History 1301 Exam 3

The U.S. slave population by 1860 was approximately (a) 1 million. (b) 2 million. (c) 3 million. (d) 4 million. (e) 5 million.

(d) 4 million.

The U.S. slave population by 1860 was approximately: (a) 1 million. (b) 2 million. (c) 3 million. (d) 4 million. (e) 5 million.

(d) 4 million.

In 1850, a majority of southern slaveholders owned how many slaves? (a) 1 to 5 (b) 6 to 10 (c) 15 to 20 (d) 25 to 30 (e) at least 35

(a) 1 to 5

The American Civil War began in April 1861, when: (a) Confederate forces fired upon and captured Fort Sumter. (b) U.S. naval vessels bombarded the city of Wilmington, North Carolina. (c) Confederate and Union cavalry clashed in disputed territory in Texas. (d) General William Sherman led Union soldiers on a devastating march through Georgia. (e) Confederate infantry attacked Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

(a) Confederate forces fired upon and captured Fort Sumter.

How did the Civil War affect planter families? (a) For the first time, some of them had to do physical labor. (b) They lost their slaves but were otherwise unaffected. (c) Few lost loved ones because they were able to avoid military service. (d) They endured immediate problems, but their economic revival was quick. (e) Since they defined freedom broadly, they got along well with their ex-slaves.

(a) For the first time, some of them had to do physical labor.

Why was Andrew Johnson acquitted on charges of impeachment? (a) Johnson's lawyers assured moderate Republicans that he would behave for the rest of his term, so several voted to acquit him. (b) No one would testify against him. (c) Leading Radical Republican Benjamin Wade brilliantly managed the president's defense. (d) Ulysses Grant urged Republicans to acquit Johnson because convicting him might hurt Grant's chances in the presidential election. (e) Many feared a constitutional crisis because, without a vice president in office, no one knew who would succeed Johnson as president.

(a) Johnson's lawyers assured moderate Republicans that he would behave for the rest of his term, so several voted to acquit him.

How did the abolitionists link themselves to the nation's Revolutionary heritage? (a) They seized on the preamble to the Declaration of Independence as an attack against slavery. (b) They cracked the Liberty Bell to signify that the bonds of liberty were breaking under the weight of slavery. (c) They used mob action, just as the revolutionaries had when they attacked such disagreeable measures as the Stamp Act. (d) They reminded audiences constantly that the main issue the Sons of Liberty and similar groups had invoked was liberty. (e) They made a heroic figure of Crispus Attucks, the African-American who died at the Boston Massacre.

(a) They seized on the preamble to the Declaration of Independence as an attack against slavery.

John C. Calhoun and George Fitzhugh: (a) agreed that slavery was not a necessary evil but something actually positive and good. (b) fought a famous duel that demonstrated the southern commitment to the idea of defending one's honor. (c) competed for power in Andrew Jackson's administration. (d) were known as two of the most vicious slaveholders, who regularly whipped their slaves. (e) agreed on the need for slavery but disagreed as to whether it actually was beneficial to society.

(a) agreed that slavery was not a necessary evil but something actually positive and good.

The bloodiest act of violence during Reconstruction took place in __________ in 1873, where armed whites killed hundreds of former slaves, including fifty militia members who had surrendered. (a) York County, South Carolina (b) Marietta, Georgia (c) Lynchburg, Virginia (d) Colfax, Louisiana (e) Guilford County, North Carolina

(d) Colfax, Louisiana

The southern Black Codes: (a) allowed the arrest on vagrancy charges of former slaves who failed to sign yearly labor contracts. (b) allowed former slaves to testify in court against whites and to serve on juries. (c) were some of the first laws adopted as part of Radical Reconstruction in 1867. (d) were denounced by President Johnson and declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. (e) pleased northerners because they saw that the rule of law was returning to the South.

(a) allowed the arrest on vagrancy charges of former slaves who failed to sign yearly labor contracts.

Abolitionists challenged stereotypes about African-Americans by: (a) countering the pseudoscientific claim that they formed a separate species. (b) presenting the compositions of Henry Highland Garnet to disprove the belief that African culture was inferior because it produced no classical music composers. (c) pointing to Haiti, the scene of the famous slave revolts of the 1790s and 1800s, as a model of civilization. (d) making January 1, the anniversary of the end of the international slave trade, a holiday throughout the North until the end of the Civil War. (e) nominating Frederick Douglass for president in 1852 and winning him Vermont's electoral votes.

(a) countering the pseudoscientific claim that they formed a separate species.

The Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court: (a) declared Congress could not ban slavery from territories. (b) endorsed the "free soil" policy of the Republicans. (c) backed the idea of "popular sovereignty." (d) freed Dred and Harriet Scott. (e) extended the Missouri Compromise line to California.

