History 1302

In the 1868 presidential election, Ulysses S. Grant's campaign slogan was __________.

"Let us have peace"

Between 1870 and 1900, the number of children younger than 16 working for wages rose from 700,000 to __________.

1.7 million

When did the federal government remove the last federal troops from the South?

1877

Approximately what percentage of American cowboys were nonwhite?

33 percent

What percentage of Americans lived in cities by 1900?

40 percent

By 1900, approximately what percent of original homestead claimants had acquired legal title to the land?

50 percent

Voter turnout between 1876 and 1896 averaged __________.

79 percent

Andrew Johnson became president after __________.

Abraham Lincoln's assassination in 1865

A decisive split among women's rights activists was sparked by the battle over __________.

African American male suffrage

The Great Migration involved what group of Americans?

African Americans

The first department store was established in New York City in 1846 by __________.

Alexander Turney Stewart

Who began to venture into the interior of China in the 1880s and 1890s?

American Protestant missionaries

The pioneer of vertical integration was __________.

Andrew Carnegie

For workers, what problems occurred with welfare capitalism?

Benefits disappeared in an economic downturn.

What qualities did the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Davis Bend in Mississippi share in common?

Both locations became test cases for emancipation during and immediately after the Civil War.

Why did Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan describe Nicaragua and other Latin American countries as "our political children, so to speak"?

Bryan was arguing that they needed the protection of a stronger, more advanced country.

Which of the following was a fictional character in popular literature of the nineteenth century?

Calamity Jane

Who was the 64-year-old member of the temperance movement who used a bag of bricks to smash bottles, glasses, and mirrors in a saloon?

Carry A. Nation

In 1893, the World's Fair took place in __________.

Chicago

Which Native American leader led his people more than 1,400 miles over four months in an attempt to seek asylum in Canada?

Chief Joseph

Which of the following groups was banned from entering the United States?

Chinese immigrants

Compare the U.S. treatment of Chinese immigrants to Japanese immigrants before 1924.

Chinese were legally banned from immigrating to the United States through an act of Congress, whereas the Japanese government agreed to deny passports to Japanese workers to come to the United States.

In 1894, a protest march from Ohio to Washington, D.C., was held by __________.

Coxey's Army

The Native American leaders who led their forces to victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn included __________.

Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

Political machines became most closely associated with what political party?

Democratic

How did W. E. B. Du Bois differ from Booker T. Washington on the immediate goals that African Americans should try to achieve?

Du Bois thought social and political change had to come at the same time as economic improvement.

What made so-called "amigo warfare" in the Philippines different from traditional warfare?

During the day, enemy fighters, who looked like any other peasants, would pretend to be friendly toward Americans.

What factors propelled the United States beyond its borders in the 1890s ?

During this time America felt powerful and began to want to expand to make a huge empire. The American people wanted more then what they had and they knew if they expanded they could get more. During this time the Navy was made and the people learned about the power the Navy had to offer by defending the water and the boarders.

What strengths did the United States possess in terms of resources, culture, technology, and public policy that facilitated industrialization after 1865?

During this time the United States was at the top of all of these categories. The United States was strong in resources, culture, technology, and public policy. The U.S. had a lot of raw materials that was discovered and being used and people were learning to use the materials and sell the materials.

Why did anti-Chinese racism surge in the 1870s and 1880s?

Economic competition in the West led white laborers to accuse the Chinese of taking jobs and lowering wages.

Who was the leader of the American Railway Union during the Pullman strike?

Eugene Debs

Which amendment obligated the federal government to protect the civil rights of all Americans?

Fourteenth Amendment

The "five and dime" store was established by __________.

Frank W. Woolworth

Which of the following best characterizes the supporters of the free coinage of silver?

Free silver supporters were convinced that it would help the common man.

Frederick Jackson Turner drafted an essay that came to be known as the __________.

Frontier Thesis

What famous figure was killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn?

George Custer

Which Native American leader was captured and escaped several times before he surrendered for the last time in 1886?

Geronimo

The "Whiskey Ring" scandal occurred during the __________.

Grant administration

Which of the following presidents signed a law establishing Labor Day as a holiday for all federal workers?

