Histology Exam 1

अब Quizwiz के साथ अपने होमवर्क और परीक्षाओं को एस करें!

Where can you find epithelial secretion?

Gastric glands

What are the light microscopic features of glycogen?

0.01-0.04 micrometers; Observed as a purple haze region of the cytoplasm (metachromasia) with toluidine blue-stained specimen.

What are the light microscopic feature of the endosome?

0.02-0.5 micrometers; Not visible by light microscopy

What are the light microscopic features of the ribosomes?

0.025 micrometers; Not visible in light microscopy

Kinesin is the?

+ end directed motor

Dynein is the?

- end directed motor

1 picometer=

.01 Angstroms

What are the light microscopic features of the cytoskeletal elements?

0.006-0.025 micrometers; Only observed when organized into a large structure (muscle fibrils)

What are the Light microscopic feature of the plasma membrane?

0.008-0.01 micrometers; Cannot be seen by light microscopy

What are the light microscopic features of secretory vesicles?

0.05-1.0 micrometers; Observes only when vesicles are very large.

1 Angstrom=

0.1 nanometers

What are the light microscopic features of the peroxisomes?

0.2-0.5 micrometers; Visible only after a special enzyme histochemical staining

What are the light microscopic features of lysosomes?

0.2-0.5 micrometers; Visible only after special enzyme histochemical staining.

What are the light microscopic features of the mitochondria?

0.2-2 x 2-7 micrometers; Sometimes observed in favorable situations as very small, dark dots; visible in living cells stained with vital dyes (Janus Green)

What are the light microscopic feature of lipid droplets?

0.2-5, up to 80 micrometers; Readily visible when very large; appear as large empty holes in section.

What are the Light microscopic features of the nucleolus?

1-2 micrometers; Roughly circular, basophilic region within the nucleus; visible in living cells throughout interphase with interference microscopy.

What are the types of Exocytosis?

Constitutive Pathway (Continuous, delivery to cell surface) and Regulated Secretory Pathway (Regulated delivery to the cell surface)

1000 nanometers =

1.0 micrometers

1000 micrometers =

1.0 millimeters

10 Angstroms =

1.0 nanometers

What are thick filaments?

15 nanometer myosin II filaments, 1.5 micrometers in length, 200-300 molecules per thick filament, parallel but staggered array.

What is the diameter of a microtubule?

20-25 nanometers

What is collagen?

3 alpha chains, rich in glycine and hydroxyproline, forms fibrils 15-200 nanometers in diameter and 68 nanometer banding pattern.

What are the Light microscopic features of the nucleus?

3-10 micrometers; The largest organelle within the cell with distinct boundary; often visible nucleoli and chromatin pattern region.

What is the classification of the ECM of elastic cartilage?

Contains elastic fibers and elastic lamellae in addition to type II collagen.

What are thin filaments?

6-8 nanometer F-actin filaments that are 1 micron long.

What is the diameter of actin?

6-8 nanometers

What are the dimensions of a Red Blood Cell?

7.8 micrometers in diameter and 2.6 micrometers thick

What is the diameter of the intermediate filaments?

8-10 nanometers

What is epithelium compose of?

A cell membrane, a nucleus, and basement membrane.

What does the epimysium surround?

A collection of fascicles

What subcellular changes would you expect to see in the hepatocytes of animals fed a high fat diet over the course of a week?

A dramatic increase in the number of peroxisomes in hepatocytes.

What does the perimysium surround?

A fascicle

What is used to cover the tissue section in Autoradiography?

A liquid photographic emulsion. After it is covered, the exposure is developed like film.

What are centrioles?

A pair of cylinders built from 9 microtubule triplets

Describe what the Golgi looks like on TEM?

A series of stacked, flattened, membrane-limited sacs or cisternae and tubular extensions embedded in a network of microtubules near the microtubule-organizing center

What is the fascia adherens?

A transverse component; serves as anchoring site for thin filaments.

What is the banding pattern of the sarcomere?

A,I,H,M

What is the function of Simple columnar epithelium?

Absorption, secretion and protection

What is the function of Simple cuboidal epithelium?

Absorption, secretion, conduit, barrier

What is necrosis?

Accidental cell death due to injury. Rapid cell swelling and lysis, Inflammatory response

What neurotranmitter causes motor intervation?

Acetylcholine

What are the cytoskeletal elements?

Actin, Intermediate, and Microtubules

External lamina are boundaries of?

Adipocytes and connective tissue

What is muscle tissue made up of?

Aggregates of specialized, elongated cells arranged in parallel array, whose primary role is contraction

Where do you find smooth muscle?

Alimentary canal, blood vessels, genitourinary and respiratory tracts

Where can you find Acidic and basic cytokeratins?

All Epithelial cells

What are dense bodies of smooth muscle?

Alpha actin, associated with the plasma membrane bound actin. They secrete Connective tissue matrix and Gap junctions that propagate contraction.

Neutral Buffered Formalin reacts with?

Amino groups of proteins

What is immunocytochemistry?

An Antigen/antibody reaction where the antibody is conjugated with an enzyme, heavy metal or fluorescent dye?

What is required for muscle regeneration?

An intact external lamina

Basic dyes react with?

Anionic groups such as phosphates, sulfates, and carboxyl groups.

What are the elements of epithelial polarity?