(a) declared Congress could not ban slavery from territories.

During Reconstruction, southern cities: (a) enjoyed newfound prosperity as merchants traded more frequently with the North. (b) were as poverty-stricken as rural southern areas. (c) benefited from the building of a transcontinental railroad from Washington, D.C., to Los Angeles. (d) benefited as rice and tobacco production markedly grew. (e) experienced major population losses as blacks trekked north in the Great Migration.

(a) enjoyed newfound prosperity as merchants traded more frequently with the North.

Fugitive slaves: (a) generally understood that the North Star led to freedom. (b) were more likely to be women than men, because they were trying to escape sexual assault. (c) succeeded in escaping more frequently from the Deep South because they had access to ships leaving ports like New Orleans and Charleston. (d) benefited from the refusal of non-slaveowners to participate in patrols that looked for fugitives. (e) who escaped to Canada were routinely returned to slavery by the British authorities.

(a) generally understood that the North Star led to freedom.

Southern farmers in the backcountry: (a) generally worked the land using family labor. (b) were all directly involved in the market economy from the start of the nineteenth century. (c) owned a substantial number of slaves. (d) were highly self-sufficient but still bought most of their supplies from stores. (e) were fortunate that their land was far better for farming than that owned by planters.

(a) generally worked the land using family labor.

The most ambitious, but least successful, of the Radical Republicans' aims was: (a) land reform. (b) black suffrage. (c) federal protection of civil rights. (d) public education. (e) reunification of the Union.

(a) land reform.

Urban slaves: (a) most often were domestic servants. (b) was a term coined by southerners to describe northern factory workers. (c) had less autonomy than plantation slaves because there were more authorities to watch them. (d) could work on their own and always kept the majority of their earnings. (e) increasingly replaced skilled white laborers as the Civil War approached.

(a) most often were domestic servants.

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the Slaughterhouse Cases that: (a) most rights of citizens are under the control of state governments rather than the federal government. (b) states cannot interfere with vigorous federal enforcement of a broad array of civil rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. (c) the federal government has sole authority under the Commerce Clause to regulate the meatpacking industry. (d) voting rights of African-Americans under the Fifteenth Amendment cannot be abridged or denied by any state. (e) Reconstruction had progressed too far and was now officially ended.

(a) most rights of citizens are under the control of state governments rather than the federal government.

Free blacks in the South were allowed to: (a) own property. (b) be bought and sold. (c) carry a firearm. (d) testify in court. (e) vote.

(a) own property.

In 1846, Congressman David Wilmot proposed to: (a) prohibit slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico. (b) allow voters to decide the status of slavery in new territories. (c) divide the Oregon Country between Great Britain and the United States. (d) annex Cuba in order to avoid southern secession. (e) allow slavery to expand into California and New Mexico.

(a) prohibit slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico.

During Reconstruction, southern state governments helped to finance: (a) railroads. (b) canals. (c) telegraph lines. (d) interstate roads. (e) colonization of freedmen and freedwomen.

(a) railroads.

In the South, the paternalist ethos: (a) reflected the hierarchical society in which the planter took responsibility for the lives of those around him. (b) declined after the War of 1812, as southern society became more centered on market relations rather than on personal relations. (c) suffered because southern slaveholders lived among their slaves, so that the groups' constant exposure to each other made southern slavery more openly violent than elsewhere. (d) brought southern society closer to northern ideals. (e) encouraged southern women to become more active and better educated so that they could help their husbands in their paternal roles.

(a) reflected the hierarchical society in which the planter took responsibility for the lives of those around him.

From 1840 to 1860, the price of a "prime field hand": (a) rose about 80 percent, which made it harder for southern whites to enter the slaveholding class. (b) rose less than 10 percent, which kept the size of the planter class about the same. (c) declined about 15 percent as the supply of slaves in the internal slave trade increased. (d) became so inexpensive that the slaveholding class grew to include nearly two-thirds of southern whites. (e) declined because labor-intensive agricultural work became less popular in the South.

(a) rose about 80 percent, which made it harder for southern whites to enter the slaveholding class.

With the beginning of Radical Reconstruction, southern African-Americans in the late 1860s and early 1870s took direct action to remedy long-standing grievances. These actions included: (a) sit-ins that helped to integrate horse-drawn streetcars in southern cities. (b) protest marches that desegregated public school systems in all the Upper South states. (c) violent attacks to intimidate Democratic voters from participating in politics. (d) the creation for the first time of all-black churches. (e) a series of lawsuits that resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court's declaring segregation unconstitutional.

