History 2 Test 4

10. What was the U. S. response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941?

-Unified the american people to support war -A war against Japan was approved (then approved war against Germany and Italy when they declared war on the US) -America began to lead two offensives in the Pacific

26. Identify four things accomplished by the National Security Act (1947).

1. Created the Department of Defense 2. Created the Central Intelligence Agency 3. Created the National Security Council 4. Expanded the power of the president in international affairs

Manhattan Project

1939 U.S. received reports the Germans were working on a nuclear bomb •U.S. and British began pursuing similar programs •Atomic weapons were based, in part, on the theories of Albert Einstein •First fission reaction was achieved in 1942 -Robert J. Oppenheimer was placed in charge of building the bomb •First weapon was exploded in July 1945 •The test was a success

29. How did the Korean War help to change the relationship between Congress and the presidency?

After WW2, the prez is given greater power to act militarily. This is demonstrated here when we got involved in the "Conflict" without Congress declaring war. The president was able to decide that we should be in it.

Yalta Agreement

Allies decided to divide Germany amongst themselves Berlin was to be divided also No major issues were resolved

Jackie Robinson

American professional baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era

19. Why is the Battle of Midway significant during World War II?

Americans destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers and lost one, but the battle allowed the United States to *regain control of the Pacific*

22. What battle was the last great offensive on the part of the Germans?

Battle of the Bulge

Battle of the Coral Sea

Battle of the Coral Sea was the first time the Japanese advance was stopped

26.3. What was the Colossus II?

British scientists working for the intelligence services built the first real programmable digital computer- the Colossus II which became operational less than a week before the beginning of the Normandy invasion and which could decipher enormous number of intercepted German messages almost instantly.

Rosa Parks

December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested for violating Montgomery's segregation laws African American community leaders saw her arrest as an opportunity to pressure city leaders in Montgomery A boycott of the city's bus lines eventually forced a change in policyMontgomery and Beyond During the bus boycott Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged as leader in the African American community The boycott showed the potential for non-violent direct action and set the stage for the modern Civil Rights Movement

Martin Luther King, Jr.

During the bus boycott Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged as leader in the African American community The boycott showed the potential for non-violent direct action and set the stage for the modern Civil Rights Movement

20. Who was the commander of the Allied forces at D-Day? Where did the D-Day assault take place? What was the goal of this invasion?

Dwight Eisenhower Took place on the beaches of Normandy in France The Allied forces wanted to take the German hold on France.

Elvis Presley

Elvis Presley had his first hit in 1954 with "That's Alright (Mamma)" Elvis was recorded on the Sun label by Sam Phillips Like others before him Elvis's song was a re-recording of an African American artist

26.2. What was the role of the Office of Price Administration?

Fighting inflation was their task. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established within the Office for Emergency Management of the United States government by Executive Order 8875 on August 28, 1941. The functions of the OPA were originally to control money (price controls) and rents after the outbreak of World War II.

3. Which of the World War II Allied Powers was forced to surrender to the Germans in 1940?

France

13. Identify the Axis Powers in World War II.

Germany, Italy, and Japan (Italy later gets out of the war after Mussolini was killed)

12. Identify the Allied Powers in World War II.

Great Britain, US, Free French, and Soviet Union

23. What happened to Adolf Hitler at the end of World War II?

He committed suicide in a bunker with his mistress on April 30, 8 days before Germany conceded defeat.

5. What was unique in American history regarding Roosevelt's third term as president?

He did not reveal whether or not he would break with tradition and run for a third term, but by refusing to withdraw from the contest, he made it impossible for any rival Democrat to establish a claim to the nomination. and when, just before the Democratic National Convention in July, he let it be known that he would accept a "draft" from his party, the issue was virtually settled. The democrats quickly nominated him.

George Keenan

He was a diplomat who developed the concept of containment (which was a US foreign policy designed to control the spread of communism)

Alger Hiss

He was a former high-ranking member of the State Department. HUAC investigated charges of disloyalty against him. They said he had passed classified State Department documents to a former communist agent. Hiss said he did not do it but the guy (Chambers) produced microfilms of the documents. Hiss could not be tried for espionage because of the statute of limitations. However, Richard Nixon had him tried for perjury and served several years in prison.

Harry Truman

He was president during WW2. He made the decision to drop the atomic bombs. He was also president during the Korean War. He also supported the Truman Doctrine, which gave aid to Turkey and Greece to help containment.

24. In order, which two Japanese cities were the targets of atomic bombs?

Hiroshima (Aug 6) and then Nagasaki (Aug 8)

27.3. Who were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg? What happened to the Rosenbergs following their trial?

