History 1301 Chapter 15 Notes

The Reconstruction amendments to the U.S. Constitution helped to create

the first national biracial democracy in world history

In President Andrew Johnson's view, African-Americans ought to play what part in Reconstruction?

they should have no role in shaping policies

sharecropping

type of farm tenancy that developed after the Civil War in which landless workers—often former slaves—farmed land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop

Black Americans who refused to sign labor contracts to work for whites during Reconstruction

were often arrested and hired out to white landowners

The laws and amendments of Reconstruction rejected the idea that citizenship was an entitlement of

whites alone

Who was a leader of the Radical Republicans?

Thaddeus Stevens

Fifteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1870, which prohibited states from discriminating in voting privileges on the basis of race

True or false? Robert Smalls was a black senator who served one unsuccessful term before being replaced by a white senator in 1900.

False

Who was the first black senator elected in U.S. history in 1870?

Hiram Revels

Following the Civil War, white and black farmers in the South

saw the price of cotton fall steadily

What was one of the principal tasks and objectives of the Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1870)?

settling disputes between whites and blacks and among the freedpeople

What two Christian denominations commanded the largest African-American following in the South after the Civil War?

Baptist and Methodist

In Mississippi in 1875, armed white rifle clubs drilled in public and openly assaulted

Republicans

True or false? During Reconstruction, some 2,000 African-Americans held public office, among them fourteen in the U.S. House of Representatives and two U.S. senators.

True

crop lein

credit extended by merchants to tenants based on their future crops; under this system, high interest rates and the uncertainties of farming often led to inescapable debts

One of the main purposes of the Freedman's Bureau was to

ensure a working system of labor relations between former slaves and former slaveholders

In consequence of the "Bargain of 1877," President Rutherford B. Hayes

ordered federal troops to stop guarding the state houses in Louisiana and South Carolina

The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

prohibited federal and state governments from denying any citizen the vote because of race

The Burlingame Treaty reaffirmed China's national sovereignty and

provided reciprocal protection for religious freedom and against discrimination for citizens emigrating or visiting the other nation

What was one of the central demands of feminists during Reconstruction?

the widespread availability of the birth control pill

scalawags

Southern white Republicans—some former Unionists—who supported Reconstruction governments

Reconstruction Act

1867 law that established temporary military governments in ten Confederate states—excepting Tennessee—and required that the states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and permit freedmen to vote

Tenure of Office Act

1867 law that required the president to obtain Senate approval to remove any official whose appointment had also required Senate approval; President Andrew Johnson's violation of the law by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton led to Johnson's impeachment

Fourteenth Amendment

1868 constitutional amendment that guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves, in words similar to those of the Civil Rights Act of 1866

Black Codes

laws passed from 1865 to 1866 in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves; to nullify the codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment

The Black Codes were

laws that sought to regulate the lives of former slaves in the South

the Freedmen's Bureau

reconstruction agency established in 1865 to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and landowning

Civil Rights Act of 1875

the last piece of Reconstruction legislation, which outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accommodation such as hotels and theaters; many parts of it were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883

Enforcement Acts

three laws passed in 1870 and 1871 that tried to eliminate the Ku Klux Klan by outlawing it and other such terrorist societies; the laws allowed the president to deploy the army for that purpose

What statement accurately describes sharecropping?

It allowed a black family to rent part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year

What was a major cause of the decline of Reconstruction?

a growing perception among northerners that southern blacks were unfit for equal citizenship

A "carpetbagger" was

a northerner who settled in the South after the war

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

along with the Fourteenth Amendment, legislation that guaranteed the rights of citizenship to former slaves

In the summer of 1865, President Andrew Johnson ordered nearly all land in federal hands

be returned to its former owners

What was the significance of the Reconstruction Act of March 1867?

it divided the South into five military districts and called for the creation of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because

it outlawed discrimination in voting based on race but not gender

The House of Representatives approved articles of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson for violation of what law?

the Tenure of Office Act

Radical Republicans in the Reconstruction era shared the view that

the Union victory created an opportunity to institutionalize the principle of equal rights regardless of race

The U.S. president before Andrew Johnson was

Abraham Lincoln

Redeemers

Post-Civil War Democratic leaders who supposedly saved the South from Yankee domination and preserved the primarily rural economy

Today, most countries aside from the United States, including all nations in Europe, limit automatic access to what right via ethnicity, culture, or religion?

birthright citizenship

impeachment

bringing charges against a public official; for example, the House of Representatives can impeach a president for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors" by majority vote, and after the trial the Senate can remove the president by a vote of two-thirds

The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871

defined crimes that deprived citizens of their civil and political rights as federal offenses

Ku Klux Klan

group organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction; a revived organization in the 1910s and 1920s that stressed white, Anglo-Saxon, fundamentalist Protestant supremacy; revived a third time to fight the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s in the South

carpetbaggers

derisive term for northern emigrants who participated in the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South

Bargain of 1877

deal made by a Republican and Democratic special congressional commission to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who had lost the popular vote, was declared the winner in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from involvement in politics in the South, marking the end of Reconstruction