(a) sit-ins that helped to integrate horse-drawn streetcars in southern cities.

The Fifteenth Amendment: (a) sought to guarantee that one could not be denied suffrage rights based on race. (b) made states responsible for determining all voter qualifications. (c) granted women the right to vote in federal but not state elections. (d) was endorsed by President Andrew Johnson. (e) was drafted by Susan B. Anthony.

(a) sought to guarantee that one could not be denied suffrage rights based on race.

The first to apply the abolitionist doctrine of universal freedom and equality to the status of women: (a) were the Grimké sisters. (b) was Frederick Douglass. (c) was Susan B. Anthony. (d) were Henry Stanton and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. (e) was James G. Birney.

(a) were the Grimke sisters.

Historians estimate that approximately __________slaves per year escaped to the North or Canada. (a) 500 (b) 1,000 (c) 2,000 (d) 5,000 (e) 10,000

(b) 1,000

In 1860, what percentage of southern white families were in the slaveowning class? (a) 10% (b) 25% (c) 40% (d) 55% (e) 75%

(b) 25 percent

On the eve of the Civil War, approximately how much of the world's cotton supply came from the southern United States? (a) 90% (b) 75% (c) 50% (d) 33% (e) 25%

(b) 75%

Which 1854 document called for the United States to seize Cuba? (a) The Monroe Doctrine (b) The Ostend Manifesto (c) The Wilmot Proviso (d) The Webster-Ashburton Treaty (e) The Frémont Manifesto

(b) The Ostend Manifesto

Which of the following is NOT true of the South and its economy in the period from 1800 to 1860? (a) Southern cities, like New Orleans and Baltimore, lay mainly on the periphery of the South. (b) The South produced nearly two-fifths of the nation's manufactured goods, especially cotton textiles. (c) Slavery helped to discourage the immigration of white workers to the South, with such notable exceptions as New Orleans. (d) Slavery proved very profitable for most slave owners. (e) Southern banks existed mainly to finance plantations.

(b) The South produced nearly two-fifths of the nation's manufactured goods, especially cotton textiles.

How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830s differ from earlier antislavery efforts? (a) Actually, the two movements were quite similar in every way; the later one was simply more well-known because more people were literate by the 1830s. (b) The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately. (c) Earlier opponents of slavery had called for immediate emancipation, but the later group devised a plan for gradual emancipation that won broader support. (d) The later movement banned participation by African-Americans, because they feared that their involvement would cause a backlash. (e) The movement of the 1830s introduced the idea of colonizing freed slaves outside the United States, which proved immensely popular with southern whites.

(b) The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.

Which of the following is NOT true about Andrew Johnson? (a) Born into poverty, as a youth he worked as a tailor's apprentice. (b) Through hard work, he rose into the planter class and then became a successful politician. (c) He was the only senator from a seceded state to refuse to leave the U.S. Senate. (d) Lincoln's party nominated him for vice president in 1864 in hopes of extending its organization into the South. (e) He identified as the champion of the "honest yeomen."

(b) Through hard work, he rose into the planter class and then became a successful politician.

Which of the following statements about religious life among African-Americans in southern cities is true? (a) Blacks usually worshipped in churches where they sat side-by-side with whites. (b) Urban free blacks sometimes formed their own churches. (c) African-Americans, free and slave, were banned from religious services. (d) Free blacks could worship publicly, but slaves were not permitted to do so. (e) The formation of the Afro-Catholic Church in 1844 was a major development in black Christianity.

(b) Urban free blacks sometimes formed their own churches.

Jumping over a broomstick was a ceremony celebrating: (a) a fugitive slave arriving in a free state. (b) a slave marriage. (c) the birth of a slave baby. (d) surviving the Middle Passage. (e) a slave's promotion from field hand to domestic servant.

(b) a slave marriage.

When Congress sent Andrew Johnson the Civil Rights Bill of 1866, he: (a) signed it, creating an irreparable breach between himself and the Republicans. (b) argued that it discriminated against whites. (c) contended that it gave too much authority to the states. (d) won widespread public approval for his response. (e) suggested that it did not go far enough to secure racial equality.

(b) argued that it discriminated against whites.

Angelina and Sarah Grimké: (a) supported Catharine Beecher's efforts to expand political and social rights for women. (b) critiqued the prevailing notion of separate spheres for men and women. (c) were Pennsylvania-born Quakers whose religion compelled them to oppose slavery. (d) publicly defended the virtues of southern paternalism in lectures to southern women. (e) delivered many public lectures in which they detailed their escape from slavery.

(b) critiqued the prevailing notion of separate spheres for men and women.