In 1950 a young British scientist named Fuchs seemed to confirm the fears of American atomic secrets being passed to the Russians(when the Soviets successfully detonated an atomic bomb) when he testified that he had delivered to the Russians details of the bomb's manufacture. The case ultimately moved to an obscure New York couple, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, members of the Communist Party. The gov claimed that the Rosenbergs had received secret information from Ethel's brother, a machinist on he Manhattan Project in New Mexico, and had passed it on to the Soviet Union through other agents (including Fuchs). The Rosenbergs were convicted and sentenced to death. After tow years of appeals and public protests, they died in the electric chair. Historians now believe that Julius-but not Ethel-was guilty as charged.

Brown v. Board of Education

In 1954 the Supreme Court issued a ruling which stated that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional In rendering its verdict the Court overturned its prior ruling in Plessey v. Ferguson (1896)

Sputnik

In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first man made object into space This was a satellite called Sputnik The object emitted radio signals which were monitored for 22 days (until the batteries failed) The object burned up during re-entry in October 1958 It was the first in a series of missions by the Soviets

32. How did the move to the suburbs change American society in the 1950s?

It helped stimulate growth in several important sectors of the economy. The number of privately owned cars more than doubled in a decade. Demand for new homes helped sustain a vigorous housing industry. The construction of roads stimulated the economy as well.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

It is an interracial group that Martin Luther King Jr. founded shortly after the Montgomery Bus Boycott. MLK was the most influential and most widely admired black leader in the country. The popular movement he came to represent soon spread throughout the South and the country

28.1. Why did the U.S. army embrace the use of the chemical compound DDT? What long-term effects was the drug proven to have on humans and animals?

It was a great tool for controlling insects. They would spray it in fields and such where soldiers were fighting, and it cut down greatly on malaria and other diseases. Evidence linking DDT with severe declines in bald eagle populations due to thinning eggshells. Humans:breast & other cancers, male infertility miscarriages & low birth weight, developmental delay, nervous system & liver damage

25. What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan following World War II?

It was to rebuild Europe to contain communism. 1. humanitarian- immediate relief for refugees 2. Economic- stimulate economic recovery and begin trading with Europe again 3. fear of communism- contain communism (the US had a presence so communists couldnt)

War Production Board

January 1942 Roosevelt created the War Production Board to mobilize the wartime economy. •War Production Boardcreated to regulate the economy and oversee military purchases It was never able to win complete control over military purchases; the wrmy and navy often circumvented the board. Most contracts went to large corporations. Much of its power was transferred to the Office of War Mobilization.

4. Prior to the attack at Pearl Harbor, how did the United States respond to the expanding war in Europe?

Lend Lease Act were against it but really did not actively get into the situation supplied people who were fighting but were not direct

26.4. What was the role of the Office of War Information?

Much of what Americans read, heard, and saw during the war was managed by the government and military. The OWI was at the center of the government's propaganda effort. It issued posters, ran magazine advertisements, and produced films. These materials urged ordinary Americans to do their part- buy war bonds, conserve household resources, keep quiet about troop movement.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization created Meant to protect against Soviet aggression Nations agreed that if one was attacked the others would come to its defense

28. Why did the United States enter the Korean War in 1950? Who was the United States main rival in the war? What was the ultimate outcome of the conflict?

North Korea (communist and backed by Soviet Union) invaded South Korea (more democratic and backed by US) Our main rival was Soviet Union?? (bc they backed North Korea and then China also jumped in) The outcome was that after three years of pushing each other over borders, the two sides came together and decided to restore the pre-war border (N korea had invaded but then McAuthor pushed back when we invaded and pushed them way past their border which was bad)

27. Having entered the nuclear age at the end of World War II, how did Americans try to prepare for the dangers presented by these new weapons?

People were increasingly aware of nuclear energy Some saw it as source of unlimited energy Threats of nuclear attacks led to: -Regular drills in public schools -Shelters were created in public buildings -Radio stations tested the emergency broadcasting system

1. The invasion of _______ by German forces in 1939 led the Allies to declare war on Germany.

Poland

31. What are the origins of rock and roll music? Why was this music so controversial? What fears did it evoke in the older generation?

Rock and Roll has its origins in rhythm and blues and jazz -White artists did covers of songs that were recorded by black artists. -Rock and Roll was seen as dangerous because it was thought to promote immorality and especially because the music crossed racial barrier

18. Identify the so-called "Big Three" of World War II. (This question refers to the leaders of the three major Allied nations.)

Roosevelt (US) Stalin (Soviet Union) Churchill (GB)

33. What event led to the beginning of the Montgomery Bus Boycott? Briefly discuss the event, identifying the major figures in the movement and explaining its outcome.

Rosa Parks was arrested for violating Montgomery's segregation laws when she refused to give up her bus seat for a white man. The people who were fighting segregation saw this as a great test case to challenge the bus laws. While the case was going through the court, African Americans boycotted bus lines. Since they made up a large amount of the customer base, it hurt the bus lines economically. Meetings for the boycott were held at MLK's church. These months of boycotting were effective and Montgomery made concessions in court and the line is desegregated.