Grover Cleveland

How did Theodore Roosevelt react to the rising power of corporations?

He accepted corporations as a fact of life, but broke up trusts he thought were unfair.

How did President William Taft respond to former President Roosevelt's conservationist efforts?

He fired Roosevelt's Forestry Service director because he thought Roosevelt had overstepped his authority in regulating land use.

What did President Johnson do to ex-Confederate leaders that inflamed public opinion against him in the Northern states?

He provided sweeping pardons to ex-Confederate leaders.

In what way did business change around the turn of the twentieth century?

Huge conglomerates replaced smaller businesses.

Who launched a national campaign against lynching?

Ida B. Wells

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of popular entertainment in the Gilded Age?

In ethnic neighborhoods, Old World theatrical productions were popular, while in more mainstream areas, musical comedies were popular.

Which of the following was true of the Fifteenth Amendment?

It guaranteed suffrage to African American men.

What is one way that the United States had changed by 1900?

It had shifted from an agricultural economy that ranked behind European nations to an industrial economy that was ahead of European nations.

What is the historical significance of the Colored Tennessean?

It was Tennessee's only African American‒owned newspaper.

Which of the following is a late 1800s photojournalist known for images of slum life in New York?

Jacob Riis

Why did Japan take part in a "Gentleman's Agreement" to deny passports to Japanese workers who wanted to immigrate to the United States?

Japan consented to the agreement to escape the indignity of joining China as the only other nationality barred from sending workers to the United States.

Which of the following entrepreneurs is properly linked to his industry?

John D. Rockefeller: oil

What significant industries, including agriculture, developed in the West, and how were they linked to the economy of the Eastern United States?

Land, mining, and improved transportation by rail brought settlers to the American West. On the large lands new agricultural machinery allowed farmers to increase crop yields with less labor. This was a huge deal and farmers hoped that by having so much land and this type of machines they would increase their income. Even though farming was a big deal it seemed as though the biggest development was the railroad.

In the 1870s, the Republican Party splintered due to disillusionment about the rights of freedmen among __________.

Liberal Republicans

The belief that the United States had a divine right to expand across North America was known as __________.

Manifest Destiny

How did the Progressive movement relate to the quest of women for the right to vote?

Many Progressives were women who wanted the political power of the vote to achieve their goals.

How did the depression from 1893 to 1897 affect the American drive toward imperialism?

Many people in business and politics thought that American businesses needed to sell more goods outside of the United States.

Which of the following was a writer who wrote popular stories about the West?

Mark Twain

What did McKinley focus on in his 1900 presidential campaign against William Jennings Bryan?

McKinley emphasized the prosperity that the new American empire brought.

How did middle-class parents differ from working-class parents in their views of childhood during the Progressive Era?

Middle-class Americans believed childhood should be devoted to education and play, while working-class families often favored jobs for children as a pragmatic matter.

What effect did Christian missionaries have on the Native American tribes in California?

Missionaries disrupted their way of life and transformed them into an exploited class of laborers.

How did Filipinos first react to American involvement in their effort to gain freedom from Spain?

Most Filipinos initially welcomed American assistance.

How did Muir and Roosevelt differ in their vision for the environment?

Muir believed in preserving nature; Roosevelt believed in conserving natural resources.

What does the depiction of black politicians in the cartoon Colored Rule in a Reconstructed(?) State suggest about Thomas Nast's later beliefs?

Nast depicts black politicians with exaggerated racial features, which suggests that he came to believe that African Americans were buffoonish and inept.

How did the municipal regulatory boards in charge of city transportation and other utilities ultimately affect the socialist cause?

Once city services improved, not as many people were drawn to socialism.

Why was land ownership so important to newly freed African Americans?

Owning land granted newly freed African Americans a sense of independence.

Who wanted to turn the United States into a middle-class paradise where economic security, education, health, and civility flourished?

Progressives

Which law mandated fines for the mislabeling of food or medicine?

Pure Food and Drug Act

What effect did American soldiers' "no quarter" policy have on Filipinos during the Philippine-American War?

Resentful peasants joined Aguinaldo in fighting the Americans.

How did Theodore Roosevelt react to union activism during his presidency?