"Silent sabotage" can be defined as when slaves: (a) ran away. (b) did poor work and broke tools. (c) learned how to read and write. (d) secretly met to worship. (e) named their children after kin.

(b) did poor work and broke tools.

Which statement about Nat Turner's Rebellion is true? (a) Turner and his followers assaulted mostly men. (b) Fewer than twenty whites were killed during the rebellion. (c) Turner escaped capture. (d) Many southern whites were in a panic after the rebellion. (e) It occurred in Georgia.

(d) Many southern whites were in a panic after the rebellion.

Gender roles under slavery: (a) were the same as those that existed in white society. (b) differed from those of white society because men and women alike suffered a sense of powerlessness. (c) greatly differed from those of whites when slaves were able to work on their own; the men took on more women's work and vice versa. (d) meant that slave husbands refused to let their wives work in the fields. (e) were unaffected by the ability of masters to take advantage of female slaves sexually.

(b) differed from those of white society because men and women alike suffered a sense of powerlessness.

Southern Republicans during Reconstruction: (a) excluded former Confederates from their ranks. (b) established the South's first state-supported schools. (c) redistributed most former plantation lands to freedmen and poor whites. (d) helped elect African-American governors in four states. (e) ran the most corrupt governments in American history.

(b) established the South's first state-supported schools.

Anything less than __________ would betray the Civil War's meaning, black spokesmen insisted. (a) new southern railroads (b) full citizenship (c) woman suffrage (d) farming jobs (e) due process

(b) full citizenship

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: (a) won the grudging support of Ralph Waldo Emerson as a necessary compromise. (b) gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement. (c) was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott case. (d) angered southerners by weakening an earlier law on fugitive slaves. (e) convinced Abraham Lincoln to retire briefly from political life.

(b) gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement.

The role of African-Americans in the abolitionist movement: (a) was limited to the writings and speeches of Frederick Douglass. (b) included helping to finance William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper. (c) showed that the movement was free from the racism that characterized American society. (d) was limited because the American Anti-Slavery Society banned them from its board of directors. (e) grew over time until, by the 1850s, the movement was dominated by blacks.

(b) included helping to finance William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper.

White farmers in the late nineteenth-century South: (a) by and large owned their own land. (b) included many sharecroppers involved in the crop-lien system. (c) refused to grow cotton because it had been a "slave crop." (d) were all enormously prosperous following the end of the Civil War. (e) saw their debts decrease as crop prices went up from 1870 to 1900.

(b) included many sharecroppers involved in the crop-lien system.

The Bargain of 1877: (a) allowed Samuel Tilden to become president. (b) led to the appointment of a southerner as postmaster general. (c) marked a compromise between Radical and Liberal Republicans. (d) called for the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. (e) was made by Grant to prevent his impeachment over the Whiskey Ring.

(b) led to the appointment of a southerner as postmaster general.

Most of those termed "scalawags" during Reconstruction had been: (a) downers of large southern plantations before the Civil War. (b) non-slaveholding white farmers from the southern up-country prior to the Civil War. (c) enslaved African-Americans before emancipation. (d) Union soldiers during the war, but then they decided to stay in the South. (e) Confederate officers and Confederate government officials during the Civil War.

(b) non-slaveholding white farmers from the southern up-country prior to the Civil War.

The gag rule: (a) stated that newspapers could not print antislavery materials. (b) prevented Congress from hearing antislavery petitions. (c) denied women the right to speak in mixed-sex public gatherings. (d) prevented Congregational ministers from preaching against Catholics. (e) was adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention to symbolize that women did not have a voice in politics.

(b) prevented Congress from hearing antislavery petitions.

General William T. Sherman's Special Field Order 15: (a) gave freed slaves the right to find family members who had been sold. (b) set aside the Sea Islands and forty-acre tracts of land in South Carolina and Georgia for black families. (c) gave forty acres and a mule to blacks who wished to move to the unsettled American Southwest. (d) gave his men instructions to burn their way through the southern interior to the Atlantic coast. (e) established the Freedmen's Bureau to help blacks make the transition from slavery to freedom.

(b) set aside the Sea Islands and forty-acre tracts of land in South Carolina and Georgia for black families.

The 1860 Republican platform stated all of the following EXCEPT that: (a) the Dred Scott decision was invalid. (b) slavery should be abolished in the nation's capital. (c) slavery should not be allowed to expand. (d) the government should help build a transcontinental railroad. (e) the government should grant free homesteads in the West.

(b) slavery should be abolished in the nation's capital.