17. What impact did World War II have in the South?

Rural south was not benefitting from the positives after WW2. There was not much of the middle class idealism. Many were poor. Blacks and whites were segregated still. twas bad

2. What was the purpose of the Lend-Lease Act?

Says that the US is not gonna sent troops to assist in WW2. Instead will arm GB. Will send ships, planes, etc. Equip British to fight Germany. "Arsenal of democracy" represents a kind of compromise between people who want to get involved and isolationists

Lend-Lease Bill

Says that the US is not gonna sent troops to assist in WW2. Instead will arm GB. Will send ships, planes, etc. Equip British to fight Germany. "Arsenal of democracy" represents a kind of compromise between people who want to get involved and isolationists GB wasn't able to meet the Cash and Carry requirements of Neutrality Acts. This would allow the federal government not only yo sell but also to lease or lend armaments to any nation deemed "pivotal to the defense of the US" In other words, America could funnel weapons to England on the basis of no more than Britain's promise to return hem when the war was over.

George Marshall

Secretary of State who announced a plan to provide economic assistance to all European nations that would join in a drafting program for recovery Rebuilding Europe was critical to containment Plan was designed by Sec. of State George C. Marshall

Joseph McCarthy

Senator from Wisconsin Claimed to know the identity of numerous communists in government. He had this "list" of them that he wouldn't show anybody Never proved anyone was a communist However he did ruin the careers of numerous individuals Recent reports suggest that McCarthy's claims may have had validity

Yuri Gagarian

Soviet pilot Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space Orbited the Earth one time Sent a clear message the Soviet space program was ahead of the United State

15. Which ethnic group was the major target of the Holocaust?

The Jewish

26.1. How did the United States justify not destroying rail lines leading to German concentration camps, or taking other actions to destroy these camps?

The War Department argued that sending planes to destroy the crematoria was unfeasible. They insisted that they needed to focus exclusively on the larger goal of winning the war. Any diversion of energy and attention to other purposes, they believed, would distract them from the overriding goal of victory.

30. What was it that set 1950s teenagers apart from their elders?

The music they listened to. Rock music was popular for teens, but elders thought that that type of music was scandalous.

35. What was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's most important and far-reaching domestic initiative?

The passage of the Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956 With an original authorization of US$25 billion for the construction of 41,000 miles of the Interstate Highway System supposedly over a 10-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history through that time.

21. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945 the Big Three met to discuss Germany's future after the war. What did these men decide to do with Germany after the war?

They decided to divide Germany into four quadrants and distribute them. US, GB, France, and the Soviet Union each got a part. Berlin was also divided.

11. What did the Japanese hope to accomplish by attacking Pearl Harbor?

They wanted to eliminate the US pacific fleet in one attack. They see the US as their only rival in the Pacific. Japanese people think they didnt have the resources to fight a prolonged war. They know they couldn't sustain a long war against the US. They figured they had to just try to take the US out in 1 attack.

28.2. Who were the "beats" in the 1950s?

They were a group of young poets, writers, and artists who were critics of bureaucracy and middle-class society. They wrote harsh critiques of what they considered to sterility and conformity of American life, the meaninglessness of American politics, and the banality of popular culture. They were the most visible evidence of a widespread restiveness among youth in the 1950s. Growth of "juvenile delinquency"

36. How did the launch of the Soviet Sputnik satellites have on the people and government of the United States?

They were afraid that the Soviets would eventually be able to launch weapons from space, spurring the US to develop a space program of its own.

14. How were Japanese Americans citizens on the Pacific Coast of the United States treated during World War II?

They were put in internment camps, did not have access to trails, and were stripped of their belongings except what they could carry.

containment

U.S. foreign policy designed to confront the spread of communism Later became known as the Truman Doctrine

27.1. What did members of the anti-communist John Birch Society believe with regard to the U.S. government?

Welch argued in "The Blue Book of the John Birch Society" that much of the American government was riddled with treason. "For years," he wrote, "we have been taken steadily down the road to Communism by steps supposedly designed... as ways of fighting communism. Instead, he argued, it was communist Americans themselves who were undermining the nation. "Both the US and Soviet governments are controlled by the same furtive conspiratorial cabal of internationalists, greedy bankers, and corrupt politicians. " Cited the creation of the United Nations as a source of treason.

16. During World War II what roles did women play in the war effort on the U.S. home front and in the military?

Women in the workforce increased by 60 percent •Women were now more likely to be married and older than those in the past •Many joined unions and began to tear down the traditional barriers like motherhood that had barred them from working •Women worked in offices to meet bureaucratic needs

28.3. What was the subject of Michael Harrington's 1962 book The Other America?

Written by a socialist writer, this book chronicled the continuing existence of poverty in the US.

John Glenn

he was the first American to orbit the Earth, circling it three times

27.2. What kind of benefits were provided by the G I Bill?

housing, education, and job-training subsidies to veterans

34. What was the general philosophical principle behind Martin Luther King's efforts to end segregation?

nonviolent passive resistance