Apical domain, lateral domain, and basal domain

Type I collagen represents the major collagen type in?

Aponeuroses, Bone, and Dermis of the skin

What are the light microscopic features of the Rough ER?

Area of 5-10 micrometers; Often observed as a basophilic region of cytoplasm, referred to as the ergastoplasm.

What are the light microscopic features of the Golgi apparatus?

Area of 5-10 micrometers; Sometimes observed as negative-staining region; appears as network in heavy-metal-stained preparations; visible in living cells with interference microscopy.

In a typical cell, the cis side of the Golgi is found?

At or very near the location of gamma tubulin of cells in interphase

Where can you find skeletal muscle?

Attached to bone

What is the sequence of the Contraction cycle?

Attachment, Release, Bending, Force Generation, and Reattachment.

What are the structural features that define epithelial tissue?

Avascular, with no extracellular matrix. It is enervated and has a variety of cell junctions. It has functional and morphological polarity: apical, lateral, and basal domains. There is a free surface lumen, a basement membrane rich in protein polysaccharides and the cells are always ready to divide

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

Bacterium is grabbed by Fc Receptor, and brought into the cell by the terminal web. The bacterium is then enveloped into a phagosome and the phagosome is fused with the lysosome to be eaten

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

Barrier and conduit

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Barrier and conduit

What is the function of transitional(urothelium) epithelium?

Barrier and distention

What is the function of stratified squamous?

Barrier and protection

What are the components of the serous membrane?

Basal lamina, connective tissue, and epithelium. There is no muscularis mucosae.

What are the features of the basal domain?

Basement membrane, cell-to-extracellular matrix junctions, and plasma membrane infoldings.

Type IV collagen is characteristic of?

Basement membranes

The trans-Golgi network transports vesicles to four locations in the cell which are?

Basolateral plasma membrane, Apical plasma membrane, Endosomes, and Apical cytoplasm

Where can you find loose connective tissue?

Beneath epithelia of the mucosa and serosa associated with epithelia of glands, its surronds the smallest blood vessels

How are contractions regulated?

By availability and removal of calcium

What is the procedure for sectioning?

Blocks are trimmed, sectioned with a microtome, and mounted to a glass slide

Which tissues have renewing cell populations?

Blood cells and epithelial cells

What color does hematoxylin dye?

Blue

Describe Adult bone

Bone is composed of osteons, concentric lamellae, and is vascular and nerve elements travel from the periosteal and endosteal surfaces via volkmann's canal

What connective tissue covers bone?

Bone is covered in a connective tissues periosteum and has a simple endosteum lining the internal cavities

Describe Immature bone

Bone tissue does not have lamellae, has relatively more cells per unit, appears woven because of collagen, and cells are more randomly arranged.

What are the components of the skeletal system?

Bone tissue, Other connective tissue (hematopoietic tissue, fat tissue, hyaline cartilage, dense regular), Blood vessels, and nerves.

Type I collagen represents the major collagen type in?

Bone, Tendon, and Dermis

Ectoderm gives rise to?

Brain and nervous system; Neural Crest; Epidermis and associated structures

In a simple branched tubular gland such as those found in the pyloric region of the stomach, the secretory portion is?

Branched

Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction is used to stain?

Carbohydrates, glycogen, and basement membranes.

What is the function of the purkinje fibers?

Cardiac conducting cells that generate and rapidly transmit the contractile impulse to the myocardium in a precise sequence.

Which cell populations are incapable of exiting from G0 phase?

Cardiomyocytes

In patients with muscular dystrophy, a unique histological feature observed in mature skeletal muscle cells in a centrally-located nucleus. What other muscle cells have this feature?

Cardiomyocytes and Smooth Muscle Cells

What are the steps of Vesicular Endocytosis?

Cargo protein lands in cargo receptor, The coated pit is formed, The coated vesicle is formed, The vesicle is coated, The vesicle then uncoats, then vesicle is ready to fuse.

Acidic dyes react with?

Cationic groups such as amino groups of proteins.

What does depolarization of the T-tubule cause?

Causes calcium release and sarcomere contraction.

Pinocytosis is?

Cell drinking, non-specific vesicle size, constitutive, and clathrin-independent

What makes up connective tissue?

Cells and extracellular matrix

Where can you find Vimentins?

Cells of mesenchymal origin such as endothelial cells, myofibroblasts, some smooth muscle cells. Also can be found in some cells of neuroectodermal origin.

Describe Dense regular connective tissue.

Cells sparse, little ground substance, densely packed collagen fibers arranged in a parallel array for maximum strength.

Which tissues have static cell populations?

Central Nervous, cardiac, or skeletal

Lipid rafts are rich in?

Cholesterol

What cells make up cartilage?

Chondroblasts (isogenous) and chondrocytes (found in lacunae)

What are the 4 components of the nucleus?

Chromatin, Nucleolus, Nuclear envelope, and Nucleoplasm

Describe a longitudinal (sagittal) cut?

Cutting a surface in half creating 2 hemispheres left and right

What is epithelioid tissue?

Closely apposed cells that lack a free surface or lumen. Typical of most endocrine glands. It possesses a basement membrane and is mostly from mesoderm.

What is the organization of tendon tissue?