The Enforcement Acts, passed by Congress in 1870 and 1871, were designed to: (a) end Reconstruction by allowing state governments to oversee citizenship rights. (b) stop the activities of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. (c) enforce the Emancipation Proclamation in the Confederate states. (d) increase the authority of the Freedmen's Bureau. (e) eliminate racial discrimination in public spaces such as hotels and theaters.

(b) stop the activities of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan.

The plantation masters had many means to maintain order among their slaves. According to the text, what was the most powerful weapon the plantation masters had? (a) requiring slaves to attend church (b) the threat of sale (c) exploiting the divisions among slaves (d) withholding food (e) denying a marriage between two slaves

(b) the threat of sale

Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment of southern governments run by Republicans during Reconstruction? (a) state-supported public schools (b) widespread transformation of plantations into black-owned farms (c) pioneering civil rights legislation (d) finance of railroad construction in the region (e) tax incentives to attract northern manufacturers to invest in the region

(b) widespread transformation of plantations into black-owned farms

All of the following statements are true of the work done by southern slaves EXCEPT: (a) by 1860, some 200,000 worked in factories. (b) slaves sometimes were allowed to supervise other laborers, including white workers. (c) masters rented out slaves to do a variety of jobs. (d) the federal government used slaves to build forts and other public buildings in the South. (e) slaves worked exclusively as agricultural field hands and house servants.

(e) slaves worked exclusively as agricultural field hands and house servants.

Which of the following best describes the black response to the ending of the Civil War and the coming of freedom? (a) Sensing the continued hatred of whites toward them, most blacks wished to move back to Africa. (b) Most blacks stayed with their old masters because they were not familiar with any other opportunities. (c) Blacks adopted different ways of testing their freedom, including moving about, seeking kin, and rejecting older forms of deferential behavior. (d) Desiring better wages, most blacks moved to the northern cities to seek factory work. (e) Most blacks were content working for wages and not owning their own land because they believed that they had not earned the right to just be given land from the government.

(c) Blacks adopted different ways of testing their freedom, including moving about, seeking kin, and rejecting older forms of deferential behavior.

Which of the following was NOT true of the South and slavery in nineteenth-century America? (a) The Old South had developed into the largest and most powerful slave society the modern world has known. (b) The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade that was enacted in 1808. (c) In the South as a whole, slaves made up only 10 percent of the population. (d) The amount of money invested in or represented by slavery in the United States exceeded that of the nation's factories, banks, and railroads combined. (e) The Industrial Revolution promoted slavery because it required intensive production of cotton.

(c) In the South as a whole, slaves made up only 10 percent of the population.

Which denominations had the largest followings among blacks after the Civil War? (a) Anglican and Catholic (b) Congregational and Presbyterian (c) Methodist and Baptist (d) Lutheran and Methodist (e) Episcopal and Baptist

(c) Methodist and Baptist

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Compromise of 1850? (a) California would enter the Union as a free state. (b) The slave trade would be abolished in Washington, D.C. (c) The Oregon Territory would be created. (d) A tougher fugitive slave law would be enacted. (e) Territories created from the Mexican Cession would vote on whether to allow slavery.

(c) The Oregon Territory would be created.

William Lloyd Garrison argued in "Thoughts on African Colonization" that: (a) blacks could never fully achieve equality in America and would be happier in Africa. (b) because slaves were uneducated, it was necessary to educate them in America before sending them to Africa. (c) blacks were not "strangers" in America to be shipped abroad, but should be recognized as a permanent part of American society. (d) colonization should be subsidized through a tax on cotton. (e) because blacks had no political experience, Garrison himself ought to be appointed governor of the African colony.

(c) blacks were not "strangers" in America to be shipped abroad, but should be recognized as a permanent part of American society.

The Civil Rights Bill of 1866: (a) was proposed by border-state Democrats. (b) provided African-Americans with the right to vote. (c) defined the rights of American citizens without regard to race. (d) allowed states to determine essential citizenship standards. (e) won the support of President Andrew Johnson.

(c) defined the rights of American citizens without regard to race.

During Reconstruction, those like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone who supported a woman's right to vote: (a) all endorsed the Fifteenth Amendment even though it did not guarantee female suffrage. (b) all opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because it did not guarantee female suffrage. (c) found themselves divided over whether or not to support the Fifteenth Amendment. (d) strongly supported the Fifteenth Amendment because it did guarantee female suffrage. (e) refused to take a position on the Fifteenth Amendment because it did not define citizenship.

(c) found themselves divided over whether or not to support the Fifteenth Amendment.

Black officeholders during Reconstruction: (a) were extremely rare. (b) were entirely carpetbaggers and scalawags. (c) helped ensure a degree of fairness in treatment of African-American citizens. (d) were limited to local offices. (e) demonstrated that whites had lost all of their political power in the South.

