History 18.3

Winning American support Wilson created the ______ less than two weeks after the United States declared war. He appointed newspaper reporter and political reformer ______ to head the CPI. Creel began a nationwide campaign of _______—posters, newspaper stories, speeches, and other materials designed to influence people's opinions. This campaign was meant to encourage Americans to ____ the war. Creel hired popular movie stars such as Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks to speak on behalf of the war effort. The CPI also hired ____ to create patriotic posters and pamphlets. These posters included James Montgomery Flagg's famous image of ______ pointing to the viewer and demanding, "I Want You for the U.S. Army."

Committee on Public Information (CPI) George Creel propaganda support artists Uncle Sam

In another case, Socialist Party leader ____ was sentenced to prison for 10 years for criticizing the United States government's prosecution of Americans under the ____ Act. After the war ended, however, Debs was released from prison by a _____ order. Some Americans believed that the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act violated the _____. Others, however, thought these laws were essential to protect military ____, the ____ of American soldiers, and the overall U.S. war effort. The ____ also struggled to interpret the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act. The defining case came when ____, an official of the American Socialist Party, was convicted of violating the Espionage Act. Schenck had organized the printing and distribution of some 15,000 leaflets opposing ____. He challenged the conviction as a violation of his constitutional right to _______.

Eugene V. Debs Espionage presidential First Amendment secrets safety Supreme Court Charles Schenck government war policies free speech

Regulating fuel After the passage of the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act, the _____ was established to set production goals and prices for fuels. Its purpose was to make sure that _____ needs for ____ could always be met. _____, the son of former president James A. Garfield, headed the Fuel Administration. To encourage ____, Garfield introduced _______ in order to extend daylight hours for those who worked long shifts in the factories. He promoted fuel conservation in other ways, such as through publicity campaigns calling for "____ Sundays" and "____ Mondays."

Fuel Administration military fuel Harry Garfield fuel conservation daylight saving time gasless heatless

As many Americans became more patriotic and supportive of the war, some began to distrust all things ____ as well. Some tried to eliminate all German influence from American culture. Many schools stopped teaching the German ____ to their students. Many symphonies stopped playing music written by German composers. Even German-sounding items were renamed to sound patriotic. For example, sauerkraut became liberty cabbage, dachshunds became liberty pups, and hamburger became known as liberty steak. Anti-German feelings continued to grow after reports spread that _____ from Germany were operating in the United States. In one of the worst acts of sabotage, German agents planted a _____ at a ship-loading terminal in New York City. The bomb destroyed $20 million worth of supplies for the war, killed three dock workers, and shattered windows in buildings across lower _____. Acts such as these led some Americans to question the loyalty of ____ in their communities. As a result, some German Americans experienced discrimination and violence. In April 1918, for example, a mob in Illinois lynched socialist coal miner Robert Prager because townspeople suspected him of being a _____.

German language secret agents bomb Manhattan German Americans German spy

___ epidemic on the home front The war's efffort was seriously affected by an extremely severe ___ epidemic that broke out between 1918 and 1919. In Europe the disease quickly spread across the ___ Front, where crowded and unsanitary ___ were perfect breeding grounds for the disease. In fact, of all the American troops who lost their lives in World War I, about half of them died from ____. Soldiers on the front lines, however, were not the only ones to suffer from _____. On March 11, 1918, an army private in Kansas complained of flulike symptoms. By the end of that week, more than 500 soldiers had come down with influenza. By August, influenza was reported in Philadelphia and Boston. This was no ordinary flu. Most forms of influenza were simply uncomfortable and unpleasant. But this form of influenza was ____. It killed healthy people within days. During the month of October 1918 alone, influenza killed nearly 200,000 Americans. Panicked city leaders canceled public ____, but the disease still spread. Rumors spread almost as quickly. Many people, such as Lieutenant Colonel Philip Doane, wrongly blamed _____ for causing the disease. Doane remarked, "It would be quite easy for one of these German agents to turn loose influenza germs in a theater or some other place where large numbers of persons are assembled." By the time this wave of influenza passed, some 675,000 Americans had lost their lives. It was the ______ in U.S. history.