Collagen fibrils and tendinocytes--->Fascicles (endotendineum)--->Groups of fascicles (peritendineum)--->Tendon (epitendineum)

What are the 3 connective tissue fibers?

Collagen, Reticular, and Elastic

What is the classification of the ECM of fibrocartilage?

Combination of dense connective tissue and cartilage (Type I and II); It calcifies during bone repair; no perichondrium

What are the 2 types of bone?

Compact (dense) and Spongy (cancellous)

What happens during prophase?

Condensation of chromosomes; breakdown of nuclear envelope; disappearance of the nucleolus; appearance of kinetochores.

What is adipose tissue?

Connective tissue in which adipocytes are the primary cell type and there is a rich blood supply.

Where do you find connective tissue?

Connective tissue underlies or surrounds other tissues.

Tissues

Consist of cells and extracellular matrix

What does the sarcolemma consist of?

Consists of plasma membrane, external lamina, and reticular lamina

A transverse cut is another name for?

Cross Section

Which parts of the cell dye with eosin?

Cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell membranes

What are the features of apoptosis?

DNA fragmentation; Decrease in cell volume; loss of mitochondrial function; membrane blebbing; formation of apoptotic bodies

What are the electron microscopic features of the nucleolus?

Dense, nonmembranous structure containing fibrillar and granular material.

What are the basic protein subunits of microtubules?

Dimers of alpha and beta tubulin; gamma tubulin found in MTOC is necessary for nucleation of microtubules.

What are the artifacts of fixation?

Distortion at the edges; Variation in consistency of fix; Swelling or shrinking of cells

What is the shape of actin?

Double-stranded linear helical array

Where can you find compound tubular glands?

Duodenum: Submucosal glands of Brunner

Explain the Sliding filament model.

During contraction, the length of the A-Band remains the same, while the I band and H band shorten.

Describe skeletal muscle.

Each fiber is a multinucleated syncytium formed by the fusion of myoblasts. It has a polygonal shape with a diameter from 10-100 microns. The nuclei are found in the periphery, just beneath the plasma membrane.

What is the embryonic origin of nervous tissue?

Ectoderm

What is the embryonic origin of the skeletal system?

Ectoderm and Mesoderm

What are the 3 embryonic germ layers?

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm

What is the embryonic origin of epithelial tissue?

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm

What are elastic fibers?

Elastin and Fibrillin, Fibrillin forms 10-12 nanometer microfibrils

Which microscope can see the plasma membrane?

Electron microscope

Endoderm gives rise to?

Embryonic Gut: Inner lining of digestive tract, Inner lining of respiratory tract, and glands (including hepatic and pancreatic)

Epithelioid tissue originates from mesoderm and is commonly found in?

Endocrine glands

The epithelium lining the lymphatic vessels are composed of?

Endothelium

Where can you find epithelial transport?

Endothelium

Where can you typically find simple squamous epithelium?

Endothelium, mesothelium, alveolae, and Bowman's capsule

What is the function of white adipose tissue?

Energy storage, insulation, cushioning of vital organs, and secretion of hormones.

Where can you typically find stratified squamous epithelium?

Epidermis, rectum, oral cavity, esophagus and vagina

Where can you find stereocilia?

Epididymis, ductus deferens, hair cells

4 Basic Tissue Types

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

Which tissue type consists of all three germ layers?

Epithelium

Where can you find epithelium?

Epithelium covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and makes up glands

How can you characterize epithelium?

Epithelium is characterized by close cell apposition and location at a free surface

Visceral smooth Muscle is found in the tongue. True or False?

False, Visceral Striated muscle is found in the tongue.

Chromosomes are duplicated at the beginning of mitosis.

False; Chromosomes are duplicated during S phase of mitosis.

Collagen fibrils have a 28 nm banding pattern. True or False?

False; Collagen fibrils have a 68 nm banding pattern.

Contraction in striated muscle is controlled by the availability and removal of sodium.

False; Contraction in striated muscle is controlled by the availability and removal of calcium.

Exocrine glands secrete products (hormones) into connective tissue where they enter the bloodstream.

False; Endocrine glands secrete products (hormones) into connective tissue where they enter the bloodstream.

Endothelium is the simple cuboidal epithelium derived from the mesoderm that lines blood vessels. True or False?

False; Endothelium is the simple squamous epithelium derived from the mesoderm that lines blood vessels.

Eosin is a basophilic dye that carries a net positive charge and reacts with anionic groups such as phosphates and sulfates.

False; Eosin is an acidic dye that carries a net negative charge and reacts with cationic groups such as amino groups.

Kinesin is a plus-end directed motor that carries its cargo along microtubule tracks from the cell periphery towards the MTOC.

False; Kinesin is a plus-end directed motor that carries its cargo along microtubule tracks from the MTOC to the cell periphery.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of active secretory cells is basophilic and is often referred to as the ergastoplasm.

False; The rough endoplasmic reticulum of active secretory cells is basophilic and is often referred to as the ergastoplasm.

Because elastic cartilage lacks a perichondrium, no appositional growth can be evidenced.

False; because fibrocartilage lacks a perichondrium, no appositional growth can be evidenced.

Reticular fibers are composed of type III collagen and are eosinophilic.

False; reticular fibers are composed of type III collage and are PAS-positive.

What are the intercalated disks composed of?