(c) helped ensure a degree of fairness in treatment of African-American citizens.

For most former slaves, freedom first and foremost meant: (a) railroading building. (b) jobs. (c) land ownership. (d) voting. (e) jury duty.

(c) land ownership.

The Freedmen's Bureau: (a) was badly administered because director O. O. Howard lacked military experience. (b) won much southern white support because it consistently supported the planters in disputes with former slaves. (c) made notable achievements in improving African-American education and health care. (d) carried out a successful program of distributing land to every former slave family. (e) enjoyed the strong support of President Andrew Johnson in its work on behalf of civil rights.

(c) made notable achievements in improving African-American education and health care.

To qualify as a member of the planter class, a person had to be engaged in southern agriculture and: (a) own at least ten slaves. (b) grow specifically cotton or sugarcane. (c) own at least twenty slaves. (d) live in a large mansion. (e) own at least fifty slaves.

(c) own at least twenty slaves.

Free blacks in the United States: (a) had the same rights as whites in the North but faced far more restrictions on their freedom in the South. (b) tended to live in rural areas if they lived in the Lower South. (c) sometimes became wealthy enough to own slaves. (d) made up nearly one-third of the African-American population in the South. (e) could testify in court and vote in most states, but could carry firearms only with the approval of the local sheriff.

(c) sometimes became wealthy enough to own slaves.

Which of the following was NOT a reform movement in which women played a prominent role during the early to mid-nineteenth century? (a) abolitionism (b) mental health treatment (c) the anti-Mexican-War movement (d) redemption of prostitutes (e) temperance

(c) the anti-Mexican-War movement

Slave families: (a) were rare because there were too few female slaves. (b) were more common in the West Indies, where living conditions favored their formation and survival. (c) were headed by women more frequently than were white families. (d) usually were able to stay together because most slaveowners were paternalistic. (e) avoided naming children for family members because children so often were sold, and it was better not to build strong kinship ties.

(c) were headed by women more frequently than were white families.

What economic effect did southern slavery have on the North? (a) It was minimal, which explains why northerners opposed slavery. (b) Many northerners profited from investing in real-estate partnerships that controlled southern plantations. (c) A few New York shipping companies benefited from slavery, but the institution had little effect otherwise. (d) Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North. (e) Southern slavery drained resources from the North and helped keep the whole nation in a depression during the 1850s.

(d) Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North.

How did emancipation affect the structure of the black family? (a) Men and women maintained equality within the household, making black families far more matrilineal than white families. (b) Men often remained at home while women went out and labored—a major shift from their roles while in slavery. (c) Black women adopted the domestic roles that white women had long had, but retained their duties in the fields and in the workplace. (d) The black family became more like the typical white family, with men as the breadwinners and women as the homemakers. (e) Emancipation did not lead to any changes in the black family's structure.

(d) The black family became more like the typical white family, with men as the breadwinners and women as the homemakers.

Task labor: (a) got its name for tasking the abilities of slaves; it was very difficult, complicated work. (b) was an acronym for Take All Southerners' Knives, a secret organization of slaves planning an insurrection. (c) always was controlled by an overseer. (d) allowed slaves to take on daily jobs, set their own pace, and work on their own when they were done. (e) was the most common form of slave labor organization in the South.

(d) allowed slaves to take on daily jobs, set their own pace, and work on their own when they were done.

By the late 1830s, the South's proslavery argument: (a) rested on the premise that slavery was a necessary evil. (b) was based entirely on secular evidence. (c) had not yet been accepted by major southern political figures. (d) claimed that slavery was essential to human economic and cultural progress. (e) was roundly criticized by southern newspaper editors, ministers, and academics.

(d) claimed that slavery was essential to human economic and cultural progress.

Slave religion: (a) was based entirely on what slaves learned and heard from white ministers. (b) existed without approval from masters, who thought that letting slaves learn about religion might weaken their control. (c) benefited from masters assigning a member of each slave quarters to serve as a slave chaplain. (d) combined African traditions and Christian beliefs. (e) died out by the early 1820s because of strong opposition from whites.

(d) combined African traditions and Christian beliefs.

The Seneca Falls Convention's Declaration of Sentiments: (a) did not demand voting rights for women because the participants were so divided on that issue. (b) was modeled on the Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution. (c) was written primarily by the Grimké sisters. (d) condemned the entire structure of inequality between men and women. (e) inspired Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to become abolitionists.

(d) condemned the entire structure of inequality between men and women.