Influenza flu Western trenches influenza influenza deadly gatherings Germans deadliest epidemic

Regulating food To make sure that the troops would have plenty of food and supplies, Congress passed the ________ Act. This law gave the government the power to set ___ and establish production controls for food and for the ___ needed to run military machines. Wilson's administration also created agencies to manage and increase food production. ____ led the Food Administration, whose slogan was "Food Can Win the War." Hoover's goals were to increase the production of ___ and to conserve existing food supplies for the military and for American allies.

Lever Food and Fuel Control prices fuels Herbert Hoover crops

When the United States entered the war in 1917, President Wilson called on everyone to join the war effort. To help pay for the war, he launched four drives to sell ____. The bonds, like today's government savings bonds, were a form of ____to the government. In schools, children filled Liberty Books with 25-cent stamps until they were full and could be exchanged for a bond. The slogan was "__________________." ______ to sell bonds were intense. Organizers sent out workers to sell in workplaces, neighborhoods, and theaters. Celebrities from movie stars to baseball players to opera singers appeared at rallies flanked by doughboys in uniform and asked their audiences to buy bonds. Some of the largest rallies were held in _____. In one skit, movie actor Douglas Fairbanks—known for playing swashbuckling heroes—wore boxing gloves labeled ____ and ______ as he knocked out the Kaiser. Artists and advertising experts produced slogans and colorful ____ posters. They appealed to ____, ____, or ______ in Europe. One famous poster showed a woman refugee and her children. It read: "Must Children Die and Mothers Plead in Vain—Buy More Liberty Bonds." Another showed a smiling little girl hugging a bond: "My daddy bought me a government bond of the Third Liberty Loan. Did Yours?" In all, the bond drives brought in almost $17 billion.

Liberty bonds loan Lick a Stamp and Lick the Kaiser Campaigns Manhattan Victory; Liberty Bonds propaganda patriotism; fear; sympathy for war victims

In its first decision interpreting the First Amendment, the Supreme Court upheld Schenck's conviction. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. wrote the Court's unanimous opinion in ____, explaining the limits to ____. In his written opinion, Holmes went on to explain that many things that can safely be said in ____ can cause problems for the government and danger for soldiers in _____. For that reason, Holmes argued, some ____ needed to be placed on individual______ rights during ____ to ensure the country's overall safety. You will read more about Schenck v. United States on the following page.

Schenck v. United States free speech peacetime wartime limits free speech wartime

It was not just American soldiers who benefited from these supplies. The United States also became the major supplier for the ____. During the war ______ alone received more than 1 billion rounds of ammunition, 1.2 million rifles, and more than half a million tons of explosives from the United States. The power of U.S. ____ and ____ became a much-needed boost for the struggling Allies and a boost for the American economy as well.

Allied Powers Great Britain manufacturing; farming

Limiting ____ speech Prominent Americans, such as reformer ____ and Senator ____, spoke out against the war. Addams, a pacifist, also founded the ________________________________. As the Wilson administration built public support, it also tried to limit this public ____ to the war. In 1917 Congress passed the _____ Act, which punished people for aiding the ___ or refusing ____. The next year, Congress passed a related law called the _____ Act. This law made it illegal for Americans to "utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal … or abusive language" criticizing the government, the flag, or the military. More than 1,000 opponents of the war were ____ under these laws. Robert Goldstein, who directed a film on the American Revolution called _____, was jailed for three years because he refused to remove scenes of ______ from the movie.

antiwar Jane Addams; Robert La Follette Women's International League for Peace and Freedom opposition Espionage enemy; military duty Sedition jailed The Spirit of '76 British brutality

Supplying U.S. and Allied troops By creating these various ____ and _____, the federal government was quickly able to produce and collect the supplies needed for the ______.

boards; agencies war effort

Mobilizing Workers During the war, the profits of many major ____ corporations skyrocketed. This was because the corporations sold their products to the _____. In turn, the federal government used those products in the war effort. In this way the war created enormous profits for ___ of industries such as ___, ____, and ____. ____ for factory workers increased as well. The rising cost of ___ and ___, however, meant that workers were hardly better off than they had been before the war. Meanwhile, war demands led to laborers working ___ hours, sometimes in increasingly ____ conditions. The urgent need to produce materials for the war—and the great financial incentive for companies to do so—led to a faster pace of ___. These harsher working conditions led many workers to join ______. Union membership increased by about 60 percent between 1916 and 1919. Union activities boomed as well, with more than 6,000 ____ being held during the war.