Fascia adherens, maculae adherentes, and gap junctions

What is the hierarchical arrangement of muscle from largest to smallest?

Fascicles->muscle fiber->myofibrils->myofilaments->sarcomere->sarcoplasm->sarcoplasmic reticulum->sarcolemma

What is a communicating junction?

Gap junctions that allow direct communication between adjacent cells by diffusion of small molecules.

Membrane transport by simple diffusion involves?

Fat soluble or small uncharged molecules

Where can you find hyaline cartilage?

Fetal skeletal tissue; epiphyseal plates; articular surface of synovial joints; costal cartilages; nasal cavity; larynx; trachea; bronchi

What are intermediate fibers?

Fibers between red and white (pink)

Describe Dense irregular connective tissue.

Fibroblast are sparse; There is little ground substance, and is mostly collagen fibers in bundles oriented in various directions

What are the fixed cell populations in connective tissue?

Fibroblast, Macrophages, Adipose cells, Mast cells, Undifferentiated Mesenchymal cells.

What do you find in connective tissue?

Fibroblast, Nuclei, Elastic fibers, Collagenous fibers, and Ground substance.

When the cardiac cells die, what replaces the dead cells?

Fibrous connective tissue (scarring)

What are the 4 steps of Tissue preparation?

Fixation, Embedding, Sectioning, and Staining

What are the electron microscopic features of the Rough ER?

Flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes of membranes with attached ribosomes.

What is the electron microscopic feature of the Smooth ER?

Flattened sheets, sacs, tubes of membranes without ribosomes attached

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

Flexible support

What is the function of cartilage?

Flexible support; resistance to compression and deformation; template for bone growth; cushioning

What is the active ingredient of Neutral buffered Formalin?

Formaldehyde

Type VII collagen

Found in anchoring fibrils of skin, eye, uterus, and esophagus; secretes basal lamina to connective tissue fibers.

Type IV collagen

Found in basal laminae; provides support and filtration barrier.

Type II collagen

Found in hyaline and elastic cartilage; homotrimeric; fibrilar; provides resistance to intermittent pressure.

Type I Collagen

Found in loose and dense connective tissue; Accounts for 90% of body collagen; heterotrimeric; fibrillar; provides resistance to force, tension, and stretch

Type III collagen

Found in loose connective tissue and organs; forms reticular fibers; fibrilar; provides a supportive scaffold for specialized cells.

The Apical domain is directed toward the?

Free surface or lumen

The ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm appear during what phase of development?

Gastrulation

What fixative is used for Electron Microscopy

Gluteraldehyde and Osmium Tetroxide

What types of stains will stain nerve tissue?

Golgi Silver stain, Cajal's Gold stain, and Weigert's Potassium Dichromate

What is found within mast cells?

Granules that contain vasoactive and immunoreactive substances that mediate hypersensitivity reactions, allergy, and anaphylaxis

What is the function of elastic fibers?

Help limit distensibility of tissue and prevent tearing from excessive stretching.

Describe Loose connective tissue.

Highly cellular; Sparse collagen fibers; Abundant ground substance

What are the methods used in histology to observe cells?

Histochemistry/Cytochemistry/Immunochemistry; Hybridization techniques; Autoradiography; Organ tissue culture; Cell and organelle separation; Specialized microscopic techniques and microscopes.

Which plane of section would clearly reveal the spindle shape of a smooth muscle cell?

Tangential section

What is the classification of Hyaline Cartilage?

Homogenous and amorphous; type II collagen; large amounts of GAG; Undergoes calcification

The larynx contains what type of collagen?

Hyaline and Elastic

What are examples of GAGs?

Hyaluronic Acid, Heparan sulfate, Chondroitin 4,6-sulfate, Heparin, Dermatan sulfate, and Keratan sulfate

What does calcium phosphate form?

Hydroxyapatite crystals

What are the cartilage specific collagens?

II, VI, IX, X, and XI

What is a example of a useful diagnostic technique in histology?

Immunohistochemistry

Where are microtubules found?

In cilia and flagella

Where does the hemidesmosome anchoring occur?

In epithelia subject to abrasion and shearing forces (Cornea, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina)

Where are actin filaments found?

In microvilli; contractile element of muscle; beneath plasma membrane; leading edge of a moving cell.

Where can you find monocilia?

In rete testis and vestibular hair cells for sensory

Where can you find focal adhesions?

In the basal domain of epithelial tissue

What does the endomysium surround?

Individual fibers

What are the 4 shapes of bone?

Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular

What are the electron microscopic features of the cytoskeletal elements?

Long, linear staining pattern with width and features characteristic of each filament type.

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

Intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis; articular disks; menisci; triangular fibrocartilage complex; insertion of tendons

Where can you find epithelial absorption?

Intestines, proximal convoluted tubule

Bone formation without preexisting cartilage model is called?

Intramembranous bone formation

Interstitial growth is displayed in the?

Isogenous groups

What is the function of the Basement membrane?

It attaches epithelium to connective tissue.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

It is used in ion and nutrient transport; recognition of environmental signals; cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesions

Why is immunohistochemistry used?

It localized a specific protein in cells of a tissue section, it can be used as a diagnostic for typing tumors, and can be used to detect infectious agents.

What is ground substance?

It occupies space between cells and fibers; Consists mostly of water, proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins, and GAGs.