Roosevelt believed that negotiations with unions would help capitalism survive.

How did China react to the Open Door Policy?

Rulers and rebels felt humiliated by the foreign domination of their markets.

According to the textbook, how did court decisions usually affect labor during the Progressive Era?

Rulings usually helped business leaders, not laborers.

On November 29, 1864, Colonel John M. Chivington led an attack on Native Americans at __________ in Colorado.

Sand Creek

In the 1890s, the Singer Sewing Machine Co. was an international corporation with factories in the United States and __________.

Scotland

Which amendment states that federal senators should be elected by the public, instead of being appointed by the state legislature?

Seventeenth

How did Annie Oakley help to shape the evolving mythical image Americans held of the Old West?

She presented an image of an ideal frontier woman, combining femininity and rugged strength.

The emergence of holding companies undermined the intent behind the __________.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

How did the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco affect Chinese immigration?

Since records were destroyed, many Chinese immigrants were able to claim to be American-born.

The belief that Christians had a responsibility to create an ethically sound and morally upright society was known as the __________.

Social Gospel

After 1880, the sources of immigration to the United States shifted to __________.

Southern and Eastern Europe

Texas longhorns were introduced to the Americas by which nation?

Spain

The term reconcentration refers to __________.

Spanish troops relocating Cuban peasants into camps and destroying their crops

How was Taft's vision of the presidency different from Theodore Roosevelt's?

Taft thought the president should help protect existing institutions and enforce existing laws, not spearhead new reforms.

What argument did the Anti-Imperialist League use to counter the arguments of advocates wanting America to annex the Philippines?

Taking over an undeveloped country would be more likely to bring maintenance expenses than economic gains, since markets would not be easily accessible.

Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction in the South was known as the __________.

Ten Percent Plan

Ranchers from what state began the first of the annual Long Drives of cattle to market in 1866?

Texas

In what way was the Industrial Workers of the World different from the American Federation of Labor?

The IWW accepted unskilled workers and workers of all races.

Which of the following best characterizes the Knights of Labor (KOL) when it first formed?

The KOL was a union of skilled and unskilled workers aimed at uplifting, utopian reform.

What was the Lost Cause? What purposes did it serve in the post-Reconstruction South?

The Lost Cause was the belief that the battle of the Civil War was just a heroic one. It was the belief that the south had braver soldiers then the north. The south did lose the battle, but now it is remembered through amazing grave yards and museums.

What does the political cartoon, Of Course He Wants to Vote the Democratic Ticket, suggest about the Mississippi Plan?

The Mississippi Plan included terror and coercion against black voters.

How did visual images and investigative journalism transform Americans' views of poverty and corruption?

The Pure Food Act had to implemented because people started studying the way food was store and made and there was a book written about it. People also started to investigate how children working and learned how children were being forced to work many hours.

How did the United States fail to abide by Teller Amendment of 1898?

The United States did not leave the government and control of Cuba to its people.

What was the effect of the Panamanian revolt against Colombia?

The United States gained control of the Panama Canal zone.

How did the Spanish-American war affect the U.S. Senate's actions toward the Hawaiian islands in 1898?

The United States needed Hawaii for economic and strategic reasons, and thus assumed sovereignty over it during the war, pushing through annexation with a majority vote.

What were the provisions of the Homestead Act?

The act provided 160 acres of free land to any settler willing to live on it and improve it for five years.

Why might Cubans have resented the Platt Amendment?

The amendment required Cuba to give the United States the right to maintain a naval base at Guantánamo Bay.

What was one consequence of the 1892 election?

The election brought mixed results for the People's Party.

What were the primary grievances of workers and farmers who supported the People's Party? How did they propose to resolve them?

The farmers were having a hard time with the fact that farming prices were falling and consumer prices were increasing. Railroads were also increasing their costs. Land prices also increased. They created the farmers Alliance.

What did the Supreme Court hold in Lochner v. New York (1905)?

The government cannot regulate a workers' hours unless long work hours directly jeopardize workers' health.

How did historians' reassessment of the West affect the late twentieth-century film industry?

The industry presented a more balanced view of westward settlement in films.