industrial federal government stockholders chemicals; oil; steel Wages food; housing long dangerous production labor unions strikes

Massive _____ production was essential to the war effort. Leaders feared that industrial protests such as ___ would disrupt the war effort. To keep disruptions to a minimum, the Wilson administration created the ____ in 1918. This board __ disputes between workers and management. During the short time that the board was in operation (less than a year), it handled some 1,200 cases involving 700,000 workers. The National War Labor Board also set policies that sought to improve ____ for all Americans. The board established the ___-hour workday, urged that businesses recognize ____, and promoted ____ for women who did equal work.

industrial strikes National War Labor Board judged working conditions eight labor unions equal pay

Regulating _____ To make sure that the troops received all the supplies they needed, the Wilson administration prepared the nation's industries for war. Congress created hundreds of administrative boards to regulate both industrial and agricultural production and distribution. One of the most powerful boards was the _______. It had the authority to regulate all ____ needed in the war effort. Wall Street business leader _____, head of the WIB, explained the board's power: "No steel, copper, cement, rubber, or other basic materials could be used without our approval." The policies and rules of the WIB managed to increase American ___ production by about 20 percent. The ___ could select any of the goods that were produced. Once the military's needs were met, any remaining goods could be used by ____.

industry War Industries Board (WIB) materials Bernard Baruch industrial military civilians

Mobilizing the Economy Going to war was an enormous—and enormously expensive—undertaking. One of the first things that President Wilson and his advisers had to do after joining the war was figure out how to ___ for it. First, Congress passed the _____ of 1917. This law established very high ___ and taxed the wealthiest Americans as much as 77 percent of their annual incomes. It increased federal revenues by 400 percent within two years. The government also ____ money to pay for the war. The national debt grew from $1.2 billion in 1916 to $25.5 billion in 1919. More than $20 billion of that debt was owed to Americans who had purchased _____. These bonds were essentially a ____ from the American people to the federal government.

pay War Revenue Act taxes borrowed Liberty bonds loan

In order to encourage wartime production, he promised farmers higher ___ for their crops. Farm production soared. Hoover asked Americans to plant ____ at home in "____ gardens." He also urged Americans to eat less by participating in "___ Mondays" and "___ Wednesdays." His efforts paid off. By 1918 the United States had so much ____ food that it exported three times as much food as it had prior to the war. Another proposal to conserve food supplies was a ___, or ban, on alcohol. Most alcohol is made with food crops such as ___ and ___. Days after entering the war, Congress limited the alcohol content of wine and beer so that these crops could be used for food production instead. Some progressives tried to discourage Americans from drinking ___ by linking ___ Americans to the brewing industry. The progressives hoped that _____ feelings would lead Americans to stop drinking beer. As the war continued, the _____, or anti-alcohol, movement gained strength. In 1919 the _____ was ratified, banning the "manufacture, sale or transportation" of alcohol in the United States. In 1919 Congress passed the _____ Act, giving the _____ the authority to enforce this prohibition on alcohol.

prices vegetables victory meatless wheatless surplus prohibition grapes; wheat beer German anti-German temperance Eighteenth Amendment Volstead government

Influencing Public Opinion President Wilson moved quickly to build ______ after Congress declared war. Many Americans had been in favor of the U.S. position of ____. Americans that it was their ____ to support the war. "It is not an army that we must shape for war ... it is a nation," he said.

public support neutrality duty

Women's war efforts As men left their jobs to fight on the war front, ____ moved into those jobs to keep the American economy moving. Women took on many jobs traditionally held by ___. They worked on ___, at docks, and in factories. They also built ___ and airplanes. Other women filled more traditional jobs, working as teachers and ___. Some took on volunteer positions that ranged from helping to sell ____ to digging victory gardens. In all, about 1 million women entered the workforce during World War I. After the war ended, however, most women left the jobs they had taken. Many women left by choice, but others were forced to leave by employers who wanted to return the jobs to ___ who had served in the war.

women men railroads ships nurses Liberty bonds men

The contributions that ___ made to the war effort did not go unnoticed. Women's suffrage advocates used these contributions as further justification for granting women the ___. ______ also acknowledged women's role in the war effort. HISTORY'S VOICES "This war could not have been fought ... if it had not been for the services of ____ rendered in every sphere." —President Woodrow Wilson, 1918

women vote President Wilson women