What is the function of the zona adherens?

It provides a band of lateral adhesion between epithelial cells by connecting to the actin cytoskeleton.

What is the function of the macula adherens?

It provides a spot junction between epithelial cells by connecting to intermediate filaments; particularly strong attachment.

What is the purpose of Autoradiography?

It provides information about the location of radioactive materials within tissues.

What is the disadvantage of using gluteraldehyde?

It requires expertise and expensive equipment.

What are the disadvantages of Neutral Buffered Formalin?

It will lose neutral lipids, small molecules, and carbohydrates

What is the function of the Basal Lamina?

Its the structural attachment site of epithelium and connective tissue seen at the EM level of observation.

What are the 4 classes of intermediate filaments?

Keratins, Vimentin/Vimentin-like, Neurofilaments, and Lamins

Where can you find epithelial excretions?

Kidneys

In bone, the small space encapsulating an individual cell is called a/an?

Lacuna

What do the purkinje fibers look like?

Large diameter with a pale-er cytoplasm fibers.

What are white fibers?

Large fibers with less myoglobin and fewer mitochondria; high peak muscle tension; They fatigue rapidly. They are fast-twitch fibers.

Where can you find Simple tubular glands?

Large intestine: intestinal glands of the colon

Where can you typically find stratified columnar epithelium?

Largest ducts of exocrine glands and anorectal junction

What are gap junctions?

Lateral component; allows cells to behave as a syncytium.

Plicae are?

Lateral specialization of intestinal epithelial cells

Describe a coronal cut

Tangential to a surface, like cutting the highest part of the skull off.

Where is mesothelium

Lines the body cavities

Where is endothelium?

Lines the vascular system

What is the function of the sER?

Lipid and steroid metabolism; detoxification

The ____ portion of the cell membrane functions as a barrier while the ______ portion determines functions like transport, signal transduction or adhesion.

Lipid, protein

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells of the adventitia of venules give rise to early?

Lipoblast

What is paracrine secretion?

Local effect, diffusion through connective tissue

What is the function of an Occluding junction?

Localized sealing of plasma membrane of adjoining cells; It separates luminal space from intercellular space and connective tissue; It establishes functional domains in the plasma membrane

Where is the late endosome?

Located deeper in cytoplasm near golgi and nucleus, and typically becomes lysosome (pH 4.7)

Where is the Early endosome?

Located in cytoplasm near plasma membrane.

What cells belong to the transient cell population in connective tissue?

Lymphocytes, Plasma cells, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Monocytes

Reticular fibers are part of the extracellular matrix of?

Lymphoid tissues

What cells belong to the MPS?

Macrophage, Kupffer cell, Alveolar macrophage, Pleural and peritoneal macrophage, osteoclast, microglia, Langerhan's cell, Fibroblast-derived macrophage, and Dendritic cell

What is an example of apocrine glands?

Mammary glands

What are the electron microscopic features of secretory vesicles?

Many relatively small, membrane-bounded vesicles of uniform diameter; often polarized on one side of the cell.

What is the function of connective tissue?

Mechanical reinforcement, Immune surveillance, Transport and diffusion of nutrients and waste, and Energy storage.

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

Mechanical strength

What are the electron microscopic features of the lysosome?

Membrane-bounded vesicles, often electron dense.

What are the electron microscopic features of the peroxisome?

Membrane-bounded vesicles, often with electron dense crystalloid inclusions

What are the three types of exocrine glands?

Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine

What is the embryonic origin of muscle tissue?

Mesoderm

The epithelium of the serosa is composed of?

Mesothelium

What does the serous membrane consist of?

Mesothelium, basal lamina, and connective tissue

What composes the brush border of kidney tubule cells?

Microvilli which are mad of actin.

What modifications can you find in the apical domain?

Microvilli, stereocilia, and cilia

Where can you find epithelial receptors?

Taste buds of tongue and retina of the eye

What happens during metaphase?

Mitotic spindle organizes to align chromosomes on the metaphase plate.

What is the basic protein unit of actin?

Monomer of G-Actin

Where are lamins found

Most differentiated cells and all nucleated cells

What fills up the sarcoplasm?

Mostly myofilaments

What histological feature is indicative of an immature state?

Mucous connective tissue, Epiphyseal plate, Woven bone, and Prevalence of reticular fibers. Cancellous bone is indicative of maturity

What is Warton's Jelly?

Mucous connective tissue; gelatin-like material of the umbilical cord with fine fibers

Skeletal muscle fibers are best described as?

Multinucleate cellular units

Stratified Columnar

Multiple layers of column-like cells

What is the structure of transitional epithelium?

Multiple layers, top layer is cuboidal when collapsed and squamous when distended

Purkinje fibers are modified...?

Muscle cells

Describe Cardiac muscle.

Muscle fibers consist of numerous cylindrical cells arranged from end-to-end; The nuclei are centrally located; Cells are 10-15 microns in diameter, and from 80-100 microns long.

What does muscle consist of?

Muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nerves.

Cajal's Gold stain is used to identify?

Neuroglial cells

Where are neurofilaments found?

Neurons

Which connective tissue cell type has properties of smooth muscle cells?

Myofibroblast

What is responsible for contraction?

Myofilament interaction.

What does actin interact with?

Myosin

What is the charge of Eosin?