In the nineteenth century, which product was the world's major crop produced by slave labor? (a) tobacco (b) indigo (c) sorghum (d) cotton (e) rice

(d) cotton

Radical Republicans: (a) tended to come from the border states that had seen most of the vicious fighting during the Civil War. (b) wanted legitimate democracy in the South, with power to be shared by planters and freed slaves. (c) fought Andrew Johnson from the day he entered the White House. (d) fully embraced the expanded powers of the federal government born during the Civil War. (e) agreed on the need to end slavery but disagreed with one another over whether the freed slaves were entitled to civil rights.

(d) fully embraced the expanded powers of the federal government born during the Civil War.

During his debate with Abraham Lincoln in Freeport, Illinois, Stephen Douglas: (a) called for the free soil principle to determine the status of slavery in the West. (b) denounced popular sovereignty as a fraud. (c) praised the temperance movement and other key social reforms. (d) insisted that popular sovereignty was compatible with the Dred Scott decision. (e) argued that slaveholders had a constitutional right to take their slaves anywhere.

(d) insisted that popular sovereignty was compatible with the Dred Scott decision.

Andrew Johnson: (a) simply continued Lincoln's Reconstruction policies. (b) agreed with Lincoln that some African-Americans should be allowed suffrage rights. (c) won the Democratic presidential nomination in 1868, but narrowly lost the election. (d) lacked Lincoln's political skills and keen sense of public opinion. (e) displayed a great ability to compromise, very much like Lincoln.

(d) lacked Lincoln's political skills and keen sense of public opinion.

The Fourteenth Amendment: (a) passed despite the opposition of Charles Sumner. (b) specifically defined suffrage as one of the civil rights to which freedpeople were entitled. (c) represented a compromise between the moderate and conservative positions on race. (d) marked the most important change in the U.S. Constitution since the Bill of Rights. (e) placed into the U.S. Constitution an essential holding of the Dred Scott decision.

(d) marked the most important change in the U.S. Constitution since the Bill of Rights.

On the plantation, the white employee in charge of ensuring a profitable crop for the plantation master was called the: (a) journeyman. (b) slave driver. (c) chain gang. (d) overseer. (e) deputy master.

(d) overseer.

Which event is credited with helping to ingrain the paternalist ethos more deeply into the lives of southern slaveholders? (a) Nat Turner's Rebellion (b) the nullification crisis (c) the development of domestic ideology (d) the closing of the African slave trade (e) the secession crisis

(d) the closing of the African slave trade

The northern vision of the Reconstruction-era southern economy included all of the following EXCEPT: (a) emancipated African-Americans would labor more intensively than ever because they had the same opportunities for advancement that northern whites had long enjoyed. (b) northern capital and migrants would energize the southern economy. (c) the Freedmen's Bureau would establish a workable labor system. (d) the labor system would be as close to slavery as possible, thereby assuring high productivity. (e) the South would eventually resemble the North.

(d) the labor system would be as close to slavery as possible, thereby assuring high productivity.

According to the mid-nineteenth-century physicians and racial theorists Josiah Nott and George Gliddon: (a) there were no separate species of races. (b) blacks and chimpanzees were the same. (c) skull sizes were the same for all races, but intelligence differed. (d) there was a hierarchy of races, with blacks forming a separate species between whites and chimpanzees. (e) there was not yet enough scientific data to prove either the southern or the abolitionist points of view.

(d) there was a hierarchy of races, with blacks forming a separate species between whites and chimpanzees.

During Reconstruction, the role of the church in the black community: (a) declined because ex-slaves realized they owed their freedom to fellow human beings, not to God. (b) changed as African-Americans joined white churches rather than worshipping separately. (c) declined as other black-run institutions became more central in African-American life. (d) was central, as African-Americans formed their own churches. (e) became less important, as northern white churches moved into the South and took in most blacks.

(d) was central, as African-Americans formed their own churches.

The election of 1876: (a) was won by Rutherford B. Hayes, by a landslide. (b) was finally decided by the Supreme Court. (c) marked the final stage of Reconstruction, which ended in 1880. (d) was tainted by claims of fraud in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana. (e) was won by Ulysses S. Grant, by a narrow count.

(d) was tainted by claims of fraud in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana.

What early 1868 action by Andrew Johnson sparked his impeachment by the U.S. House of Representatives? (a) He fired Secretary of State William Seward, an ally of Radical Republicans. (b) He vetoed a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen's Bureau. (c) He bribed a Republican senator to support his Reconstruction policies. (d) He defiantly released a letter showing he had given support to the Confederacy in 1863. (e) He allegedly violated the Tenure of Office Act.

(e) He allegedly violated the Tenure of Office Act.