How did the adoption of the horse by tribes in eastern New Mexico and western Texas, such as the Apache and Navajo, transform their way of life?

The tribes became more migratory.

What was a primary reason why the Knights of Labor failed?

The union was unable to provide effective leadership on a national level.

Which of the following is an apt comparison of changing trends during the Gilded Age?

The upward reach of city skylines was matched by the outward sprawl of suburbs.

When President McKinley was assassinated, who became president of the United States?

Theodore Roosevelt

How did African American mobility impact population distribution in the aftermath of the war?

There was a sharp rise in the African American population of Southern cities.

How did members of the temperance movement seek to convince industrialists to support a ban on alcohol and saloons?

They claimed that saloons gave unions a place to meet and recruit new members.

Which of the following was true of the Black Codes?

They defined the charge of vagrancy in loose terms.

Why did some women disapprove of the Muller v. Oregon ruling?

They saw the ruling as being based on the idea that women are biologically inferior to men.

Which of the following were ways in which railroad companies promoted immigration to the West?

They sent agents to Europe to encourage migration and placed posters in Eastern seaports to attract newly arrived immigrants to the West.

Why did many wealthy, native-born Americans oppose political machines?

They were threatened by the growing power of immigrants.

Which constitutional amendment abolished slavery in the United States?

Thirteenth Amendment

The fire that resulted in 146 deaths and shed light on the need to reform the workplace was at the __________.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Why do historians consider the events that occurred on December 29, 1890, at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota a massacre?

U.S. Army soldiers attacked and killed more than 200 Native Americans without provocation.

How did Booker T. Washington differ from W. E. B. Du Bois on the question of segregation?

Washington believed that African Americans should focus on economic advancement first.

How does the view of westward expansion in the "new Western history" movement differ from that of Frederick Jackson Turner?

Westward expansion is seen as a story of exploitation and conquest instead of a story of success through overcoming obstacles.

Who won the presidential election of 1896?

William McKinley

How did the Progressive goal of eliminating the ward system clash with the goals of members of the working class?

Workers counted on local ward councilmen for jobs and assistance.

Which of the following best characterizes the working women of the late 1800s?

Working women were typically single and younger than the age of 25.

In the 1860s, coal miners in Pennsylvania reacted to the abuses of the mine bosses by forming a union called the __________.

Workingmen's Benevolent Association

Why was the opening of the Panama Canal not front-page news in 1914?

World War I was just beginning in Europe.

What was the "Open Door Policy"?

a U.S.-sponsored nonbinding international agreement that kept the Chinese market open to all foreign nations

The philosophy known as the "Gospel of Wealth" advocated which of the following?

a belief that capitalists should be free to expand their wealth

Who were the Molly Maguires?

a clandestine labor organization formed by Irish immigrant miners

Which of the following is the best definition of the term "company town"?

a community built by a corporation for its employees

Which of the following is the best definition of a holding company?

a huge corporation that controlled other companies by purchasing their stock

Montgomery Ward's broadsheet eventually became __________.

a mail order catalog

In the Credit Mobilier scandal, Grant's vice president faced accusations of __________.

accepting bribes

The Grange was originally founded to __________.

alleviate the problems farmers faced

By 1900, women made up what percentage of college graduates?

almost 20 percent

Which of the following best characterizes the early American Federation of Labor?

an alliance of skilled workers that tried to improve wages and conditions

Who was Frederic Remington?

an artist who painted realistic scenes of Western life

Educational reformers argued that public schools should __________.

assimilate immigrant children

The attire of guests at the Vanderbilt ball in 1883 reflected their __________.

belief that they formed a new American aristocracy

What was the Dawes Severalty Act designed to do?

break up reservations and force Native Americans to assimilate into white Christian culture

The slaughter of huge numbers of __________ undermined the independence of the Plains tribes and forced them to stay on reservation lands.

buffalo

How did the United States try to win over the Filipino people?

by building schools, building roads, and administering vaccinations

The section of a city devoted almost exclusively to commercial enterprises is called a __________.

central business district

Vaqueros were Mexican __________.

cowboys

After becoming president, Andrew Johnson initially suggested that he planned to __________.