Negative, it is an acidic dye

What is the purpose of Nerve Tissue?

Nerve tissue receives, transmits, and integrates information from outside and inside the body to control the activities of the body.

Nerve tissue consists of?

Neurons and various supporting cells such as Neuroglial, Schwann, and Satellite cells.

What fixative is use for Light Microscopy?

Neutral Buffered Formalin

Which type of cartilage is highly vascular?

No cartilage is vascular

Do serous cells stain with PAS?

No they do not, Goblet cells, Glycogen, Reticular fibers, and cartilage are PAS-positive

What is the shape of a microtubule?

Nonbranching long hollow cylinder

What are the electron microscopic features of lipid droplets?

Nonmembranous inclusions; generally appear as a void in the section

What are the electron microscopic features of glycogen?

Nonmembranous, very dense grapelike inclusions.

What is the polarity of an intermediate filament?

Nonpolar due to staggered tetramer; spontaneous assembly

What is the light microscopic feature of the Smooth ER?

Not visible in Light microscopy, cytoplasm in region of sER might exhibit distinct eosinophilia

Mesoderm gives rise to?

Notochord; Mesenchyme (Bone and cartillage, Circulatory system, and Dermis); Somites (Muscles, Excretory system, Gonads, and outer covering of internal organs.)

Which of the following structures stain blue with H&E: Cytoplasm, Collagen fibers, Nucleus, Elastic fibers, or Decalcified bone matrix?

Nucleus

Which parts of the cell dye blue?

Nucleus, nucleolus, and Ribosomes

What are the junctional complexes of the Lateral domain

Occluding junctions, Anchoring junctions, and communicating junctions

How is connective tissue characterized?

On the basis of its extracellular matrix.

What are lacunae?

Open spaces with osteocytes.

What is the active ingredient in Gluteraldehyde?

Osmium

What cells make up bone?

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

Where can you find compound acinar glands?

Pancreas: excretory portion

What is an example of a merocrine gland?

Pancreatic acinar cells

What are the mediums used in Embedding?

Paraffin, OCT, and Resin

Appositional growth is displayed in the?

Perichondrium

What is the function of the Mononuclear Phagocytic system?

Phagocytosis, secretion, antigen processing, antigen presentation.

What are the types of specialized microscopy?

Phase Contrast, Dark-field, Fluorescence, Confocal scanning, UV, Polarizing, Electro, and Atomic Force

What are the types of Endocytosis?

Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis, and Phagocytosis

What is the most aggressive tumor type derived from white adipose tissue?

Pleomorphic liposarcoma

What is the charge of Hematoxylin?

Positive, it is a basic dye

What is Apoptosis?

Programmed cell death; External and internal signals

Functions of epithelium

Protection, Containment of body fluids, and Absorption and secretion.

What is the function of the rER?

Protein synthetic system; chemical modification of proteins; membrane lipid synthesis.

What are the integral membrane proteins?

Pumps, Channels, Receptor proteins, Linker proteins, Enzymes, and Structural proteins

What fiber is not found in connective tissue?

Purkinje Fibers

What color does H&E dye?

Purple

What happens during telophase?

Reconstitution of nuclear envelope around chromosomes at each pole; nucleoli reappear; cytokinesis.

What color does eosin dye?

Red

What are examples of dense regular connective tissue?

Tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

What is the procedure for staining?

Remove paraffin with organic solvent, rehydrate for hematoxylin, dehydrate in alcohol for eosin, apply permount and cover slip.

Where can you typically find transitional epithelium?

Renal calyces, ureters, bladder, urethra

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

Resists deformation under stress

Fibers that form a supporting network in myeloid and lymphoid tissues are called?

Reticular fibers

Which of the following would not be characterized as an inclusion: Glycogen, pigment, neutral fat, secretory granules, or ribosomes?

Ribosomes

What are the nonmembranous organelles?

Ribosomes, Actin filaments, Intermediate filaments, microtubules, and centrioles

What is the shape of Intermediate filaments?

Rope-like

Which tissues have stable cell populations?

Smooth muscle and endothelial cells of blood vessels

The distance between two Z-lines is equivalent to the length of the?

Sarcomere

What is an example of holocrine glands

Sebaceous glands

What is the function of pseudostratified epithelium?

Secretion, absorption, conduit, surface transport

Stratified Cuboidal

Several layers of cube-like cells

Stratified Squamous

Several layers of squamous cells

What are the characteristics of multicellular glands?

Simple/compound (Branching of duct); Tubular/alveolar (acinar); Mucous/serous (type of secretion)

Simple Columnar

Single layer of column-like cells

Simple Cuboidal

Single layer of cube-like cells

Simple Squamous

Single layer of squamous cells

What happens during anaphase?

Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles

What are the striated muscles?

Skeletal and parts of cardiac

A T-tubule system can be found in?

Skeletal muscle and Cardiac muscle

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth.

Where can you find epithelial protection?

Skin and bladder

Where can you find simple coiled tubular glands?

Skin: eccrine sweat gland

Where can you typically find simple cuboidal epithelium?

Small ducts of exocrine glands, surface of ovary, kidney, tubules, thyroid follicles.

What are red fibers?

Small fibers with large amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria; they have great resistance to fatigue but generate less tension. They are slow-twitch fibers

Where can you typically find simple columnar epithelium?