Who was responsible for the 1856 Pottawatomie Creek Massacre in Kansas and led the raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859? (a) Frederick Douglass (b) Joseph Lane (c) Robert E. Lee (d) Henry Ward Beecher (e) John Brown

(e) John Brown

In March 1867, Congress began Radical Reconstruction by adopting the __________, which created new state governments and provided for black male suffrage in the South. (a) Fourteenth Amendment (b) Fifteenth Amendment (c) Civil Rights Act of 1867 (d) Sumner-Stevens Act (e) Reconstruction Act

(e) Reconstruction Act

Which of the following statements about slavery and the law is true? (a) Because slaves were property, a master could kill any of his slaves for any reason. (b) Slaves were legally permitted to possess guns if guns were necessary for their work (tasks such as scaring birds away from rice fields, for example). (c) Laws specifically provided for a slave to be taught to read and write if the master so chose. (d) A slave could, with permission from his or her master, testify against a white person in court. (e) Slaves accused of serious crimes were entitled to their day in court, although they faced all-white judges and juries.

(e) Slaves accused of serious crimes were entitled to their day in court, although they faced all-white judges and juries.

The relationship between rich southern planters and poor southern farmers: (a) led to numerous violent uprisings in the southern hill country. (b) was complicated by the strong antislavery movement among poor farmers in the 1850s. (c) was strained by planters' insistence that farmers participate in the slave patrols. (d) showed itself in politics, as most poor farmers became Whigs and most wealthy planters became Democrats. (e) benefited in part from a sense of unity bred by criticism from outsiders.

(e) benefited in part from a sense of unity bred by criticism from outsiders.

All of the following are true of passage of the Fifteenth Amendment EXCEPT: (a) it split the feminist movement into two major organizations. (b) the Democratic Party bitterly opposed it. (c) it led the American Anti-Slavery Society to disband. (d) it opened the door to voting restrictions not based on race. (e) it aided the election of Ulysses Grant to the presidency in 1868.

(e) it aided the election of Ulysses Grant to the presidency in 1868.

The crop-lien system: (a) applied only to African-American farmers. (b) became better as farm prices increased in the 1870s. (c) enabled yeoman farmers to continue to function under the same system as before the Civil War. (d) annoyed bankers and merchants who resented how it made them dependent on farmers. (e) kept many sharecroppers in a state of constant debt and poverty.

(e) kept many sharecroppers in a state of constant debt and poverty.

The Republican free labor ideology: (a) convinced northerners that Catholic immigrants posed a more significant threat than the southern slave power. (b) won Republicans significant support from non-slaveholders in the South in 1856. (c) owed its origins to Abraham Lincoln's reemergence in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. (d) accepted southerners' point that slavery protected their liberty, but explained that the economic benefits of free labor would outweigh the damage abolition would do to southern liberty. (e) led to the argument by Abraham Lincoln and William Seward that free labor and slave labor were essentially incompatible.

(e) led to the argument by Abraham Lincoln and William Seward that free labor and slave labor were essentially incompatible.

On matters related to citizenship, the U.S. Supreme Court declared in Dred Scott that: (a) free African-Americans could vote. (b) anyone that a state considered to be a citizen was a U.S. citizen. (c) free-born blacks were U.S. citizens, but those born into slavery and later freed could not be citizens. (d) citizenship was limited to males. (e) only white persons could be U.S. citizens.

(e) only white persons could be U.S. citizens.

The colonization of freed U.S. slaves to Africa: (a) received no support from southern slaveholders. (b) was strongly endorsed by William Lloyd Garrison throughout his career. (c) led to the creation of the free African nation of Ghana in 1835. (d) was praised by the English writer Harriet Martineau. (e) prompted the adamant opposition of most free African-Americans.

(e) prompted the adamant opposition of most free African-Americans.

Harriet Tubman: (a) was a mythical character about whom runaway slaves told many stories. (b) led a slave rebellion in Maryland in 1849 that resulted in two dozen deaths. (c) although born free in New York, was kidnapped and made a slave in Louisiana. (d) cleverly escaped from slavery by pretending to be a sickly male slaveowner. (e) was a fugitive slave who risked her life many times to bring others out of slavery.

(e) was a fugitive slave who risked her life many times to bring others out of slavery.

Sharecropping: (a) meant that African-Americans were paid their share daily for doing specific tasks. (b) was a compromise between African-Americans' desire for discipline and planters' desire to learn to do physical labor. (c) was most popular in the old rice-plantation areas of South Carolina and Georgia. (d) became more popular because of rising farm prices that brought increased prosperity. (e) was preferred by African-Americans to gang labor (because they were less subject to supervision).

(e) was preferred by African-Americans to gang labor (because they were less subject to supervision).