deal harshly with the South

The Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862 __________.

established colleges specializing in agricultural, mechanical, and technological education using funds raised by the sale of public land

What was the primary focus of the Immigration Restriction League?

establishing a literacy test for all new immigrants

In 1886, costly delays in the railroad industry were eliminated by the __________.

establishment of a standard gauge

Which of the following was an obstacle to working-class labor activism?

ethnic and racial divisions

Urban neighborhoods dominated by one immigrant group were known as _________.

ethnic enclaves

Which of the following was important to late-nineteenth-century U.S. and European imperialism?

expanding trade and military authority

The primary objective of the alliance movement was to __________.

fight for the rights of the American farmer

As the Civil War came to an end, many African Americans traveled across the South to __________.

find loved ones who had been sold away

The completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869 meant that railway service now traveled __________.

from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean

What contributed to the growing sentiment in the 1890s that the United States would need to become an imperial power?

globalization of the American economy

The discovery of __________ in the Black Hills of South Dakota in 1874 touched off a flood of white migration into the region.

gold

In the late nineteenth century, robber barons were __________.

greedy business owners who used exploitative and manipulative practices in business and politics

President Cleveland broke the Pullman strike on the grounds that it __________.

had obstructed the delivery of mail

Ellis Island was established as a(n) __________.

immigration depot

By calling the 1899 battle outside Manila between American and Filipino soldiers the Philippine Insurrection, the U.S. government signaled that __________.

it considered the Philippines to be an American colony

What was the yellow press?

journalists and newspapers that reported sensationalist stories with a strong emotional component

The philosophy that the government should impose no restraints on business is called __________.

laissez-faire

The term "forty acres and a mule" referred to __________.

land redistribution programs

What ultimately brought about the decline of child labor in the United States?

laws requiring mandatory school attendance

According to Progressives, which of the following played a central role in creating social problems?

living and working environments

Andrew Carnegie's best-known philanthropy was the construction of __________.

local public libraries

Life for farmers on the Plains could best be described as __________.

lonely and monotonous

Compared to the Spanish-American War, the Philippine-American War was __________.

longer and far deadlier

The Sixteenth Amendment authorizing federal income taxes provided an offset to revenue lost when President Wilson __________.

lowered tariffs on imported goods

Which industry is exposed in Upton Sinclair's The Jungle?

meatpacking

"Black Thursday" refers to the carefully planned executions of ten __________.

miners

A Progressive Era term for an investigative journalist who wrote exposés on government and business corruption was __________.

muckraker

From 1860 to 1900, the size of the American industrial workforce __________.

nearly quadrupled

What was the reason for the surge in public school enrollment from 6.9 million in 1870 to almost 18 million in 1910?

new compulsory education laws, requiring that children attend school until a certain age

Where did the Red River War of 1874‒1875 take place?

on the southern plains

Which of the following is the best definition for the term monopoly?

one corporation's control over an entire market

Which of the following best characterizes the term "conspicuous consumption"?

opulent displays of wealth among the upper classes

Two years after Queen Liliuokalani became queen of Hawaii, American businessmen and missionaries working on the islands __________.

overthrew her government

The passage of the Pendleton Act in 1883 __________.

placed 10 percent of federal jobs under civil service

Working-class radical leaders during the Progressive Era championed a society that lacked __________.

private property

John Swinton was a(n) __________.

pro-labor newspaper editor

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) crusaded for __________.

prohibition

The Freedmen's Bureau participated in __________.

promoting literacy among African Americans

During the first four decades of the twentieth century, Panama was a __________.

protectorate of the United States

The terror tactics of white supremacist organizations served which of the following purposes?

providing poor white Southerners with a sense of superiority over blacks

What was the major emphasis of the programs offered at Hull House?

providing social services

The Wade-Davis Bill was designed to __________.

punish Confederate leaders and destroy the South's slave society

Under Johnson's plan for Reconstruction, Southern states seeking readmission had to hold a constitutional convention in which they, among other items, __________.

ratified the Thirteenth Amendment

What were the negative aspects for workers of Henry Ford's management style?

repetitive work and scrutiny of their private lives

Into which massive retail market did Montgomery Ward tap?