Small intestines, colon, stomach lining, gastric glands, gallbladder

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

Specialized for slow, prolonged contraction; Spontaneous contractile activity; No discrete neuromuscular junction

Describe smooth muscle.

Spindle-shaped cell with centrally located nucleus; No striations, and no T-system; 0.2-2 microns in diameter and 20-200 microns in length; Smooth muscle contains dense bodies.

What are the electron microscopic features of the Golgi Apparatus?

Stacks of flattened membrane sheets, often adjacent to one side of the nucleus.

Where can you find branched acinar glands?

Stomach: mucus secreting glands of cardia

Where can you find simple branched tubular glands?

Stomach: mucus secreting glands of the pylorus

The composition of the basal laminae is collagen, proteoglycans, laminin, and entactin. what are their functions respectively?

Structural attachment, Compartmentatization, Filtration, Regulation and signaling, and Tissue scaffolding

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Structural support, protection, movement, mineral reservoir

Where can you find white adipose tissue?

Subcutaneous connective tissue, Greater omentum, mesentery, retroperitoneal space, around the kidneys, palms, soles, beneath visceral pericardium, in the orbits surrounding the eyeballs

Where can you find compound tubuloacinar glands?

Submandibular salavary glands

Where can you find dense irregular connective tissue?

Submucosa of hollow organs and the reticular layer of the dermis

What is the function of bone?

Support; protection; reservoir for calcium and phosphate.

What does the mucous membrane consist of?

Surface epithelium, Basal lamina, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

What are the Electron microscopic features of the nucleus?

Surrounded by two membranes containing nuclear pore complexes and perinuclear cisternal space; regions with condensed and diffuse chromatin pattern

Where can you typically find stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Sweat gland ducts, large ducts of exocrine glands, anorectal junction.

Weigert's Potassium Dichromate stain is used to identify?

The Lipid of myelin sheath

The terminal cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are closely associated with what system?

The T-system of the plasma membrane at the A-I junction.

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

The pinna of external ear; external acoustic meatus; eustachian tubes, and larynx

Cytochalasins are drugs that interfere with actin polymerization into microfilaments. If you add cytochalasin to cultured mammalian cells that have just begun mitosis, whist is most likely to happen?

The cells will complete mitosis and arrest at cytokinesis

What is a triad?

The combination of the T-tubule and the two terminal cisternae.

What are the Electron microscopic features of the plasma membrane?

The external membrane and membranes surrounding membranous organelles of the cell; two inner and outer electron-dense layers separated by an intermediate electron-lucent layer

What is the freeze fracture technique and what is it used for?

The freeze fracture technique is used to observe the sides of the membrane. The frozen membranes split along hydrophobic plane to expose an E-Face and a P-Face

What happens to the cardiac function at the site of the injury?

The function is lost

Where do you find cardiac muscle?

The heart, superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins

What is the mode of action of Gluteraldehyde?

The heavy metal binds to phospholipids

What is bending of the contraction cycle?

The hydrolysis of ATP; 5 nanometer linear displacement of the myosin head.

Stereocilia are sparsely distributed, and are found in?

The male reproductive tract in the ductus deferens and epididymis

What is the nucleus?

The membrane-limited compartment that contains the genetic information.

The muscular system consists of contractile cells and is responsible for?

The movement of body and its parts

What is important about sectioning?

The plane of section is very important

How is radioactivity used in Autoradiography?

The radioactive particles emitted, strike the silver halide crystals and create a latent image, the silver halide is then reduced to silver.

What is the z-disc?

The region at the end of each sarcomere, which binds the actin filaments.

What is force generation of the contraction cycle?

The release of inorganic phosphate; power stroke; ADP lost from myosin head.

Where is calcium stored in muscles?

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

Silver stain is used to see what part of nerve tissue?

The synaptic boutons on purkinje cells

What zone of bone stains with PAS?

The zone of hypertrophy

What zone of bone stains most strongly with BrdU, a marker of cellular proliferation?

The zone of proliferation

What is the function of focal adhesions?

They anchor actin filaments into basement membrane; They are mechanosensitive

What is the function of hemidesmosomes?

They anchor the intermediate filaments into the basement membrane.

What is the purpose of muscle satellite cell?

They are responsible for the skeletal muscle's ability to regenerate with limited capacity

What is the function of fibroblasts?

They are the principle cell of connective tissue, they synthesize collagen, elastic and reticular fibers and complex carbohydrates of ground substance. They are activated in growth or wound repair.

What is the function of communicating junctions?

They create conduits between two adjacent cells for passage of small molecules.

What is the function of the centrioles?

To align the mitotic spindle during cell division

What is the function of the lateral domain?

To communicate with adjacent cells

What is the purpose of embedding?

To convert tissue into a solid form that can be sliced.

What is the purpose of sectioning?

To make thin slices of tissue viewable by microscopy.

What is the purpose of Vesicular Transport?

To move large molecules into, out of, and within a cell; maintains integrity of the plasma membrane.

What is the function of Exocrine glands?

To secrete products directly onto a surface or through ducts or tubes connected to a surface.

What is the function of the early endosome?

To sort and recycle proteins of endocytotic pathways (pH 6.2-6.5)

What is the purpose of fixation?

To stabilize and preserve the tissue.

What is the purpose of staining?

