholder wanted to free a slave on their deathbed, he could, but only after the slave holder petitioned the South Carolina State Assembly and got both houses of the assembly to approve. c) Blacks, free or enslaved, could only carry guns when they went hunting or to Church. d) Seaman's Act of 1822 -if an merchant (English) ship came into port and there was a black sailor on board, that individual had to get off the ship and stay in jail for the duration of time that the ship was in port. Sometimes those persons were never heard from again; they would go into the dungeons of Charleston and they would be sold further into the Deep South.

c) Blacks, free or enslaved, could only carry guns when they went hunting or to Church.

5) Part of the impetus to rebuild the Mission System has to do with an unintended consequence of the book Ramona written in 1884 by an Indian policy reformer and muckraker named Helen Hunt Jackson. Jackson wanted Americans to know about the _______________ that was exacted against California Indians during and after the Gold Rush.

genocide

12) What was the Monroe Doctrine of 1823?All of the following are true about the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 except? a) Initially, the Monroe Doctrine was not going to be a unilateral policy. The British Foreign Minister, George Canning, wanted to join forces with the U.S. to make sure no other foreign powers interfered with newly independent Latin American countries. b) The Monroe Doctrine was established in the aftermath of independence movements throughout Latin America in the early 19th century beginning with the independence movement in Haiti in 1804, followed by Paraguay in 1811. c) U.S. capitalists wanted to engage in speculative investment in Latin America and wanted to encourage and not block or repress British investment. d) A unilateral policy towards Latin America and the Caribbean was preferred by many slaveholding southern Congressmen. They were worried that a joint-agreement with England would lead to England intervening directly in Latin American affairs and, perhaps, even supporting anti-slavery movements in the region. This in turn could lead to Great Britain meddling directly in US domestic policies when it came to slavery. Thus, there emerged a paranoia about England- Anglo-phobia. e) In a speech to Congress in 1823, Monroe warned European powers not to attempt to further colonize or otherwise interfere in the Western Hemisphere- (America's Hemisphere). The United States would view any such interference as a hostile act.

c) U.S. capitalists wanted to engage in speculative investment in Latin America and wanted to encourage and not block or repress British investment.

14) At the end or in the aftermath of the Texas Independence Movement in 1836 all of the following are true except: a) Massachusetts Representative John Quincy Adams refused to go along with the annexation of Texas. Adams popularized the idea that the southern slave power had engineered the Texas Revolution and the drove for annexation. In 1838 he filibustered Congress for three days and presented 100s of anti-slavery petitions and finally defeated a move to annex Texas. In response, Democrats in Congress established "gag rules" to ban petitioning Congress about slavery. b) Jackson secretly advised Texans to chill out - bide their time - you'll get your chance to be annexed to the U.S. He advised them to work toward establishing a claim to California as a means to paralyze opposition from the North and East to annex Texas. c) At San Jacinto General Santa Ana was captured; under duress he was forced to claim that the southern border of Texas was the Rio Grande, not Nueces River. This border dispute would be the pretext for the Mexican-American War nine years later in 1845. d) Citizens of the "Independent Republic of Texas" voted overwhelmingly to delay joining the US. e) Andrew Jackson unsuccessfully tried to buy Texas. He also wanted to buy the bay of San Francisco from Mexico.

d) Citizens of the "Independent Republic of Texas" voted overwhelmingly to delay joining the US.

13) All of the following are true regarding the lead up to the Texas independence movement except: a) Texas was also a place that where some American abolitionist Quakers, such as Benjamin Lundy wanted to establish a safe haven for runaway slaves or free blacks because Florida was no longer available as a safe haven for runaway slaves. b) By 1830 Mexico tried to ban further American immigration to Texas. c) Beginning around 1821, Americans started to settle in Texas and were encouraged to do so by Mexico with certain stipulations. According to Mexican law, in order to settle in Texas, immigrants were supposed to honor Mexico's decision to abolish slavery in 1829 and adopt Catholicism. d) In 1836 after President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna abolished the Mexican federal Constitution and imposed centralized despotic rule, Anglo-Texans proclaimed their independence and wrote a new constitution which specifically made slavery illegal. e) Mexico wanted England to be a guarantor to ensure that no more Americans came into Texas and debasing Mexican laws.

d) In 1836 after President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna abolished the Mexican federal Constitution and imposed centralized despotic rule, Anglo-Texans proclaimed their independence and wrote a new constitution which specifically made slavery illegal.