rural America

What business system did Frederick Winslow Taylor develop to maximize output and profit?

scientific management

The Jim Crow laws established a system of __________.

segregation

Tenant farming in the South was dominated by the system of __________.

sharecropping

The Comstock Lode in Nevada yielded vast amounts of __________.

silver

The belief that the principles of evolution also applied to society was known as __________.

social Darwinism

The ideology that "survival of the fittest" influenced human society was known as __________.

social Darwinism

When seeking to create municipal-run utilities, Progressives found unexpected allies in __________.

socialists

On what grounds did the director of the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota order the arrest of Sitting Bull?

spreading the seeds of rebellion

The largest corporation in the world by 1900 was a __________ company.

steel

Which of the following best describes the appearance of the scalawag shown in the illustration The Hated Scalawag?

stern and forbidding

The Chinese crusade against Western domination in 1900 became known as __________.

the Boxer Rebellion

Which of the following created a "banker's bank"?

the Federal Reserve Act

What act set aside vast tracts of the Oklahoma Territory as reservations for Native Americans?

the Indian Appropriations Act

What terrorist organization, founded in 1866, worked to undermine the status of African Americans in the South?

the Ku Klux Klan

The romanticized image of a virtuous South defeated by a ruthless North came to be known as __________.

the Lost Cause

Henry Grady was a leading figure in the movement to establish __________.

the New South economy

When Theodore Roosevelt said, "No single great material work which remains to be undertaken on this continent is of such consequence to the American people," to what was he referring?

the Panama Canal

Which of the following had an impact on Northern support for federal policies that benefited African Americans?

the Panic of 1873

What policy stated the U.S. intention to act as an "international police power" in Latin America when it deemed it necessary?

the Roosevelt Corollary

President Theodore Roosevelt negotiated a peace treaty that brought which war to an end?

the Russo-Japanese War

What system, developed by Henry Ford, transformed the workplace?

the assembly line

Middle-class women enjoyed greater leisure time during the late nineteenth century because of __________.

the decrease in birth rates, resulting in fewer children

The contrast between life on Fifth Avenue and life in Five Points exemplifies __________.

the disparity between the wealthy and the poor in the nineteenth century

Special Field Order No. 15 proposed __________.

the distribution of land to freedmen in parts of the South

The Plessy v. Ferguson decision resulted in which of the following?

the doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal"

Lincoln's Reconstruction plan included __________.

the establishment of new state governments across the South

What caused middle-class reformers to worry about society's future?

the radical working class and the decadent rich

Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?

the rebel Filipino leader

The ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment was intended to ensure __________.

the right to vote for all men

In his campaign for president in 1868, Horatio Seymour stoked fears that _________

the rights of white Americans were under fire

What was the primary cause of the Panic of 1873?

the rise in risks assumed by Wall Street investors

The writer Horatio Alger is best known for stories that focused on __________.

the rise of a self-made man

Which of the following accounted for the rise of political machines in American cities?

the support of working-class voters

Why did former slaves in the Sea Islands often decide not to plant cotton?

they saw the crop as a symbol of their enslavement

In Takao Ozawa v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that Japanese immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because __________.

they were not white

Why did Theodore Roosevelt send the nation's battleships and destroyers on a tour around the world?

to demonstrate U.S. naval power

Why did the government sponsor exhibits demonstrating primitive cultural practices from the Philippines at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis?

to show that the Filipinos needed the civilizing influence of the United States

The first baseball cards were created by corporations, especially the __________ industry.

tobacco

Progressive women could get "white lists" to find out what stores __________.

treated clerks well and did not sell clothing from sweatshops

Who founded the North Carolina Mutual and Provident Insurance Company in 1898?

two African American men

Which of the following contributed to soil erosion?

use of deep-cutting steel plows

What type of legislation did Southerners pass to limit African American mobility?

vagrancy laws

According to the Lost Cause concept, the antebellum society of the South __________.

was righteous and beyond reproach

The trans-Mississippi West was a vast amount of land __________.

west of the Mississippi River

Immigration increased crime in American cities during the Gilded Age because it resulted in a disproportionately high population of __________.

young single men