To visualize the tissue slices (add color)

Where can you find visceral striated muscle?

Tongue, pharynx, diaphragm, and esophagus

Where can you find cilia?

Trachea, bronchi, oviducts for transport

Where can you typically find pseudostratified epithelium?

Trachea, bronchial tree, ductus deferens, efferent ductules of the epididymis.

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

Transepithelial transport or exchange; barrier

The epithelium of the bladder is composed of?

Transitional epithelium

What is the maculae adherentes?

Transverse and lateral component; bind muscle cells to one another and prevent pulling apart under strain of regular contractions.

What stain will color collagen and reticular fibers?

Trichrome

Brown fat or multiocular adipose tissue is associated with heat production.

True

Collagen fibers are the most abundant structural component of the connective tissue. True or False?

True

Collagen forms fibrils of 15-200 nm in diameter. True or False?

True

Collagen proteins are rich in glycine and hydroxyproline. True or False?

True

Each collagen molecule is composed of a triple helix of alpha chains. True or False?

True

Electron microscopy offers more resolution (and the ability to visualize subcellular organelles) as compared to light microscopy because the wavelength of an electron is significantly smaller than that of light,

True

Loose connective tissue is characterized by sparse collagen fibers and abundant ground substance in order to facilitate diffusion to surrounding epithelia.

True

Osteoclast activity is positively regulated by parathyroid hormone and negatively regulated by calcitonin. True or False?

True

Osteoclasts from the leading edge of a bone remodeling unit.

True

The fetal skeleton is composed of hyaline cartilage.

True

What are the electron microscopic features of the endosome?

Tubulovesicular structures with subdivided lumen containing electro-lucent material or other smaller vesicles.

What are the electron microscopic features of the Mitochondria?

Two-membrane system: outer membrane and inner membrane arranged in numerous folds; in steroid-producing cells inner membrane arranged in tubular cristae

What is the ECM of bone composed of?

Type I and some type V collagen; GAGs, glycoproteins, sialoproteins; mineralization of the matrix.

What is the territorial matrix of hyaline cartilage composed of?

Type II/IX collagen

What are reticular fibers?

Type III collagen, 20 nanometers in diameter, its PAS-positive, more sugar groups than collagen, form network of fibers.

What is the pericellular matrix of hyaline cartilage composed of?

Type VI/IX collagen and sulfated proteoglycans

What are the types of exocrine glands?

Unicellular and Multicellular glands

Where can you find simple acinar glands?

Urethra: paraurethral and periurethral glands

What is the basic protein subunit of the intermediate filament?

Various intermediate filament proteins.

Where can you find elastic fibers?

Vertebral ligaments, larynx, and elastic arteries

What are proteoglycans?

Very large molecules with a protein core and many long chained polysaccharides covalently bound to the core protein.

What are the electron microscopic features of the ribosomes?

Very small dark dots, often associated with rough ER

What is Mesenchyme?

Viscous ground substance and fine (reticular) fibers, consistent with the limited stress on the growing fetus.

What is the procedure for Embedding?

Wash, dehydrate in alcohol, clear in organic solvent, and infiltrate with melted paraffin.

In ordinary connective tissue, the predominant component of ground substance is?

Water

What is release of the contraction cycle?

When ATP binds to myosin head and induces conformational changes.

What is reattachment of the contraction cycle?

When myosin head binds tightly to a new actin molecule

Which of the following fibers has the largest diameter: Red fibers, intermediate fibers, white fibers, purkinje fibers, or fibrillin?

White Fibers

What type of adipose tissue tends to increase as humans age?

White adipose, and Unilocular adipose tissue

What are some artifacts of sectioning?

Wrinkles, small pieces falling out, scratches, and chatter

What is an example of an occluding junction?

Zona Occludens (tight junction)

What are the Anchoring junction?

Zona adherens and maculae adherentes (desmosomes)

What zone of bone is positive for TUNEL staining (a marker of apoptosis)?

Zone of Calcification

What zone of bone does not stain for differentiation markers?

Zone of reserve cartilage

Actin filaments are linked most directly to the?

Zonula occudens and zonula adherens

Describe an Oblique cut.

an angled transverse cut

What is in the ECM of cartilage?

collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins; solid gel-like consistency

What is the function of the Lysosome?

digestion of macromolecule

In ground bone fixation you?

remove organic material and finely grind the mineral matrix

In Decalcified fixation you?

remove the mineral, leaving behind the cells and organic matrix that can be stained with H&E

What is the function of Hyaline cartilage?

resistant to compression; cushioning; low-friction surface for joints; structural support; template for fetal skeleton, and further endochondral bone formation and growth

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

sorting and packaging for secretion or intracellular transport; chemical modification of proteins

What is the function of Endocrine glands?

they secrete products (hormones) into connective tissue where they enter the bloodstrean.

What does the sarcomere consist of?

thin and thick myofilaments

What is the function of the Basal domain?

to Anchor cells to the underlying connective tissue


संबंधित स्टडी सेट्स

Blockbusting, Steering, and Redlining

View Set

Understanding Products and Their Risks 3

View Set

11. Growth & Development: Newborn & Infant PrepU

View Set

Lunsford Easy Writer Ch.37-38 Conducting Research

View Set

Assisted Delivery and Cesarean Birth

View Set