Bonus q: All of the following are true regarding antebellum Anglophobia except: a) Thus, the British middle class wanted assurances from the British government that their short term sacrifices would not lead to the expansion of slavery by the U.S. or other countries in neighboring regions of the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico by countries . b) In 1843, Duff Green, President John Tyler's secret agent in Britain and France uncovered an alleged plot that Great Britain was trying to give Texans a loan (bribe) to underwrite their independence movement and abolition slavery in Texas. Green claimed that by erecting a barrier of freedom across the southwestern flank of the slave holding states, the British could effectively join northern abolitionists in destroying both slavery and the Federal Union. c) American slave holders never comprehended the depth of antislavery sentiment among the British middle class; the British middle class subsidized the British West Indian slave emancipation by paying $20 million in compensation to former slave owners - straight out of the pockets of British taxpayers. d) John C. Calhoun informed Mexico that because of the British conspiracy to subvert southern slavery, the United States was forced to reject annexation Texas in self-defense earlier rather than later. e) Democrat John C. Calhoun tried to link all anti-annexation forces to a British plot to undermine the Union. Calhoun also lectured the British on the blessings of black slavery. Employing faulty statistics from the census of 1840 to argue that emancipation in the North had produced black insanity, crime, suicide and degeneracy.

d) John C. Calhoun informed Mexico that because of the British conspiracy to subvert southern slavery, the United States was forced to reject annexation Texas in self-defense earlier rather than later.

Bonus q: All of the following are true regarding administration of John Tyler except: a) John Tyler became President when William Henry Harrison died in office 31 days into his term. b) It was under John Tyler's administration that the U.S. had its first openly pro-slavery administration. c) During this time period, one of Tyler's three Secretary of States (he had a revolving door of Cabinet members), Daniel Webster worked out a treaty with England called a Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842; it created the border between Canada and Washington, but also publicly supported Britain's attack on the Atlantic slave trade. Webster lost his job; he was replaced by Upshur of Virginia d) The Tyler Administration was convinced that freedom for black Haitians had been an economic and political success. e) John Tyler was a Democrat in Whig's clothing so to speak, even though, he wasn't supported outright by the Democratic Party through most of his term. He ran on a Whig ticket, but he was very much a supporter of states' rights and Manifest Destiny.

d) The Tyler Administration was convinced that freedom for black Haitians had been an economic and political success.

Bonus q: All of the following are true regarding Vesey's plan to free black slaves in and around Charleston, South Carolina except? a) Vesey planned to escape to Haiti. b) Vesey used language from the Congressional Record during the Missouri debate in 1819 to further his cause of freedom in 1822. Vesey quoted Rufus King - the alleged leader of the Federalists Conspiracy - who argued that any laws upholding slavery were "absolutely void because they are contrary to law of nature, which is against the law of God" to rally support for his slave revolt. c) Some house servants found out the revolt and they exposed Denmark Vesey's plan to some white slaveholders, including the mayor of Charleston. 100 blacks were rounded up; 35 of them are hanged, including Denmark Vesey. Their bodies were left to rot as a message to any other would be rebels that punishments for such behavior would be swift and severe. Another 38 alleged rebels were deported down to to Cuba, including one of Vesey's children, Denmark Vesey, Jr., to where some of the most brutal slave plantations were. d) Vesey was one of the founders of the African Methodist Episcopalian Church (the AME Church) in 1817. He used the pulpit as a means to inspire parishioners with the message of freedom. e) Vesey was a slave who managed to buy his own freedom, as well as. the freedom of his wife and all his children from earnings of a winning lottery ticket and then he planned a slave revolt as a means to free the slaves of Charleston, South Carolina.

e) Vesey was a slave who managed to buy his own freedom, as well as. the freedom of his wife and all his children from earnings of a winning lottery ticket and then he planned a slave revolt as a means to free the slaves of Charleston, South Carolina.